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1.
This study investigates the episodic acidification of Reedy Creek, a wetland-influenced coastal plain stream near Richmond, Virginia. Primary objectives of the study were to quantify the episodic variability of acid-base chemistry in Reedy Creek, to examine the seasonal variability in episodic response and to explain the hydrological and geochemical factors that contribute to episodic acidification. Chemical response was similar in each of the seven storms examined, however, the ranges in concentrations observed were commonly greater in summer/fall storms than in winter/spring storms. An increase in SO inf4 sup2? concentration with discharge was observed during all storms and peak concentration occurred at or near peak flow. Small increases in Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ concentrations and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were observed during most storms. At the same time, ANC, Na+ and Cl? concentrations usually decreased with increasing discharge. In summer/fall storms, the absolute increase in SO inf4 sup2? concentration was one-third to 15 times the increase observed in winter/spring storms; the decrease in ANC during summer/fall storms was usually within the range of the decrease observed in winter/spring storms. In contrast, the decrease in Na+ and Cl? concentrations during winter/spring storms was much greater than that observed during summer/fall storms. Data show that while base flow anion deficit was higher in summer/fall than in winter/spring, anion deficit decreased during most summer/fall storms. In contrast, base flow anion deficit was lower in spring and winter, but increased during winter/spring storms. Increased SO inf4 sup2? concentration was the main cause of episodic acidification during storms at Reedy Creek, but increased anion deficit indicates organic acids may contribute to episodic acidification during winter/spring storms. Changes in SO inf4 sup2? concentration coincident with the hydrograph rise indicate quick routing of water through the watershed. Saturation overland flow appears to be the likely mechanism by which solutes are transported to the stream during storm flow.  相似文献   

2.
There is considerable interest in the recovery of surface waters from acidification by acidic deposition. The Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring (ALTM) program was established in 1982 to evaluate changes in the chemistry of 17 Adirondack lakes. The ALTM lakes exhibited relatively uniform concentrations of SO4 2?. Lake-to-lake variability in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) was largely due to differences in the supply of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+; CB) to drainage waters. Lakes in the western and southern Adirondacks showed elevated concentrations of NO3 ?, while lakes in the central and eastern Adirondacks had lower NO3 ? concentrations during both peak and base flow periods. The ALTM lakes exhibited seasonal variations in ANC. Lake ANC was maximum during the late summer or autumn, and lowest during spring snowmelt. In general Adirondack lakes with ANC near 100 Μeq L?1 during base flow periods may experience decreases in ANC to near or below 0 Μeq L?1 during high flow periods. The ALTM lakes have exhibited long-term temporal trends in water chemistry. Most lakes have demonstrated declining SO4 2?, consistent with decreases in SO2 emissions and SO4 2? in precipitation in the eastern U.S. Reductions in SO4 2? have not coincided with a recovery in ANC. Rather, ANC values have declined in some ALTM lakes. This pattern is most likely due to increasing concentrations of NO3 ? that occurred in most of the ALTM drainage lakes.  相似文献   

3.
Blanket‐bog peats, mapped as the Winter Hill and Crowdy associations by the Soil Survey of England and Wales, are an oceanic manifestation of the ombrotrophic ‘raised‐bog’ (Hochmoor) peats that cover large tracts in the boreal zone of the northern hemisphere. This paper examines monthly analyses from 1992 to 1997 of major ions and other variables from an upland blanket bog in southwest England in relation to seasonality, rainfall, and the chemical composition of rainwater. Average ionic composition of surface water (and peat) integrates variable atmospheric solute inputs over the years. The dominant ions in the surface water, Na+ and Cl–, showed only weak seasonality, but divalent cations a stronger seasonal pattern with a summer maximum. Mean pH ranged from c. 4.4 in February to c. 4.2 in August. Changes in concentration of different cations were closely interlinked by cation exchange. The anion deficit, accounted for by anionic groups on the dissolved organic matter, was strongly seasonal with a summer maximum, as was optical absorbance at 320 nm. Nitrate and NH4+ were both at much smaller concentrations than in rain. Nitrate exceeded 1 μmol l?1 only during cold periods in winter, mainly following drought in the summer of 1995; NH4+ reached a few μmol l?1 only in summer. There was evidence of net retention of S by the peat in wet sites and during wet periods, and of net release of SO42– (and acidity) under dry conditions. The 1995 summer drought and ensuing dry year in 1996 had marked and persistent effects on pH, apparent ion deficit (DEF), SO42–, the divalent cations and Fe.  相似文献   

