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1.
Reyes Tárrega Leonor Calvo Ángela Taboada Elena Marcos José Antonio Marcos 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):949-957
We compared the structure of the arboreal layer and the diversity and species composition of the understory vegetation of
three types of mature forest communities: oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations. Our main aim was to determine whether differences in these variables existed and were due to the identity of
the dominant tree species. We selected four stands or replicates per forest type located geographically close and with relatively
similar conditions. We found no differences in the arboreal structure of oak and beech forests, which were characterised by
great variability in tree size, while in case of plantations, this variability was lower at both the intra-stand (estimated
by the coefficient of variation) and inter-stand (i.e. the four replicates harboured trees of similar sizes) scales. However,
the highest variability in the canopy layer of natural forests was not consistently linked to greater understory species richness.
Indeed, the lowest plant species richness was found in beech forests, while oak forests harboured the highest value at either
the sampling unit (per m2) or stand scales. The greatest negative correlation between plant diversity and the environmental variables measured was
found for litter depth, which was the highest in beech forests. The results obtained by the CCA indicated that the four replicates
of each forest type clustered together, due to the presence of characteristic species. We concluded that pine plantations
did not approach the environmental conditions of native forests, as plantations were characterised by singular understory
species composition and low arboreal layer variability, compared to natural woodlands. 相似文献
2.
Tree plantations of native and exotic species are frequently used to compensate for forest loss in the tropics. However, these plantations may support lower species diversity and different communities than natural forest. We therefore investigated bird communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. We compared birds differing in habitat specialisation, i.e. forest specialists, generalists, and visitors. We recorded significant differences in mean species richness and number of individuals among the different forest types. Stands of natural forest and plantations of indigenous tree species comprised more species and individuals than plantations of exotic tree species and secondary forest. This was caused by a significant decline of forest specialists and generalists from natural forest and indigenous plantations to exotic plantations and secondary forest. Species composition of the bird communities did not differ between natural forest stands and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species, but clearly changed between natural forest and plantations of single tree species. These findings demonstrate that natural forest areas are needed for the conservation of forest bird diversity, but that plantations with a mixture of indigenous tree species can have similarly high conservation value. 相似文献
3.
Forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle as both a source and sink of carbon. The carbon stock in a forest is affected by climate, tree species and forest management. The community forestry program of Nepal has been successful in reviving degraded forest patches in the Mid-hills but there is a lack of information whether mixed or pine plantations store more carbon. This study estimated and compared carbon stocks in mixed and pine-dominated forest stands within the Gwalinidaha Community Forest of Lalitpur District, Central Nepal. Carbon components considered include tree biomass carbon, root biomass carbon, litter biomass carbon and soil organic carbon. Total carbon stock of the forest is estimated to be 2,250.24 tons with average carbon stock of 166.68 tons/ha. Total carbon stock per hectare was found to be higher in the pine-dominated forest as compared to mixed forest due to the larger tree biomass although the litter carbon and soil organic carbon estimates are higher in the latter. The Community Forestry of Nepal has a huge potential for carbon storage and the pine-dominated forest has a greater carbon stock than mixed forest. 相似文献
4.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(3):213-221
Globally, the intensification of land use for agriculture, timber and fuel is considered the leading threat to the diversity and biomass of forests and woodlands. To suggest management options, it is important to understand the patterns and drivers of diversity, structure, biomass and carbon stock of woodland vegetation. In this study we used data from three sites in the Miombo woodlands of western Zambia, which are subject to low, medium and high land-use intensity. We sampled 20 plots of 1 000 m² at each of these sites. Woody vegetation was sampled for richness and structure to provide an understanding of the impact of land-use intensity. Woody plant species richness was not affected by land-use intensity. However, an ANOVA revealed that stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was higher at the low land-use intensity (national park) than at medium and high land-use intensities (selective timber harvest, and non-selective harvest for crop fields and timber). We tested three different allometric equations (one global and two regionally adapted) to determine woody aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock at the three sites. The estimated AGB using the regionally adapted allometric equation of Ryan et al. and the global tropical equation of Brown et al. revealed that the AGB for low and high land-use intensity sites were significantly different from each other with the medium land-use intensity site being intermediate. We concluded that DBH and AGB estimations were influenced by the land-use intensity in the Miombo woodlands as suggested by other studies in the tropical forest and woodlands. 相似文献
5.
