共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Kowalewski M Hoffmeister AP Baumiller TK Bambach RK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5729):1774-1777
The fossil record of predation indicates that attacks on Paleozoic brachiopods were very rare, especially compared to those on post-Paleozoic mollusks, yet stratigraphically and geographically widespread. Drilling frequencies were very low in the early Paleozoic (<1%) and went up slightly in the mid-to-late Paleozoic. Present-day brachiopods revealed frequencies only slightly higher. The persistent rarity of drilling suggests that brachiopods were the secondary casualties of mistaken or opportunistic attacks by the enemies of other taxa. Such sporadic attacks became slightly more frequent as trophic systems escalated and predators diversified. Some evolutionarily persistent biotic interactions may be incidental rather than coevolutionary or escalatory in nature. 相似文献
2.
Free-ranging crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) that ate chicken eggs that were painted green and contained a nonlethal toxin subsequently avoided green eggs at various locations, whether or not they contained toxin. The crows also continued to eat unpainted and nontoxic chicken eggs. Illness-induced aversions among predators in nature may be a powerful determiner of the evolution of Batesian mimicry and, in human hands, serve as a practical tool for wildlife ecologists. 相似文献
3.
Geckos: adaptive significance and energetics of tail autotomy 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Coleonyx variegatus is adapted to readily sacrifice its tail to predators. This adaptation is associated with characteristic tail behavior and rapid tail regeneration. There is no facultative metabolic increase associated with tail regeneration, and energy normally allocated to body growth and maintenance is diverted to tail regeneration. This supports the contention that tail behavior, autotomy, and rapid regeneration evolved as mechanisms promoting survival in terms of predator escape. 相似文献
4.
Cisne JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,186(4158):13-18
While the question of whether the Arthropoda represent more than one phylum of animals is debatable, the jointed exoskeleton, a fundamental feature of arthropods, evolved independently in two groups that shared a worm-like common ancestor. The two major branches of Arthropoda, the primitively marine TCC and the primitively terrestrial (with one exception) Uniramia, independently arrived at arthropodization as the solution to the same problems of adaptation of the body mechanical system. New discoveries on trilobite anatomy show the unity of TCC as a group that shared a trilobite-like ancestor near the beginning of the Cambrian. With change in the constituency of Arthropoda through geologic time, the ways in which it would be categorized as a taxonomic group have also changed. The seeming isolation of the major modern arthropod groups is in large part an artifact of extinction of primitive intermediate forms such as trilobites which, in the Early Paleozoic, made the Arthropoda more diverse in basic modes of body organization than the group is at present. The appearance of fossilizable hard parts in arthropods resulted from shift in supporting function from the body cavity, primitively a hydrostatic skeleton, to the cuticle, which came to be strengthened in becoming an exoskeleton. Energetic efficiency, more than protection from predators or evolutionary size increase in itself, was probably the impetus behind the transition. On the scale provided by the general evolutionary trend toward progressive specialization of segments, TCC became arthropodized at earlier stages than did Uniramia. Among TCC, the shift may have been driven by the evolution of locomotory and feeding mechanisms that were exclusively geared to an aqueous medium. 相似文献
5.
Cisneros JC Abdala F Rubidge BS Dentzien-Dias PC Bueno Ade O 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6024):1603-1605
Anomodonts, a group of herbivorous therapsid "mammal-like reptiles," were the most abundant tetrapods of the Permian. We present a basal anomodont from South America, a new taxon that has transversally expanded palatal teeth and long saber canines. The function of the saber teeth is unknown, but probable uses include deterring attack from predators and intraspecific display or combat. The complex palatal teeth were used to process high-fiber food and represent early evidence of dental occlusion in a therapsid. This discovery provides new insight into the evolution of heterogeneous dentition in therapsids and broadens our understanding of ecological interactions at the end of the Paleozoic. 相似文献
6.
辽东栎的繁殖体及其与种群更新的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
就辽东栎的种子雨及其传播动力、种子传播后的命运、种子萌发、幼苗建立、实生更新对动物捕食的适应和萌生特性等方面进行了简要综述,并对未来研究的发展方向进行了展望。辽东栎种子是多种脊椎动物和鸟类的食物资源,种子萌发和幼苗形成期间的捕食压力导致其实生更新困难,但捕食动物对种子的搬运和埋藏对辽东栎种群更新和扩散具有重要意义;光照和水分对辽东栎的种子萌发和幼苗建立都具有重要影响,在森林管理工作中,适当干扰 (例如择伐) 对辽东栎的种子萌发、幼苗生长与存活以及种群更新都是有利的。较强的萌生能力对维持辽东栎的遗传多样性和种群活力具有重要的生态学意义;在强干扰条件下,萌生作为辽东栎通过从种子、幼苗、幼树到成年植株过程中的更新瓶颈的途径,是辽东栎实现种群更新的主要对策。 相似文献
7.