4.
Seasonal fluctuations as well as long-term trends in water chemistry were studied in Schwarzsee ob Sölden (Tyrol, Austria), an oligotrophic softwater lake situated at 2796 m a.s.l. The catchement is composed of granite, plagioclase and micaschists containing considerable amounts of sulphur, with little soil cover. The lake is ice covered for about nine months, during this time the deepest layers (>16m) become anoxic. During summer overturn, alkalinity (ALK) is lowest (?8 μeq l?1) in the whole water column, whereas pH reaches its minimum (4.88) at the surface during snowmelt. A decrease of pH from 5.8 to 5.4 during winter is caused by CO2 oversaturation, but deep water ALK increases to up to 130 μeq l?1 due to in-lake ALK generation by reductive processes and base cation (BC) release. The seasonal pattern of ALK in SOS is driven by in-lake processes in winter, the snowmelting in spring and watershed processes and precipitation during summer. Since 1989 summer sulfate concentrations in SOS, originating mainly from the catchment, show a tendency to increase presumably caused by enhanced weathering. In contrast, SO4 2? concentrations in other high mountain lakes which are dominated by atmospheric depositions show a decreasing trend. SOS is a good example for the complexity of interactions between catchment and in-lake processes which act at different time scales and depend on climate changes and atmospheric inputs.  相似文献   

5.
Long term continuous monitoring measurements of urban atmospheric concentrations of O3, NO2, NO, and SO2 were performed for the first time in Ciudad Real, a city in central-southern Spain. The measurements were carried out using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique, with a commercial system (OPSIS, Lund-Sweden), covering the summer and winter seasons (from 21st July 2000 to 23rd March 2001). Mean levels of O3, NO2 and SO2 monitored during this period were: 27 μg m?3, 50 μg m?3 and 7 μg m?3 respectively. The highest hourly averaged value of O3 (160 μg m?3) was measured during the summer period, while NO2 was enhanced in wintertime (highest values 90 μg m?3). In the coldest period, when central heating installations were operating, SO2 showed maximum levels of 20 μg m?3. The daily, weekly and seasonal analysis of the data shows that photochemical air pollution dominates in this urban atmosphere and is strongly influenced by levels of motor traffic and domestic heating system emissions. These measurements were compared with other studies in Spain and Europe. Also, the long path averaged DOAS measurements were compared with in situ observations made in Ciudad Real, from 23rd August 2000 to 25th September 2000, using a mobile air pollution control station. All gas concentrations reported in this paper are below the WHO guidelines and the different thresholds introduced by the European Environmental Legislation.  相似文献   

6.
Longitudinal and temporal variations in water chemistry were measured in several low-order, high-elevation streams in the Great Smoky Mountains to evaluate the processes responsible for the acid-base chemistry. The streams ranged in average base flow ANC from ?30 to 28 μeq L?1 and in pH from 4.54 to 6.40. Low-ANC streams had lower base cation concentrations and higher acid anion concentrations than did the high-ANC streams. NO3 ? and SO4 2? were the dominant acid anions. NO3 ? was derived from a combination of high leaching of nitrogen from old-growth forests and from high rates of atmospheric deposition. Streamwater SO4 2? was attributed to atmospheric deposition and an internal bedrock source of sulfur (pyrite). Although dissolved Al concentrations increased with decreasing pH in the study streams, the concentrations of inorganic monomeric Al did not follow the pattern expected from equilibrium with aluminum trihydroxide or aluminum silicate phases. During storm events, pH and ANC declined by as much as 0.5 units and 15 μeq L?1, respectively, at the downstream sites. The causes of the episodic acidification were increases in SO4 2? and DOC.  相似文献   

