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1.
不同覆盖措施对鸡粪堆肥氨挥发的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
采用箱式抽气法对不同鸡粪堆肥体系中氨气挥发释放速率及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,鸡粪堆肥的氨挥发强度在堆置后20d内最大.氨挥发速率最高达到0.28 g/(kg·h),覆盖粘土能有效抑制堆体的氨挥发.覆盖处理中铵态氮有累积的现象,铵态氮浓度最高达到6.68 g/kg,导致其pH值和电导率显著高于不覆盖处理.从全氮含量的变化来看,覆盖秸秆和篷布处理的氮素损失率分别为21-79%和19.78%,是对照处理的73.71%和66.91%,表现出良好的保氮效果. 相似文献
2.
未消化城市污泥与稻草堆肥过程中的养分变化研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
采用静态强制通气堆和人工机械翻堆两种试验方式对城市污泥进行堆肥处理，对堆肥过程中养分的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明，堆肥过程中全量P和全量P和全量K含量呈线性上升，氮由于以氨气形式挥发损失，全氮含量的上升幅度较小，有效磷含量在堆肥前期上升，后期则下降；速效钾含量呈不断上升趋势；水溶性全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮和水溶性全磷、正磷酸盐形态磷、水溶性有机磷的含量在堆肥初期上升，但后期下降。污泥稻草堆肥的时间以50d左右为宜。 相似文献
3.
不同有机废弃物对土壤磷吸附能力及有效性的影响 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
城郊农地是循环有机废弃物的重要场所,但长期施用畜禽粪和城市污泥可引起土壤磷素积累、磷饱和度提高,增加土壤向环境流失磷的风险。为了解施用不同来源的有机废弃物对城郊耕地土壤磷素化学行为的影响,选择4种不同磷含量的土壤,探讨在等量磷素情况下,施用KH2PO4、猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥、沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪、生活垃圾堆肥和2种污泥等不同磷源时,土壤有效磷含量及磷吸附能力的差异。结果表明,施用有机废弃物增加了土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量,降低了土壤对磷的吸附能力,但影响程度因有机废弃物来源而异。施用猪粪/稻草秸秆堆肥和猪粪降低土壤磷最大吸附量比例(9.03%~15.60%)与施KH2PO4(10.59%~16.63%)相当,但施用沼渣、鸡粪和生活垃圾堆肥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(5.09%~9.84%)明显低于施KH2PO4;施用2种污泥降低土壤磷最大吸附量的比例(4.32%~6.77%)最小。不同有机废弃物对土壤有效磷的影响差异较小,但对水溶性磷的影响较大。施用有机废弃物后,土壤磷最大吸附量的下降值与施用有机废弃物中铁、铝、钙含量呈负相关;土壤水溶性磷的变化量与施用有机废弃物后土壤交换性钙的增加量呈负相关,表明有机废弃物中铁、铝和钙等矿质成分的增加,可在一定程度上减少有机废弃物在土壤循环处理时磷对环境的负影响。在农田施用有机废弃物时,不仅要考虑有机废弃物磷素状况,也应适当考虑其他矿质成分的组成特点。该研究可为城郊农地科学施用有机废弃物提供依据。 相似文献
4.
木质纤维降解复合菌剂促进堆肥腐熟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用工厂化高温好氧堆肥方式,探究了具有高效降解木质纤维能力的微生物复合菌剂分别对纯秸秆和秸秆畜禽粪污混合物堆肥效率的影响。以纯秸秆和猪粪秸秆混合物为原料,设置空白对照、单菌处理和复合菌处理,评估堆肥过程中不同堆体温度、含水量、pH、有机质含量、发芽指数和养分等理化指标的变化对堆体腐熟效率的影响。结果表明,无论何种堆肥原料,相比空白和单菌处理,复合菌处理堆体均升温速率最快,高温期温度最高,后熟期降温最快。堆肥过程中,各处理p H无显著差异,变化趋势基本一致;各处理发芽指数(GI)不断提高,纯秸秆和秸秆粪污混合物为原料的接复合菌处理均在第25天高于接单菌处理,至堆肥结束时,接复合菌处理的发芽指数分别为93.45%和98.67%;随堆肥的进行,各处理有机质含量均处于下降趋势,至堆肥结束时,所有处理的有机质含量均高于450 g/kg;各处理的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加,至堆肥结束时,以纯秸秆和秸秆粪污混合物为原料的接复合菌处理的总氮和总磷含量均显著高于其他处理。综上,相比于不添加外源菌和添加单一菌株,高效木质纤维降解复合菌剂的添加,能够有效促进堆肥的腐熟,提高堆肥效率。 相似文献
5.