Tree plantations are often used to compensate for the destruction and conversion of natural forests in the tropics. An important question is whether these plantations allow for the regeneration of indigenous tree species and are expected to transform into more natural forests in the future. To evaluate the potential of differently managed forest types for seedling recruitment of indigenous tree species we studied structural characteristics as well as tree and seedling communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. Forest types differed considerably in structural characteristics and tree composition with stands of natural forest significantly differing from all other forest types in vertical foliage height diversity and number of late-successional tree species. By contrast, total seedling species richness and number did not differ among the forest types. Yet, number of seedlings of late-successional species decreased from natural forest and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species towards monocultures and secondary forests while number of seedlings of early-successional species increased in the same order. A joint Principal Component Analysis (PCA) corroborated higher similarity among seedling communities than among tree communities. Our results indicate a convergence of recruiting seedling communities in different forest management types suggesting that tree plantations might buffer forest loss to a certain extent and may have the potential to develop into more natural forest over time. 相似文献
6.
7.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(2):77-88
Estimating tree volume and biomass constitutes an essential part of the forest resources assessment and the evaluation of the climate change mitigation potential of forests through biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration. This research article provides stem volume and biomass equations applicable to five tree species, namely Afzelia africana Sm. (Caesalpiniaceae), Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. (Combretaceae), Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae), Dialium guineense Willd. (Caesalpiniaceae), Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC. (Ebenaceae) in natural protected tropical forests and, in addition, Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae) in plantations. In addition to the tree species specific equations, basic wood density, as well as carbon, nitrogen, organic matter and ash content were determined for these tree species in tropical conditions in West Africa. One hundred and sixty-two sample trees were measured through non-destructive sampling and analysed for volume and biomass. Stem biomass and stem volume were modelled as a function of diameter (at breast height; Dbh) and stem height (height to the crown base). Logarithmic models are presented that utilise Dbh and height data to predict tree component biomass and stem volumes. Alternative models are given that afford prediction based on Dbh data alone, assuming height data to be unavailable. Models that include height are preferred, having better predictive capabilities. Ranges in carbon, nitrogen and ash contents are given as well. The successful development of predictive models through the use of non-destructive methods in this study provide valuable data and tools for use in determining the contribution of these major African rainforest tree species to global carbon stocks, while ensuring the preservation of this valued African resource. This study needs to be expanded to further regions and tree species to complete a full inventory of all tree species, emphasising the relevance of African trees to carbon stocks at a global scale. 相似文献
8.
Water resources in many catchments in South Africa (SA) are over committed and water is projected to become scarcer. The impacts of plantation forestry on water resources in SA are well known and legislation limits further afforestation. Nevertheless demands for wood continue to grow. A challenge therefore is to increase the production of forest products within water constraints. This paper presents research into the economic and biophysical efficiencies with which indigenous and introduced tree-production systems in SA use water to produce harvestable biomass. Its purpose is to better inform resource allocations. Key findings are that: introduced plantations are more efficient at using water to produce harvestable biomass than indigenous species; the lower water-use efficiencies of indigenous species are due to slow growth rates and not high water-use rates; and the performance of indigenous forests improves when using the economic return per unit of water used - using the residual imputation approach to value the water - because of their lower production costs and higher product prices. Introduced plantations make up the majority of afforested land and total outputs in SA, however, therefore innovative mechanisms are needed to overcome barriers preventing the financing of indigenous forests. Possible financing mechanisms include the UN CDM and REDD programmes and tax breaks for superannuation funds. 相似文献
9.