7.
Although water chemistry of precipitation and lakes in Nova Scotia is dominated by C1 from sea salt, correction for marine influence reveals that the dominant anion in acidified lakes is SO4. Atmospheric deposition of non-marine SO4 (SO4) and NO3- for the period 1977–1980 at 4 stations in southwest Nova Scotia averaged 47 meq SO4 * m?2 yr?1 and 21 meq NI3-m?2 yr?1 compared with 38 and 13 meq, respectively, for the average of 3 stations in the northeastern third of the province. Precipitation pH increased from 4.5 to 4.8 along the same axis. Almost 50% of the SO4 deposition occurred when storms came from the southwest, indicating low pressure tracks which pass south of major Canadian sources of S. SO4 * deposition in metropolitan Halifax (1982 bulk data) was 87 meq m?2 yr?1, due to local emissions of ca. 28 300 tonne S in the area, as well as LRTAP. Concurrent deposition of NO3-N was 15 meq m?2 yr?1 (2.1 kg ha?1 yr ?1). Loadings from SO4 deposition in the Halifax area amount to 42 kg ha?1 yr?1 and clearly exceed the federal guideline (M.O.I., 1983) of 20 kg ha?1 yr?1. Water chemistry of southwest, northeast, and Halifax area lakes show the same general SOI trends as observed for atmospheric deposition. In addition we find a positive relationship between SOI concentrations in the urban lakes and proximity to the center of the urban area.  相似文献   

8.
Observations on gaseous and particulate pollutants were undertaken at four locations in the region of a thermal power plant (TPP), which is under construction at Tuticorin, south India. The predicted concentrations Of SO2 due to the emissions from the TPP and its possible impact on the inhabitants and climate in the downwind region were evaluated. Also, the predicted concentrations downwind of a Petrochemical Industrial Complex (PIC) located in the vicinity of the TPP were computed and compared with the measured concentrations. The predicted maximum concentration of SO2 at 6 km downwind of TPP is about 530 μg m?3 under most favourable wind conditions. The anticipated increase in SO2 due to the thermal power plant under construction may therefore be substantial. The predicted concentrations Of SO2, at a distance of 1.8 km downwind of the PIC, varied between 34 and 216 μg m?3 for wind directions ranging from 70 to 90° and for Pasquill stability category C. The plume would be over the observational site when the wind direction is 80°. The maximum measured concentration was 23 ug m?3. The discrepancy was due to the rapid fluctuations in the wind direction during the observational period over a wide range from 20 to 90°.  相似文献   

9.
The recovery potential of stream acidification from years of acidic deposition is dependent on biogeochemical processes and varies among different acid-sensitive regions. Studies that investigate long-term trends and seasonal variability of stream chemistry in the context of atmospheric deposition and watershed setting provide crucial assessments on governing biogeochemical processes. In this study, water chemistries were investigated in Noland Divide watershed (NDW), a high-elevation watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) of the southern Appalachian region. Monitoring data from 1991 to 2007 for deposition and stream water chemistries were statistically analyzed for long-term trends and seasonal patterns by using Seasonal Kendall Tau tests. Precipitation declined over this study period, where throughfall (TF) declined significantly by 5.76?cm?year?1. Precipitation patterns play a key role in the fate and transport of acid pollutants. On a monthly volume-weighted basis, pH of TF and wet deposition, and stream water did not significantly change over time remaining around 4.3, 4.7, and 5.8, respectively. Per NDW area, TF SO4 2- flux declined 356.16?eq?year?1 and SO4 2- concentrations did not change significantly over time. Stream SO4 2- remained about 30???eq L?1 exhibiting no long-term trends or seasonal patterns. SO4 2- retention was generally greater during drier months. TF monthly volume-weighted NH4 + and NO3 - concentrations significantly increased by 0.80???eq L?1?year?1 and 1.24???eq L?1?year?1, respectively. TF NH4 + fluxes increased by 95.76?eq?year?1. Most of NH4 + was retained in the watershed, and NO3 - retention was much lower than NH4 +. Stream monthly volume-weighted NO3 - concentrations and fluxes significantly declined by 0.56???eq L?1?year?1 and 139.56?eq?year?1, respectively. Overall, in NDW, inorganic nitrogen was exported before 1999 and retained since then, presumably from forest regrowth after Frazer fir die-off in the 1970s from balsam wooly adelgid infestation. Stream export of NO3 - was greater during winter than summer months. During the period from 1999 to 2007, stream base cations did not exhibit significant changes, apparently regulated by soil supply. Statistical models predicting stream pH, ANC, SO4 2-, and NO3 - concentrations were largely correlated with stream discharge and number of dry days between precipitation events and SO4 2- deposition. Dependent on precipitation, governing biogeochemical processes in NDW appear to be SO4 2- adsorption, nitrification, and NO3 - forest uptake. This study provided essential information to aid the GRSM management for developing predictive models of the future water quality and potential impacts from climate change.  相似文献   