秸秆对猪粪静态兼性堆肥无害化和腐熟度的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为促进猪粪静态兼性堆肥产品无害化和腐熟,通过添加玉米秸秆调控堆体物理结构特性和碳氮比,采用传统自然发酵方式进行为期90d的静态兼性堆肥试验,分别设置纯猪粪处理(P)和秸秆调控处理(PC)研究静态兼性堆肥过程腐熟度指标、粪大肠菌群以及微生物群落结构演变特征。结果表明,秸秆调控增加了堆体孔隙率(提高19.41%),促进氧气向堆体内部扩散,增强了好氧微生物对有机质的降解,降低NH4+-N,可溶性有机氮(dissolved total nitrogen, DTN)等植物毒性物质含量,提升了堆肥腐熟度,两组处理堆肥产品种子发芽指数分别为40.84%(P)和114.60%(PC)。静态兼性堆肥经过30～40 d自然发酵后,粪大肠菌群数量达到卫生安全标准,堆体温度、NH4+-N和有机酸含量均会影响粪大肠杆菌的活性。堆体中微生物以厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门等与木质纤维素降解相关的菌门为优势菌门,堆体自上而下由好氧菌属演替为厌氧菌属,并形成好氧、兼性、厌氧的微生物分层。秸秆调控增加了堆体的好氧区域,促进和提高了猪粪... 相似文献
6.
适宜猪粪与菌渣配比提高堆肥效率 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
为摸索猪粪和菌渣堆肥生产有机肥技术,在自然发酵条件下,设计猪粪和菌渣9:1、8:2、7:3、6:44种不同比例(湿质量比)进行高温堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、有机碳、发芽指数及养分氮、磷、钾的动态变化。结果表明,堆体温度在第3天即达50"C以上,保持高温25~32 d后开始下降,其中6:4处理高温期比9:1处理长7 d;4个处理pH值都呈先快速上升、之后下降并趋于稳定的趋势,pH值在6.83~8.62间变化;有机碳(质量分数)总体上呈下降之势,至堆肥结束4个处理分别下降了16_3%、14.5%、13.6%和11.9%,菌渣比例提高可减少堆体有机碳的损失:除6:4处理外,其他处理发芽指数分别于23、33和47 d达80%以上,同一时期菌渣比例越高堆体提取液对植物的毒害作用越强;氮磷钾总养分(质量分数)前期(约19 d)呈基本持平或少量下降,随后持续上升,堆肥结束4个处理分别为5.93%、5.57%、5.64%和5.13%。6:4处理氮磷钾总养分在堆肥大部分时期(45 d内)≤5.0%,其他处理在21~25 d后均≥5.0%。综合考虑堆肥质量和堆期等因素,利用猪粪和菌渣为原料规模化生产机肥,猪粪和菌渣适宜的比例为8:2。同时,因猪粪和菌渣C/N均较低,建议适当增加米糠等C/N高的添加料,进一步提高堆肥效率。 相似文献
7.
冬季堆肥中翻堆和覆盖对温室气体和氨气排放的影响 总被引：24，自引：7，他引：17
为明确冬季条垛堆肥过程中温室气体排放规律和主要影响因素,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,研究了冬季条垛式堆肥过程中翻堆和覆盖作用对温室气体和氨气排放的影响。试验结果表明,在冬季堆肥高温期能维持2周以上,达到良好的卫生化效果;而在腐熟期堆体温度迅速下降,微生物活性停滞,堆肥腐熟进程受抑制。初始总有机碳的0.14%～0.76%以CH4损失,NH3和N2O的挥发则分别占到了初始总氮的10.3%～29.5%和0.81%～3.93%。数据分析结果显示,翻堆能够显著减少堆肥化过程中N2O和CH4排放,但增加NH3的排放。覆盖能够减少NH3的挥发,增加甲烷的排放,对N2O排放的影响不显著。 相似文献
8.