In South Africa, the development of a plantation tree industry using fast-growing introduced species was accelerated by the limited extent of indigenous forests. However, concerns about the impacts of plantations on the country’s limited water resources has initiated forest hydrology research and subsequent regulation of the industry since 1972. The forestry industry’s continued efforts to sustainably meet fibre and timber demands for the country’s growing economy have prompted questions whether indigenous tree species can provide an additional low water-use form of forestry. Single-tree water use and water-use efficiencies of three indigenous species (Ilex mitis, Ocotea bullata and Podocarpus latifolius) and one introduced species (Pinus radiata) in the Southern Cape region of South Africa were quantified. The heat-pulse velocity method was used to collect hourly sap flow data over a 12-month period. Hourly weather and soil-water data were concurrently recorded and tree growth rates were determined for the year. Biophysical water-use efficiency was calculated as the ratio of utilisable biomass gained per volume of water transpired. Patterns of water use through the year were different for the different species. Pinus radiata had higher transpiration volumes and water-use efficiency levels than the indigenous species. The most transpiring Pinus radiata tree had a transpiration volume that was 4.7 times that of the most transpiring indigenous tree. Indigenous species’ relatively lower water-use efficiencies were more a consequence of slow growth rates and not high water-use rates, which could be attributed to competition for resources in the dense indigenous forest. Potential implications for further hydrological research on the development of water-use-efficient tree production systems are discussed. 相似文献
10.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(3):237-245
There is new and increasing emphasis on the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to improving the livelihoods of rural communities and therefore the need for sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the Miombo woodlands to ensure the continued availability of these NTFPs. This paper examines and reviews some of the work that has been done in the Miombo ecoregion on the ecology, utilisation and management of the Miombo woodlands. The review points to the richness of the Miombo regions' plant species, with an estimated 8 500 species of higher plants, of which over 54% are endemic. The review also highlights the response of the Miombo ecosystem to fire and other anthropogenic processes and the lack of wide-scale adoption or implementation of the major research findings. The review shows that there is a wide range of NTFPs that significantly contribute to the total household income in forest areas and to the national economies through provision of opportunities for small-scale trade especially in the rural areas. However, there is a concern that commercialisation usually results in overexploitation of the resource by the outsiders who become the major players. It is suggested from the review that the lack of capacity by national institutions to manage Miombo woodland resources could be addressed by using participatory approaches to natural resource management. It is also proposed that for sustainable use and management of NTFPs in the Miombo region, research should focus on issues that specifically address NTFPs. In order to facilitate commercialisation and benefit the economically weak, policies that incorporate postharvesting technical assistance and access to information on markets, technology and microcredit should be developed and promoted. 相似文献
11.
樟子松人工林单木生物量模型研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以不同林地条件下樟子松人工林为研究对象,根据8块标准地里的40株解析木数据,建立了樟子松人工林单木各分量（包括树干,树枝,树叶和全树重）的预测模型。结果表明,文中所建立的模型精度都高于90％,误差很小,可很好的用于预测樟子松人工林单木的生物量。 相似文献
12.
为更准确估算林分乔木层年净生产力,解析林分乔木层生产力的构成,本研究提出了基于固定样地数据的林分乔木层年净生产力参数结构化估算方法。利用天台县2009-2014,2014-2016,2016-2017年3个阶段固定样地数据,同时考虑森林类别、树种组、龄组等因子,结构化估算4组参数,第1组是保留木生物量年均生长率,第2组是生物量年均保留率,第3组是进界木生物量年均生长率,第4组是单位面积年均进界株数。第1组参数结果表明,各树种组保留木生物量年生长率随着龄组增大而减小;商品林保留木生物量年均生长率普遍比公益林高。第2组参数结果表明,公益林内所有树种组的生物量年保留率都低于其在商品林内的保留率。第3组参数结果表明,除硬阔Ⅰ类外,公益林中其他树种进界木生物量年均生长率都高于商品林。第4组参数结果表明,随着龄组的增大,单位面积年进界木株数减少;任一龄组下,公益林中的单位面积年进界木株数均高于商品林。研究结果表明,本方法能够解析乔木层生产力的构成情况,是一种结构化估算方法,其计算结果与其他相关研究相比更具优点。 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(4):115-139
Aboveground-tree biomass and nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium) were measured in 4-year-old stands of four indigenous tree species: Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. et Endl. (ex S. excelsum Harms), Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Smith (ex V. hondurensis Sprague), Vochysia ferruginea Mart and Hyeronima alchorneoides (0), growing on infertile soils in an experimental plantation in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Biomass and nutrient content among the species, and among aboveground tree parts, forest-floor litter and understory vegetation were compared, as key factors that can be manipulated with different effects on site nutrient conservation. Biomass and stemwood annual increments of the four species were similar to those reported for other tropical tree plantations in the humid tropics. S. microstachyum had the highest accumulation of N in stem, branch and total aboveground tree biomass. V. guatemalensis had the highest accumulation of Ca and Mg in the biomass, while H. alchorneoides had the highest stem K and P. In spite of heir relatively lower N tissue collcentrations. V. ferruginea and H. alchorneoides showed a high potential for N recycling due to its more even distribution in stems, branches and leaves. Nument accumulation by the understory in S. microstachywn and H. alchorneoides plots was 0.8-7.746 of aboveground see biomass numents. The forest floor litter repsented a major compartment for nutrient accumulation and recycling under the four species, especially for N, Ca, Mg and P. 相似文献
14.
