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1.
福建梅花山自然保护区土壤特性及其垂直分布规律 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
梅花山地处中亚热带地区,基带土壤为红壤,从下而上依次分布着红壤,黄红壤和黄壤.此外,在一些千米以上的山间谷地,尚有零星的山地草甸土和沼泽土分布.各类土壤的性质均表现有一定的地带性特征.随着土壤类型的垂直地带性变化,其性质也表现较明显的地理分异规律. 相似文献
2.
土壤腐殖质的含量和性质是反映土壤发生学的重要特征之一。前人工作表明,土壤腐殖质的性状具有明显的地带性变异规律,随着土壤类型的水平或垂直地带的依次更迭,其腐殖质的组成和特性也发生相应的、有规律的变化[1-3]。 相似文献
3.
桂东南容县地质灾害发育与时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]掌握广西壮族自治区容县地质灾害的发育状况,为地质灾害的防治规划和监测预警提供科学依据。[方法]基于10a余的详查资料,运用统计分析方法,深入探讨地质灾害的发育与时空分布特征。[结果]地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡和泥石流4种类型,数量百分率分别为40.57%,26.87%,32.30%和0.26%,规模以小型为主。致灾体多为表层残坡积土,滑坡以牵引式为主,崩塌以滑移式与牵引式为主,不稳定斜坡有坡面局部崩塌型、坡面冲蚀型、高陡型。地质灾害受局地强降雨与台风降雨影响显著,在6—8月集中发生,稍滞后于降雨,具有夏汛突发的特点。地质灾害地域分布呈全县整体分散而部分乡镇高密度聚集的特点,主要发育于低山丘陵地貌区和块状坚硬花岗岩岩组区。沿地质构造带呈局部线状分布,但受地质构造的影响不大。[结论]容县地质灾害发育与分布主要受岩土体类型、降雨与人类工程活动影响。 相似文献
4.
试论黄土区旱地土壤水资源的地带性与非地带性 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19
土壤水资源是干旱半干旱地区重要的水资源之一。本文主要以天然草地深层土壤含水量为基础,明确了土壤水资源的地带与非地带性概念,分析了黄土区埋地土壤水分资源的地带性与非地带性分异规律。指出,在相似的植被及地形条件下,黄土高原土壤深层水分从面向北和从东向西逐渐降低以及从山顶到坡脚逐渐增大,表面出水平和垂直地带性分异规律。在相似的土壤水资源带内,土地类型、坡度及坡向等地形因素导致土壤水分的局地分异,即土壤水 相似文献
5.
[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I30)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流... 相似文献
6.
[目的]探明川西高原冻融过程对岩土体的破坏类型、成因机制及其产生的灾害效应。[方法]通过对川西高原道孚县全县境内的地质灾害详细调查,对冻融破坏类型进行了室内统计分析,并在此基础上总结了冻融过程所产生的灾害效应。[结果]提出了冻融过程产生"剥皮效应"、滑坡的"浅表层效应"及泥石流物源的"碎化效应";发现川西高原上的泥石流流体携带块石含量较少且粒径多小于1m,其成灾模式多以於埋破坏为主;县境内约70%的滑体厚度小于20 m滑坡,多以浅层小规模为主,危害相对较小。[结论]道孚县境内发育的泥石流具有相对较弱的冲击力,防治时应以疏导工程为主;道孚县境内发育的滑坡具有规模相对小的特点,且易在冰雪融水或降雨作用下产生滑动,地表排水对其稳定性的维持极为重要。 相似文献
7.