10.
Variations in sulphate (SO4 2-) concentration of porewater and net SO4 2- mobilization were related to differences in water level fluctuations during wet and dry summers in two conifer swamps located in catchments which differed in till depth and seasonality of groundwater flow. Sulphate depletion at the surface and in 20 cm porewater coincided with anoxia and occurred mainly during the summer when water levels were near the peat surface and water flow rates were low in both catchments. There was an inverse relationship between net SO4 2- mobilization and water level elevation relative to the peat surface, explaining variation in SO4 2- dynamics between the swamps during summer drought periods. Aeration of peat to 40 cm and a large net SO4 2- mobilization (10–70 mg SO4 2- m-2 d-1) occurred during a dry summer in which the water level dropped to 60 cm below the surface in the swamp receiving ephemeral groundwater inputs from shallow tills within the catchment. This resulted in high SO4 2- concentrations in the surface water and porewater (30–50 mg L-1), and elevated SO4 2- concentrations remained through the fall and winter. In contrast, within the swamp located in the catchment with greater till depth (> 1 m), continuous groundwater inputs maintained surface saturation during the dry summer, and SO4 2- mobilization and concentrations of SO4 2- in the pore water during the following fall did not increase. Susceptibility to large water table drawdown and mobilization of accumulated SO4 2- is influenced by the occurrence of ephemeral vs. continuous groundwater inputs to valley swamps during dry summer periods in the Canadian Shield landscape. This study reveals that extrapolation of results of SO4 2- cycling from one wetland to another requires knowledge of the hydrogeology of the catchment in which the wetlands are located.  相似文献   

11.
Fog water and precipitation were collected and analyzed to study fog and precipitation chemistry. The research was carried out through one year from April 1997 to March 1998 at Mt. Rokko in Kobe. Higher fog occurrence and larger volume of fog water were observed in summer, corresponding to the trend of seasonal variation in precipitation amount. The annual mean pH value of fog water (3.80) was lower by ca. one pH unit than that of precipitation (4.74). The concentration of chemical species in fog water was ca. 7 times that in precipitation. The highest anion and cation concentrations were SO4 2? and NH4 + in fog water and Cl? and Na+ in precipitation, although the Cl?/Na+ equivalent ratio in both fog water and precipitation was almost the same value as that in sea water. It is considered that in the longest fog event, NH4 + and nss-SO4 2? in fog water mainly scavenged as (NH4)2SO4, mainly derived from (NH4)2SO4 (aerosol) in the atmosphere, NH3 was scavenged at the growing stage, and SO2 was also scavenged after the mature stage. NO3 ? in this fog event was mainly absorbed as HNO3.  相似文献   

12.
There is a declining gradient of wet SO4 deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO4 emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO4 to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO4 during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO4 concentrations range from 45 ueq L?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO4 The SO4 concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO4 concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO4 concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO4 concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO4 deposition.  相似文献   