Two contrasting trajectories for vegetation restoration in agricultural landscapes are secondary succession following cropland abandonment that can regenerate woodlands (passive restoration) and conversion of cropland to tree plantations (active restoration), which have mostly focused on pine species in the Mediterranean Basin. We compared the effects of these two contrasting trajectories of vegetation restoration on bird assemblages in central Spain. Vegetation structure differed in the two restoration trajectories, pine plantations attaining higher tree cover and height (31% and 4.1 m, respectively) but lower strata complexity than secondary shrubland and holm oak woodland (which attained 10% and 1.4 m of tree cover and height, respectively). Bird species richness differed in stands under active or passive restoration trajectories, the former collecting a higher total number of species (4.2 species per 0.78 ha plot) than the latter (3.5 species per plot). The number of forest species increased with vegetation maturity in both restoration trajectories, but especially in stands under active restoration. The occurrence of woodland generalist species increased and of species inhabiting open habitats decreased in actively restored stands, being some of these latter species of high conservation priority in the European context but relatively common at the regional level. Bird species inhabiting pine plantations had broader habitat breadth at the regional level than those inhabiting secondary shrublands and woodlands. Maximum regional density did not differ between both restoration trajectories, but it increased with development of the herbaceous layer only at the secondary succession trajectory. The relative importance of species of European biogeographic origin was higher in mature pine plantations (58.9% of total bird abundance) than in mature holm oak woodlands (34.4%), whereas that of Mediterranean species was considerably higher in the latter (40.1%) than in the former (20%). Bird assemblages of relatively small patches of pine plantations are unable to reflect the regional avifauna, in contrast with the relationships between local and regional assemblage characteristics that can be found in isolated natural forests. We conclude that programs of vegetation restoration should base upon a range of approaches that include passive restoration, active restoration with a variety of tree and shrub species, and mixed models to conciliate agricultural production, vegetation restoration and conservation of target species. 相似文献
15.
Coert J. Geldenhuys 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(1):3-13
How can we accommodate the diversity in tree species and sizes in mixed-species/size/age stands in the sustainable management of natural forests and woodlands in Africa for diverse timber and non-timber forest products and services, and during rehabilitation of degraded forests? The evergreen moist tropical to warm-temperate forests, from the equator to 34°S, generally function through relative shade tolerance. The tropical, strongly seasonal, drier deciduous woodlands generally function through adaptation to fire and/or grazing/browsing. Silvicultural systems, when implemented, are often not aligned with the ecological characteristics of the particular forest systems or the specific targeted species. This paper presents the concept of using the basic disturbance–recovery processes, with recovery development via stand development stages, as the basis for the development of silvicultural systems suitable for maintenance of forest complexity. Grain analysis and stem diameter distributions, analysed from resource inventories, are used to determine the specific shade- or fire-tolerance characteristics of key economical and ecological tree species. The gained knowledge of the ecosystem and species characteristics (including modes of regeneration, i.e. from seed or vegetative regrowth) and processes is used to simulate the ecological disturbance–recovery processes through the development of mixed silvicultural systems, such as a single-tree selection system, a group felling system and a coppice management system in the same forest. Very similar concepts are used to develop rehabilitation strategies to recover the processes towards regrowth stands of diverse species and structure: through stands of introduced plantations and invader tree species; and through early regrowth stages in deciduous woodlands and evergreen forests, after fire, slash-and-burn traditional agriculture, charcoal production or open-cast mining. 相似文献
16.