中巴公路奥依塔克-布伦口段高寒山区泥石流特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]掌握高寒山区泥石流的空间发育特征,进而分析泥石流的诱发机制及危害程度。[方法]以实地调查为基础,对中巴公路"三高"(高寒、高海拔、高烈度)地区泥石流分布特征、诱发机制进行研究。[结果]该区晚近构造活跃,岩体结构破碎,节理裂隙发育,再加上地处高寒山区,受气候影响,岩体冻融剥落,从而为泥石流的爆发创造物源条件。此外,天山独特的构造特征,山顶存在数百米厚的砂卵石层,保证了物源的补给速率。同时,高陡的地形提供了足够的运动势能,从而集中降水和融雪作用成为泥石流暴发的直接诱因,散粒体因侵蚀揭底、坍塌堵塞、溃决形成泥石流。[结论]高寒山区泥石流的形成主要受气候、地形地貌、水力以及地质条件的影响。较普通降雨型泥石流有较大差异,高寒山区泥石流具有明显的高原特性,在物源、水源和地形条件上均有体现。 相似文献
8.
[目的] 查明2020年5月25日云南省贡山县“5·25”强降雨诱发地质灾害的发育分布特征、形成机制及发展趋势，为该县地质灾害防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。[方法] 基于灾后应急排查一手资料，在系统收集区域地质及降雨资料的基础上，对其灾害过程开展了深入分析与研究。[结果] 贡山县“5·25”群发性地质灾害以滑坡和泥石流为主，规模多为小型，主要沿怒江两岸公路沿线分布，滑坡多以浅表层为主，泥石流多以土力类泥石流启动模式为主，地质灾害表现出典型的高位远程及链式灾害特征，滑坡或崩塌发生后进入沟道转化为泥石流的现象极为普遍。[结论] 贡山县地质灾害调查评价中需充分考虑高位地质灾害的排查，同时科学评估地质灾害引发的链式效应及其影响区范围；由于境内植被覆盖率较高，泥石流发生后会携带大量的漂木冲出，在沟道狭窄处或沟口桥涵处易形成堵塞，对泥石流的瞬时流量会起到放大作用而翻越沟道造成灾害。泥石流防治工程设计中要充分考虑堵塞系数取值的合理性。建议对贡山县城开展大比例尺地质灾害风险调查与评价，将评价结果与国土空间规划有机融合，从源头上对地质灾害风险进行管控，同时提高县城后山已有泥石流防治工程设防等级和标准。 相似文献
9.
[目的] 开展以元阳梯田滑坡泥石流地质灾害链为基础的风险监测预警研究,为改善降雨诱发型滑坡泥石流灾害链的预警精度,提高防灾减灾工作针对性提供科学依据。 [方法] 采用降雨模型模拟试验来探讨元阳梯田滑坡—泥石流灾害链破坏过程,通过对降雨量、体积含水率和坡体变形破坏过程进行实时监测,分析不同降雨条件下灾害链风险预警阈值。试验设置长时间中雨(50 mm/h)、长时间暴雨(120 mm/h)、循环间歇暴雨和干旱突发型暴雨4种降雨工况。 [结果] 在降雨持续作用下,灾害链发展过程为：地表冲刷、蠕滑、快速滑动、泥石流运移及运移结束。坡体破坏最先从左侧坡脚开始,右侧坡脚稍后。不同降雨工况下坡体破坏形式不同：暴雨工况下坡体中部会产生一条横向裂缝,而形成上下两个滑块;中雨工况下坡体则陆续形成多个滑块;干旱突发暴雨工况下泥石流形成时间最短,运移距离最远,流通和堆积范围相比其他降雨工况更广。 [结论] 滑坡泥石流灾害链预警监测指标主要为累积降雨量、降雨持续时间、含水率变化和坡体变形发展现场监测。这些监测参数受降雨条件、土体性质、坡角和外部动力条件等诸多因素影响,因此在实际应用中需要综合考虑这些因素。 相似文献
10.
中国冰川泥石流的一些特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文重点阐述中国近期冰川泥石流的区域分布、发育条件与类型特征。中国的冰川泥石流主要分布在东经102°以西、现代冰川急剧消退的10多座山系中,其中海洋型冰川区泥石流最发育,亚大陆型冰川区泥石流次之,极大陆型冰川区泥石流最弱。按成因划分泥石流类型有冰雪消融型、冰雪融水与雨水混合型及冰湖溃决型。泥石流的发生率与规模,也以海洋型冰川区泥石流为大,如西藏古乡泥石流1964年发生85次,最大流量2.86万立方米/秒。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献