为探索草酸不同添加方式对堆肥过程氨气减排和氮素保留效果,以鸡粪、玉米秸秆和尾菜为发酵原料,采用条垛式堆肥进行25 d的发酵试验。草酸添加方式为初始一次性添加(EA1)和堆肥过程多次喷淋添加(EA2),添加量为0.15 mol·kg-1(堆体鲜重)。结果表明:添加草酸在堆肥初期抑制了温度上升,但是增加了50℃以上高温天数。各处理氨气挥发速率均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,CK(不添加草酸)、EA1、EA2氨气累积挥发量分别为173.93、87.29、64.38 g·d.1·m.2,与CK相比,EA1和EA2处理氨气累积挥发量减少49.81%和62.99%。堆肥过程中各处理全氮含量均呈现逐渐上升的变化趋势,有机碳含量均呈现逐渐下降的变化趋势;添加草酸提高了堆肥结束后全氮和有机碳含量,EA1和EA2处理的全氮含量比CK分别提高了12.96%和18.22%;有机碳含量比CK分别提高了6.04%和11.28%。堆肥结束后各处理粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率均达到《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)相关要求。从堆肥氨气减排效率、氮和有机碳保留效果综合分析,草酸多次喷淋添加优于初始一次性添加。本结论可为堆肥高效氨减排技术提供参考。 相似文献
9.
猪场沼渣与玉米芯混合槽式堆肥氨气排放特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国农业气象》2020,(3)
堆肥既是粪便资源化利用处理的主要方式之一,也是重要的农业氨气排放源。针对猪粪沼渣堆肥的现场研究较少,实际生产过程中氨气排放数据缺乏,排放特征不明确的问题,开展了猪粪沼渣与玉米芯混合堆肥氨气排放特征的现场试验研究。本研究在实际槽式堆肥车间构建实时在线气体监测系统,对生猪养殖场沼渣槽式好氧堆肥车间氨气浓度变化进行连续监测,测算堆体氨气排放通量,分析氨气排放特征。结果显示:堆肥38d内槽式好氧堆肥车间氨气浓度变化范围为0.85～22.40mg·m~(-3),平均3.63mg·m~(-3)。由于翻堆对氨气扩散的促进作用,白天堆肥氨气浓度高于夜间,12:00-16:00氨气排放浓度最高(6.77±4.37mg·m~(-3)),其次为16:00-20:00(4.26±2.07mg·m~(-3))和8:00-12:00(3.62±1.46mg·m~(-3));堆肥车间单位体积堆肥原料的氨气排放通量为50.25～196.59mg·m~(-3)·h~(-1),平均103.99mg·m~(-3)·h~(-1),整个38d堆肥过程的氨气排放量为94.84g·m~(-3)。研究结果将为猪粪堆肥过程氨气的控制及减排措施的制定提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
不同有机物及其堆肥与化肥配施对小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
采用15N示踪技术,选用水稻土和灰潮土在宜兴进行小麦盆栽试验,研究了稻草、猪粪及其堆肥与化肥配施对作物生长及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,在水稻土和灰潮土上,不同有机物及其堆肥与化肥配施分别比单施化肥增产4.46%～24.82%和1.01%～20.53%,稻草堆肥和猪粪堆肥配施化肥处理籽粒产量分别高于稻草和猪粪直接与化肥配施处理。稻草和猪粪堆肥后更利于作物吸收氮素,增加植物体内15N累积。两种土壤上15N回收率表现为相同配比的堆肥处理未堆肥处理单施化肥处理。随着小麦生育期的推进,土壤微生物量氮和矿质态氮含量均呈下降趋势,稻草和猪粪处理的微生量氮含量始终高于稻草堆肥和猪粪堆肥处理。有机无机肥配施处理土壤矿质态氮在小麦生育前期低于单施化肥,成熟期则高于单施化肥。整个生育期中,稻草堆肥和猪粪堆肥处理土壤矿质态氮含量分别高于稻草和猪粪处理。因此,有机物堆肥后与化肥配施更有利于提高产量,促进作物对氮素的吸收利用。 相似文献
11.
沸石作为添加剂对鸡粪高温堆肥氨挥发的影响 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
为分析沸石作为添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发的影响,以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料进行野外好氧堆制试验,监测堆肥过程中氨挥发及其影响因素的动态变化。结果表明：一定比例的沸石添加剂在堆肥起始2周内对抑制堆体氨挥发效果明显,氨挥发速率显著低于对照,堆肥至第12天,添加沸石处理累积氨挥发与对照相比减少44.2%;堆肥7周内,添加沸石处理累积减少氨挥发损失达26.9%;沸石添加剂主要通过吸附高温堆肥过程中过量的铵态氮达到减少氨挥发的效果;从温度、电导率等指标来看,沸石添加剂促进了高温发酵过程的进行,一定程度上有利于提高堆肥品质。 相似文献
12.