A double mass extinction at the end of the paleozoic era 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Three tests based on fossil data indicate that high rates of extinction recorded in the penultimate (Guadalupian) stage of the Paleozoic era are not artifacts of a poor fossil record. Instead, they represent an abrupt mass extinction that was one of the largest to occur in the past half billion years. The final mass extinction of the era, which took place about 5 million years after the Guadalupian event, remains the most severe biotic crisis of all time. Taxonomic losses in the Late Permian were partitioned among the two crises and the intervening interval, however, and the terminal Permian crisis eliminated only about 80 percent of marine species, not 95 or 96 percent as earlier estimates have suggested. 相似文献
8.
农杆菌介导的叶盘法是目前草莓遗传转化的主要方法,建立高效稳定的叶盘再生体系是获得转基因草莓的必要条件.文章探讨了影响草莓离体叶片不定芽诱导的主要因素,建立了一个稳定的草莓植株再生体系,确定草莓品种弗吉尼亚不定芽诱导的最佳培养基组分为:MS+TDZ 2 mg·L-1+IBA 0.1 mg·L-1+2,4-D 0.2 mg·L-1,pH 5.8.发现叶盘近轴面向下放置能显著提高再生频率,且叶片幼嫩程度与草莓不定芽分化率呈正相关.并以此体系对草莓叶盘遗传转化进行优化,发现草莓品种弗吉尼亚遗传转化最佳预培养时间为2 d,最佳侵染时间为7 min.同时,利用该体系,将由不同启动子诱导的组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(Tissue-type plasminogen activator, t-PA)基因对草莓进行遗传转化. 相似文献
9.
For goal-directed arm movements, the nervous system generates a sequence of motor commands that bring the arm toward the target. Control of the octopus arm is especially complex because the arm can be moved in any direction, with a virtually infinite number of degrees of freedom. Here we show that arm extensions can be evoked mechanically or electrically in arms whose connection with the brain has been severed. These extensions show kinematic features that are almost identical to normal behavior, suggesting that the basic motor program for voluntary movement is embedded within the neural circuitry of the arm itself. Such peripheral motor programs represent considerable simplification in the motor control of this highly redundant appendage. 相似文献
10.
Eisner T Conner WE Hicks K Dodge KR Rosenberg HI Jones TH Cohen M Meinwald J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,196(4296):1347-1349
The exocrine secretion of the "stinkpot turtle," Sternotherus odoratus, discharged by the animals in response to disturbance, contains four omega-phenylalkanoic acids (phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropionic, 5-phenylpentanoic, and 7-phenylheptanoic). The last two of these are new natural products. The first two are powerfully malodorous and responsible for the stench of the fluid. Lesser components, including several aliphatic acids, are also present. Only a few milligrams of secretion are discharged by a turtle at any one time. Although bioassays with fish suggest that the secretion has the potential to serve as a feeding deterrent to predators, it is argued that Sternotherus does not ordinarily discharge enough fluid to effect this action and may employ its secretion only as an aposematic signal that warns predators of its more generalized undesirability. 相似文献
11.
The prey-seeking behavior of three spiders (X1-Pirata subpiraticus, X2-Clubiona japonicola and X3-Tetragnatha japonica ) for brown plant hopper (X4-Nilaparvata lugens ) and rice spittle bug (Xs-Callitettix versicolor) was investigated, as well as how interference between and within species occurred, by using a quadratic regression rotational composite design. Six predation models derived from the analysis of interactions among and within predators and preys were developed. The total predatory capacity of spiders on rice insect pests after coexistence for one day can be expressed as follows: Y3 = 32. 795 + 2.25X1 + 1.083X2 + 0.5X3 + 10.167X4 + 3.167X5 - 1.67X12 - 2.42X22 - 3. 295X32 - 0. 045X42 + 0. 455X52 - 3. 125X1X2 + 0.375X1X3-0.625X1X4 - 0.375X1X5 + 0.375X2X3 - 0.875X2X4 + 0.125X2X5 + 0.375X3X4 - 0.375X3X5 + 0.125X4X5. The principal efficiency analysis using this model indicated that increases in insect pest density significantly increased predation by predators; this was much greater than the effect of any single predator. X4 had a greater effect than X5; however, X4 and X5 demonstrated little interspecific interference and even promoted each other and increased predation rates as the densities of the two pests increased. Among the three predators, an increase in the density of X1 had the greatest effect on the increase in predation, X3 had the second, X2 the third greatest effect. As predator density increased inter- and intra-species interference occurred, which were largely related to the size, activity, niche breadth, niche overlap and searching efficiency of the predators. X2 produced the greatest interference between different individuals and between any other predator species. X3 had the second greatest, which reduced predation levels at high predator densities. Because of these factors, the highest predation rate was obtained at a prey density of 120 per 4 rice-hills. The optimal proportion of the three predators in the multi-predator prey system was X1: X2: X3= 5.6:1.3: 4.1. 相似文献
12.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are significant in the physiology and ecology of extant vascular plants, and they may also have played a major role in the origin of the vascular land flora. The case for fossil vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae rests upon hyphae and chlamydospore-like bodies in several Paleozoic taxa, but fossil arbuscles are unknown to date. Specimens from the Triassic of Antarctica represent the first known occurrence of arbuscles in the fossil record. 相似文献
13.