13.
The Laflamme Lake Watershed Area is located in a sensitive region on the Canadian Shield and is subjected to wet atmospheric loading between 17 and 25 kg ha?1 yr?1. From 1981 to 1988, the level and fluctuations of the atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances has led to various responses in the water chemistry of headwater lakes in the area. The general trend in atmospheric inputs is a gradual increase of acidifying substances from 1981 to 1985 followed by a 2 yr decrease then a return to previous values. In the two lakes with almost no alkalinity acidification has occured throughout the 1983 to 1988 period. In the four lakes with slightly higher alkalinity values, a reversal in acidification is seen when atmospheric loading decreased in 1986. Along with the interannual trends, seasonal variability to acidification occurs with sensitivity of surface waters being highest during spring melt. Sensitivity to acidification can also be altered by watershed processes and in the Laflamme Lake Watershed, soil processes are effective in altering the acidity of precipitation before it reached the lake. In this watershed, wet atmospheric inputs of H+ and NO3 ? are larger than surface water outputs while the reverse occurs for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl? and SO4 2?.  相似文献   

14.
Rain water at two forested sites in Guangzhou (south China) show high concentrations of SO4 2?, NO3 ? and Ca2+ and display a remarkable seasonal variation, with acid rain being more important during the spring and summer than during the autumn and winter. The amount of acid rain represents about 95% of total precipitation. The sources of pollutants from which acid rain developed includes both locally derived and long-middle distance transferred atmosphere pollutants. The seasonal variation in precipitation chemistry was largely related to the increasing neutralizing capacity of base cations in rainwater in winter. Soil acidification is highlighted by high H+ and Al3+ concentrations in soil solutions. The variation in elemental concentration in soil solution was related to nitrification (H+, NH4 + and NO3 ?) and cation exchange reaction (H+, Al3+) in soil. The negative effect of soil acidification is partly dampened by substantial deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) in this area.  相似文献   

15.
The Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) model was used to simulate soil discharge chemistry at two neighboring experimental catchments. One catchment underwent deacidification because of the artificial application of deacidified precipitation whereas the other catchment received unaltered acidic precipitation. Simulated results reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics in the concentrations of base cations, NO 3 ? , Al, and H4SiO 4 0 in soil discharges for both catchments. Simulated results also indicate that the export flux of base cations was decreased by 30% at the deacidification catchment in response to the decrease in acid deposition. However, simulated SO 4 2? concentrations show decreases that are about 40% more rapid than were observed. Simulated organic acid concentrations were also substantially lower than those observed at the deacidification catchment, indicating that organic matter decomposition processes were not correctly simulated. Acid-base budgets for both 5 and 50-yr simulations indicate that acid displacement by base cations through ion exchange is the principal process delaying recovery of runoff alkalinity, whereas SO 4 2? desorption has a minor role. Silicate weathering is the dominant acid-consuming process at both catchments. Criteria proposed here for assessing forecast reliability include reproducing seasonal dynamics in discharge chemistry, providing numerically accurate chemical concentrations when compared to monitoring data, and correctly predicting deacidification rate and extent. The ILWAS model generally meets these criteria, indicating that the model can produce a reliable forecast of the effects of acid deposition on the acid-base chemistry of surface waters given sufficient temporal data for confident optimization of the calibrated variables in the model.  相似文献   

16.
During the last 20 years, emission reductions in Europe and North America have resulted in decreased atmospheric S-deposition of up to 50%, while N-deposition has stayed almost constant. Data from 98 ICP Waters sites were tested for trends in concentrations of major chemical components for the 10-year period 1989-1998 using the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test. The sites were grouped into regions and types for meta-analysis. All of the regions had highly significant downward trends in SO4 2?* concentrations. Nitrate concentrations, on the other hand, show no regional patterns of change. Concentrations of base cations declined in most regions. All regions showed tendencies of increasing DOC. The low ANC sites showed the largest rates of recovery. Neither the high NO3 ? or low NO3 ? groups of sites exhibited significant trends in NO3 ? concentrations. Alpine (non-forested) sites show clear and consistent signals of recovery in ANC and pH, and appropriate (relative to SO4 2?* trends) rates of base cation decline.  相似文献   