Straw-rich manure from organic pig farming systems can be composted in passively aerated systems as the high application of straw results in a compost bed with good structure and porosity. The passively aerated composting process was simulated in one-dimensional reactors of 2 m3 for straw-rich manure with compost bed densities of 1100, 700 and 560 kg m?3. Temperature profiles over the reactor height were monitored online and ammonia emissions were measured periodically. The composition of the compost bed over the reactor height was determined at the end of the composting process. The composting process strongly depends on the density of the compost bed. At a density of 1100 kg.m?3, the porosity of the bed is too low to initiate natural convection, and aerobic degradation fails and anaerobic conditions may lead to emissions of methane and odorous compounds. At a density of 560 kg.m?3, the porosity of the bed is high and the high rate of natural convection will keep the temperature low thereby preventing the removal of pathogens and weeds. Best results were observed at a density of 700 kg.m?3 for which aerobic degradation and drying were adequate and temperatures were high enough to kill pathogens and weeds. On basis of the Ergun equation, which describes the airflow in porous media with internal heat generation, this corresponds to a compost bed permeability of 7×10?8 m2. It was also shown that it is possible to compost animal manures with a low C/N ratio without significant emissions of ammonia. This can be established by trapping the initial ammonia emissions in a straw filter, which is placed on top of the compost bed. Ammonia absorbed in the straw filter and in the compost bed were removed by nitrification and denitrification. The passively aerated composting system results in a compost bed which is highly heterogeneous with respect to temperature, oxygen level and its composition. It is proposed that in this way a highly diverse microbial community in the compost bed is established which can perform various microbial conversions. The extensive composting system is most promising for on-farm production of an organic fertilizer from straw-rich manure, since the costs of the process and the level of ammonia emissions were low. 相似文献
13.
Volatilization of NH3 from soil is a major N-loss mechanism that reduces the efficiency of applied N fertilizers, and causes environmental pollution. Strategies are needed to reduce the loss. The influences of dicyandiamide (DCD), farmyard manure (FYM) and irrigation on NH3 volatilization from an alluvial soil in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system was studied using the acid trap method. The loss of NH3 in the rice-wheat system ranged from 38.6 kg N ha-1 from the unfertilized soil to 69.0 kg N ha-1 in the treatment with urea+DCD. Substitution of 50% N provided through urea by FYM reduced NH3-N volatilization by 10% in rice and wheat as compared to the urea treatment. Application of DCD increased NH3 volatilization in wheat by 7% but in rice it had no effect. The irrigation level had no effect on NH3 volatilization in rice but fewer irrigations with fewer splits of N in wheat resulted in higher NH3 volatilization. Application of DCD and FYM with urea had similar effects on grain yield and N uptake by rice and wheat as that of the urea treatment. The study showed that integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer has the potential to reduce the loss of N due to volatilization and thereby minimize environmental pollution. Nitrification inhibitors, which are reported to be useful in increasing the N-use efficiency by reducing the leaching and denitrification losses of N, however, may increase N loss due to volatilization. 相似文献
14.
A field experiment was carried out in northern Vietnam to investigate the effects of adding different additives [rice (Oriza sativa L.) straw only, or rice straw with added lime, superphosphate (SSP), urea or a mixture of selected microorganism species] on nitrogen (N) losses and nutrient concentrations in manure composts. The composts and fresh manure were applied to a three-crop per year sequence (maize–rice–rice) on a degraded soil (Plinthic Acrisol/Plinthaquult) to investigate the effects of manure type on crop yield, N uptake and fertilizer value. Total N losses during composting with SSP were 20% of initial total N, while with other additives they were 30–35%. With SSP as a compost additive, 65–85% of the initial ammonium-N (NH4-N) in the manure remained in the compost compared with 25% for microorganisms and 30% for lime. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of fresh manure was lower than that of composted manure when applied to maize (Zea mays L.), but higher when applied to rice (Oriza sativa L.). The NUE of compost with SSP was generally higher than that of compost with straw only and lime. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of manure types for maize decreased in the order: manure composted with SSP?>?manure composted with straw only and fresh manure?>?manure composted with lime. For rice, the corresponding order was: fresh manure?>?manure composted with SSP/microorganisms/urea?>?manure composted with lime/with straw alone. The MFE was higher when 5 tons manure ha?1 were applied than when 10 tons manure ha?1 were applied throughout the crop sequence. The residual effect of composted manures (determined in a fourth crop, with no manure applied) was generally 50% higher than that of fresh manure after one year of manure and compost application. Thus, addition of SSP during composting improved the field fertilizer value of composted pig manure the most. 相似文献
15.