Newly discovered remains of highly advanced mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia: Tritheledontidae) from the Early Jurassic of Nova Scotia, Canada, have revealed that aspects of the characteristic mammalian occlusal pattern are primitive. Mammals and tritheledontids share an homologous pattern of occlusion that is not seen in other cynodonts. The new tritheledontids represent the first definite record of this family from North America. The extreme similarity of North American and African tritheledontids supports the hypothesis that the global distribution of terrestrial tetrapods was homogeneous in the Early Jurassic. This Early Jurassic cosmopolitanism represents the continuation of a trend toward increased global homogeneity among terrestrial tetrapod communities that began in the late Paleozoic. 相似文献
14.
Schopf JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,164(3875):63-66
Similarities of middle anld upper Paleozoic deposits of the Ellsworth fountains with those of the Pensacola, Horlick, and other Transtarctic mountains indicate that all these ranges may have had a related geologic history. A native explanation is now suggested which involves sea-floor spreading atnd anslocationi of the Ellsworth crutstal block from its originilal location adjacent to the East Antarctic Shield. Accordingly, the islands of West Antarctica may differ it origin and the Transantarctic Mountains of East Antarctica may represent one margin of an ancient rift. 相似文献
15.
Erratic display as a device against predators 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Prey animals in many different taxonomic groups behave erratically when attacked by predators. This reaction is not accidental, but acts as a specific antipredator device. Observational data and theoretical considerations indicate that such protean displays function to confuse and disorient the predator and to increase its reaction time. Thus the survival of the prey is assisted, and the selective advntage whereby such erratic patterns of the prey animals may have evolved is created. 相似文献
16.
以美女樱品种"Quartz"离体叶片为外植体,探讨了不同细胞分裂素、暗培养、硝酸银质量浓度以及不同植物生长调节剂组合对不定芽再生的影响。结果表明:6-BA的诱导效果好于TDZ。在培养基MS+6-BA4.0mg/L+IBA0.15mg/L+蔗糖30g/L上可以使美女樱叶片不定芽的再生率达26.8%。2mg/LAgNO3可以将美女樱叶片的不定芽再生率提高到31.3%,并缩短不定芽发生时间。暗培养5d可以促进美女樱叶片不定芽的再生,活性炭对美女樱叶片离体再生有一定抑制作用。 相似文献
17.
Early Forest Soils and Their Role in Devonian Global Change 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
GJ Retallack 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,276(5312):583-585
A paleosol in the Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone of Victoria Land, Antarctica, is the most ancient known soil of well-drained forest ecosystems. Clay enrichment and chemical weathering of subsurface horizons in this and other Devonian forested paleosols culminate a long-term increase initiated during the Silurian. From Silurian into Devonian time, red clayey calcareous paleosols show a greater volume of roots and a concomitant decline in the density of animal burrows. These trends parallel the decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide determined from isotopic records of pedogenic carbonate in these same paleosols. The drawdown of carbon dioxide began well before the Devonian appearance of coals, large logs, and diverse terrestrial plants and animals, and it did not correlate with temporal variation in volcanic or metamorphic activity. The early Paleozoic greenhouse may have been curbed by the evolution of rhizospheres with an increased ratio of primary to secondary production and by more effective silicate weathering during Silurian time. 相似文献
18.
本试验用三种类型的小麦幼穗为材料,在幼穗的发育时期,去分化和分化培养基等完全相同的条件下,对它们在离体培养下的反应进行了比较,发现愈伤组织的诱导率和苗的分化率以及愈伤组织在继代培养中的行为,都因不同类型的小麦幼穗而产生显著差异,而且愈伤组织的诱导率和苗的分化率之间不存在相关性。我们认为,材料的基因型选择,可能是建立小麦的胚性细胞悬浮培养物系统的一个有希望的途径。 相似文献
19.
研究菌丝体培养时间、酶组合、酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、稳渗剂类型、再生培养方式等对绿色木霉原生质体制备及再生的影响。结果表明,绿色木霉原生质体制备的优化条件为：菌丝体培养60h,用1.5%溶菌酶＋0.5%蜗牛酶的混合酶液,在pH值6.0～6.5,30～35℃,酶解4h,以0.7mol/L甘露醇为稳渗剂,原生质体的产量可达1.68×107个/ml;原生质体再生的优化条件为：PDA为再生培养基,以0.5mol/L蔗糖为稳渗剂进行双层固体培养,原生质体的再生率为6.05%～6.12%。 相似文献
20.
Which species affect one another, how intensely, and the mechanisms of those effects are crucial data for understanding how ecological communities work. Tropical islands without lizards, the major top predators, have about ten times as dense web spider populations as those with lizards; processes responsible for this effect were experimentally simulated by removing lizards from randomly selected mainland plots. Spider densities in removal plots averaged 2.5 times as high as controls. Spider survival, prey abundance, and prey consumption were all negatively affected by lizards. Contrary to most studies, predator removal caused an increase in the number of spider species. 相似文献