17.
Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 ? concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L?1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2? (831 mol c ha?1 yr?1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2? also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha?1 yr?1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).  相似文献   

18.
In the Vosges Mountains (NE of France), integrated plot-catchment studies have been carried out since 1985 in the Strengbach basin to study the influence of acid atmospheric inputs on surface water quality and element budgets. In this paper, available mid-term time series (1985–1991) have been considered to detect obvious trends, if any, in surface water chemistry and element budgets. Air quality data showed a slight decline for SO2, whereas NO2 slightly increased over the period, but these trends are not very significant. This is in agreement with increased N concentration (mainly as NH 4 + ) and with the stability of SO 4 2? in open field precipitation. Because of a significant decrease in rainfall amount over the period, only inputs of NH 4 + increased significantly whereas H+ and SO 4 2+ inputs declined. In spring and streamwaters, pH and dissolved Si concentration increased mainly as a result of a reduced flow. Na+, K+, Cl? and HCO-3~? concentrations remained stable whereas Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO 4 2+ concentrations declined significantly. Only NO 3 ? concentration increased significantly in springwaters. The catchment budgets revealed significant losses of base cations, Si and SO 4 2? . These losses decreased over the period. Nitrogen was retained in the ecosystem. However, a longer record is needed to determine whether or not changes in surface water chemistry have resulted from short-term flow reductions or long-term changes in input-output ion budgets. This is specially true with N because the decline in SO 4 2? output was accompanied by N accumulation.  相似文献   

19.
A model has been developed that relates the cation denudation rate (CDR) of a watershed (the rate that cations derived from chemical weathering are carried off by runoff), the atmospheric load of excess SO4, and the pH of the river. Chemical and discharge data for rivers in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland were used to develop and test the model, which is based upon the common major ion chemistry of soft surface waters, and may be expressed by three statements: (1) CDR (meq m?2 yr?1) ? Excess SO4 ?? load (meq m?2 yr?1) = HCO3 ? (meq m?2 yr?1), (2) HCO3 ? (meq m?2 yr?1)/Runoff (m3 m?2 yr?1) = HCO3 ? (meq m?3), (3) pH = pK + \(pP_{CO_2 } \) ? pHCO3 ?. The model in concentration form applies well to lakes. A detailed analysis of the data for the Isle aux Morts River, Newfoundland, is presented, showing that the CDR varies throughout the year, affected by both discharge and seasonal pattern.  相似文献   

20.
We examined long-term changes in soil solution chemistry associated with experimental, whole watershed-acidification at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). At BBWM, the West Bear (WB) watershed has been treated with bimonthly additions of ((NH4)2 SO4) since 1989. The adjacent East Bear (EB) watershed serves as a biogeochemical reference. Soil solution chemistry in the EB watershed was relatively stable from 1989?C2007, with the exception of declining SO4?CS concentrations associated with a progressive decline in SO4?CS deposition during this period. Soil solution chemistry in WB reflected a progressive change in acid-neutralization mechanisms from base cation buffering to Al buffering associated with treatment during this period. Total dissolved Al concentrations progressively increased over time and were ~4× higher in 2007 than in 1989. Treatment of WB was also associated with long-term increases in soil solution H+, SO4?CS, and NO3?CN, whereas soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was unresponsive to treatment. For solutes such as Ca, H+, and SO4?CS, changes in stream chemistry were generally parallel to changes in soil solution chemistry, indicating a close coupling of terrestrial and aquatic processes that regulate the chemistry of solutions in this first-order stream watershed. For other solutes such as Al and DOC, solute concentrations were higher in soil solutions compared with streams, suggesting that sorption and transformation processes along hydrologic flow-paths were important in regulating the chemistry of solutions and the transport of these solutes.  相似文献   

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