秸秆不同用量对污泥堆肥保氮效果研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对北京市城市生活污泥与不同量小麦秸秆进行混合堆肥,研究堆肥过程中N素损失的控制。结果表明,在堆体中添加小麦秸秆能够在堆肥初期很好的抑制NH3挥发;添加20%麦秸的处理堆体最高温度能够达到67℃,比对照处理(纯污泥)高16℃,在50℃以上维持7天,比对照处理长6天,完全达到无害化处理要求;而且,堆肥初期NH3挥发量为对照处理的1/5;NH4+-N最高含量和变化范围都小于对照处理;堆肥后全N损失仅为15.77%;经过50天的堆肥化处理,所有处理的物料变为疏松形态的灰黑色腐殖质,臭味消失,基本达到腐熟。 相似文献
16.
添加剂对猪粪秸秆堆肥的氮素损失控制效果 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
为减少堆肥过程中的氨气挥发和氮素损失,该文以新鲜猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行35 d的好氧堆肥试验,研究2种固氮添加剂(过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁)对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中的氮素损失控制效果。结果表明:添加适量的固氮剂均可降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁处理相比较对照和磷酸+氢氧化镁处理,氮素固定率较高,固氮效果较好。与对照处理相比,该处理在整个堆肥过程中的累积氨气挥发量和总氮损失分别降低了41.78%和13.27%;在堆肥结束时,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了60.00%和24.66%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽率指数为97.22%~115.86%,表明所有处理在堆置35 d后均达到腐熟。X射线衍射分析证实了添加固定剂处理的堆肥产品中均有鸟粪石(Mg NH_4PO_4·6H_2O)的存在,说明通过添加过磷酸钙+氢氧化镁、磷酸+氢氧化镁2种固定剂可以改变堆肥的理化性质,促进堆肥的降解和腐熟。 相似文献
17.
Chemical Amendments and Process Controls To Reduce Ammonia Volatilization During In-House Composting
Richard T. Koenig Matt D. Palmer F. Dean Miner Jr. Bruce E. Miller John D. Harrison 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(2):141-149
Composting inside high-rise, caged layer facilities can produce atmospheric ammonia (NH3) concentrations exceeding standards for human and poultry health. Control measures that reduce NH3 volatilization are necessary for in-house composting to be sustainable. Due to differences specific to in-house composting — low carbon to nitrogen ratios of composting material, continuous manure addition, and frequent turning — it is not known whether NH3 control measures used previously for poultry manure will work. The objectives of this study were to evaluate various amendment and process controls on NH3 produced during simulated in-house composting in the lab, and to evaluate select chemical control measures during composting inside a high-rise layer facility. Ten amendments (aluminum sulfate; chloride salts of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and potassium; gypsum; sodium bisulfate; zeolite (clinoptilolite); straw; and cellulose) and four process controls (moisture; temperature; turning frequency; and particle size) were evaluated in lab incubations in 1 L vessels wherein samples of poultry manure compost were incubated to simulate composting. Vials of boric acid solution were used to capture NH3 evolved during incubations. With the exception of zeolite and cellulose, all amendments reduced NH3 capture. Low moisture and temperature also reduced NH3 capture, although managing temperature and moisture to achieve low NHg would adversely impact microbial activity and other desired benefits of composting. When evaluated inhouse, aluminum sulfate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride did not reduce NH evolution from compost measured on three different dates with a gas sensor. Spatial variability along treated segments of windrow apparently masked amendment effects. At the end of a six-week composting cycle, total nitrogen content was higher in compost treated with aluminum sulfate than control or chloride salt treatments. Aluminum sulfate and process controls such as moisture content, carbon source and particle size have potential to reduce NH3 loss from poultry manure composted inside high-rise layer structures. In-house compost management to reduce NH3 volatilization must consider the cost of amendments, effectiveness, and impacts on the composting process. 相似文献
18.
Biosolids compost is a good organic amendment but immature compost can exhibit phytotoxic behavior which can be attributed to different toxic substances. Our objective was to determine the phytotoxicity of: i) Biosolids; ii) Mix of biosolids and wood sawdust sampled a day after composting started; iii) The same material sampled at the end of the thermophilic stage; iv) cured compost; v) cow manure and vi) horse manure A germination bioassay was carried out using Lolium perenne (ryegrass) seeds: germination and root growth percentage were determined as well as electrical conductivity, pH, phenol content and volatile organic acids. In three treatments, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were also determined. Ammonia volatilization was determined during biosolids composting. The germination percentage varied from 67% to 95% but the inhibition of root growth appears to be a more sensitive phytotoxicity indicator (18% to 74%. Phytotoxic effects on germinating ryegrass were mainly related to extract pH and electrical conductivity. Potentially toxic elements, volatile organic acids, phenolic compounds and ammonia were not related to germination. 相似文献