Mathias Herbst John M. Roberts Paul T.W. Rosier Michle E. Taylor David J. Gowing 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007,250(3):176-186
A field study was carried out in a mixed deciduous forest in order to measure the spatial variability of evapotranspiration in relation to distance from the nearest forest edge. Throughfall was collected in storage gauges in a transect across the edge. Transpiration was measured at the tree scale by means of the sap flux technique. Thermal dissipation probes were inserted into the hydro-active sapwood of 12–16 sample trees at a time covering four species. The sample trees were located close to a north- and a south-facing forest edge and between 3 and 69 m away from the nearest edge. The probes were moved to new trees about once a month and in total 71 trees were sampled. Sap flux densities were compared with potential evaporation and scaled up to the stand through multiplication with sapwood area per unit ground area. No significant edge effect on interception evaporation could be detected but there was a large influence on stand transpiration which increased towards the edge. In ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), this increase resulted mainly from enhanced sap flux density (by 33–82%, depending on the size class) in trees located at the edge, whereas in oak (Quercus robur L.) the sap flux density was similar in edge and inner trees and an effect was only found at the stand scale in the way that the total basal area, per unit ground area, was larger near the forest edge than in the forest interior. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.) and field maple (Acer campestre L.), which occurred mainly in the understorey, were only weakly affected by the proximity to an edge. At the stand scale the total seasonal transpiration varied between 354 mm in the forest interior (>45 m away from the edge) and 565 mm at the forest edge (<15 m away from the edge), whilst the potential evaporation over the same period was 571 mm. This corresponds to Priestley–Taylor coefficients of 0.78 in the interior and 1.25 at the edge, whilst intermediate numbers were found for the area between the edge and inner zones. Using these results to calculate the average water loss per unit ground area of hypothetical woodlands of various sizes, it is shown that the edge effect dominates the water use of small forests and becomes negligible only for woodlands larger than 100 ha. 相似文献
17.
《林业研究》2021,32(1)
Tachi-branco(Tachigali vulgaris,L.F.Gomes da Silva H.C.Lima) is a leguminous tree species native to the Amazon rainforest that has drawn attention for its remarkably fast growth,a required trait for biomass/bioenergy plantations.In evaluations of biomass production and wood properties of T.vulgaris planted in homogeneous plantations at different spacings in the Amazonian state of Para,Brazil,biomass of 7-year-old trees was quantified for individual trees and the entire population.Wood was also sampled to assess properties relevant to bioenergy applications.The choice for spacing dimension for planting nonclonal T.vulgaris should consider whether the priority is greater productivity per tree,achieved with greater spacings(9.0 m~2 and 12.0 m~2),or productivity per area,achieved with closer spacings(6.0 m~2 and 7.5 m~2).Genetic variability of the T.vulgaris seed stand and/or high heritability of wood traits overcame the effect of different spacing on all morphological,physical,chemical and energetic properties of T.vulgaris wood.This species has moderate basic density when cultivated at spacings larger than 6 m~2 and net heating value above 7.95 MJ/kg,which is suitable for bioenergy purposes.The high variation in wood properties within tree spacing is strongly indicative of great potential for genetic breeding.The fast growth and the suitable moderate wood basic density confirm the outstanding potential of homogeneous plantations of T.vulgaris for providing wood for bioenergy. 相似文献
18.
Development of stem volume for umbrella-shaped crown trees remains a big challenge for efficient use of forest resources in Mozambique. In this study, species-specific stem volume equations were developed for the first time for three of the most important timber species in Mozambique: Afzelia quanzensis Welw. (Chanfuta), Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. (Jambire), and Pterocarpus angolensis D.C. (Umbila). The study was carried out at three locations in Mozambique: Inhaminga, Mavume, and Tome covering 58 trees from which, 24 of Chanfuta, 15 of Jambire, and 19 of Umbila. The volume of the sampled stem sections (logs) was calculated using Smalian’s formula, where stem volume total was obtained through the sum of the respective defined sections. Using a nonlinear procedure, different volume models were tested for each tree species independently. The coefficient of the determination of the tested equations in the tree species ranged from .90 to .95, making the equations potential candidate models for the stem volume equations object of the study. Based on statistical parameters analysis, the best fit nonliner power equation was Equation 2 with the lowest AICc and lowest average absolute bias. The stem volume for the studied species is better explained by models including both diameter and height as explanatory variables. 相似文献
19.
《林业研究》2020,31(4)
Biomass estimation using allometric models is a nondestructive and popular method.Selection of an allometric model can influence the accuracy of biomass estimation.Bangladesh Forest Department initiated a nationwide forest inventory to assess biomass and carbon stocks in trees and forests.The relationship between carbon storage and sequestration in a forest has implications for climate change mitigation in terms of the carbon sink in Bangladesh.As part of the national forest inventory,we aimed to derive multi-species biomass models for the hill zone of Bangladesh and to determine the carbon concentration in tree components(leaves,branches,bark and stem).In total,175 trees of 14 species were sampled and a semi-destructive method was used to develop a biomass model,which included development of smaller branch(base dia 7 cm) biomass allometry and volume estimation of bigger branches and stems.The best model of leaf,branches,and bark showed lower values for adjusted R2(0.3152-0.8043) and model efficiency(0.436-0.643),hence these models were not recommended to estimate biomass.The best fit model of stem and total aboveground biomass(TAGB) showed higher model efficiency 0.948 and 0.837,respectively,and this model was recommended for estimation of tree biomass for the hill zone of Bangladesh.The best fit allometric biomass model for stem was Ln(Stem)=-10.7248+1.6094*Ln(D)+1.323*Ln(H)+1.1469*Ln(W);the best fit model for TAGB was Ln(TAGB)=-6.6937+0.809*Ln(D^2*H*W),where DBH=Diameter at Breast Height,H=Total Height,W=Wood density.The two most frequently used pan-tropical biomass models showed lower model efficiency(0.667 to 0.697) compared to our derived TAGB model.The best fit TAGB model proved applicable for accurate estimation of TAGB for the hill zone of Bangladesh.Carbon concentration varied significantly(p 0.05) by species and tree components.Higher concentration(48-49%) of carbon was recorded in the tree stem. 相似文献
20.
Experiments on Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine Spoil using Native Trees in a Dry Tropical Environment, India: A Synthesis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A series of experiments was conducted on the rehabilitation of mine spoil in a dry tropical region of India for determining
the suitability of tree species for plantation, growth performance of selected indigenous species in monoculture and impact
of the plantations on the restoration of biological fertility of soil. All of the 17 indigenous species examined could grow
in the mine spoil and the growth of a majority of them could be improved by amending the mine spoil with NPK fertilizer. Direct
seeding showed greatest height of Zizyphus jujuba and Pongamia pinnata on flat surface, and of Azadirachta indica on slope. In terms of diameter, Syzygium cumini performed best on flat surface and Terminalia arjuna on slope. Total biomass in plantations of selected native tree species on mine spoil at 5-yr age varied from 7.2 to 74.7 t ha−1, being minimum for Shorea robusta and maximum for Dendrocalamus strictus. Total net production ranged from 3.5 (for Shorea robusta) to 32.0 t ha−1 yr−1 (for Dendrocalamus strictus), respectively. Microbial biomass in the redeveloping soil was lower compared to that in natural forest soil but immobilization
of soil C in microbial biomass was greater in the mine spoil than in the natural forest. The study indicated that net primary
production of the plantations was a function of the amount of foliage, soil C was a function of the amount of litter fall
and biomass C was a function of soil C. Plantation of trees significantly accelerated the soil redevelopment process on the
mine spoil. 相似文献