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1.
M. Pagliai  E.B.A. Bisdom  S. Ledin   《Geoderma》1983,30(1-4):35-53
The first results of a cooperative research project on changes in cultivated agricultural topsoils after treatment with sewage sludge and pig slurry are discussed for a silty clay soil (Vertic Xerochrept) and a sandy loam soil (Typic Psammaquent). Such changes are expressed in the surface structure, including crusts, of the soils and have a direct effect on their fertility. To measure these changes, special attention was paid to porosity characteristics; especially increases in porosity after application of organic manures to agricultural soils with crusting problems. Light microscopy, SEM-EDXRA (scanning electron microscopy — energy dispersive X-ray analysis) and Quantimet (electro-optical image analysis) were applied and allowed quantitation and visualisation of pores. Initial results clearly demonstrate that the porosity of the topsoil increased after treatment with urban refuse or pig slurry and that crusting decreased.  相似文献   

2.
Soil compaction can affect the turnover of C and N (e.g. by changing soil aeration or by changing microbial community structure). In order to study this in greater detail, a laboratory experiment simulating total soil porosities representative of field conditions in cropped and pasture soils was set up. Soils were silty clay loams (Typic Endoaquepts) from a site that had been cropped with cereals continuously for 28 years, a permanent pasture and a site that had been cropped with maize continuously for 10 years. Soils from the three sites were compacted into cores to different total porosities (corresponding bulk densities ranging from 0.88 to 1.30 Mg m−3). The soil cores were equilibrated to different matric potentials (ranging from −1 to −100 kPa), yielding values for the fraction of air-filled pores of < 0.01 to 0.53 m3 m−3, and then incubated at 25°C for 21 days. C-mineralization was on average 15, 33 and 21 μg C g−1 day−1 for soils from the cropped, pasture and maize sites, respectively, and was positively correlated with soil water contents. Net N-mineralization showed a similar pattern only for well-aerated, high total porosity cores (corresponding bulk density 0.88 Mg m−3) from the pasture soil. Denitrification at < 0.20 m3 m−3 for the fraction of air-filled pores may have caused the low N-mineralization rates observed in treatments with high water content or low porosity. Microbial biomass estimates decreased significantly with increasing water contents if measured by fumigation-extraction, but were not significantly affected by water content if estimated by the substrate-induced respiration method. The degree of soil compaction did not affect the microbial biomass estimates significantly but did affect microbial activity indirectly by altering aeration status.  相似文献   

3.
滇池流域农田土壤氮素流失影响因子研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归(逐步)的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究了旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与氮素流失的关系。结果表明:各点位进行的模拟降雨的产流起始时间、产流历时和平均出水速度,在径流和渗漏两种流失方式下差异显著;两次径流试验中,质地为砂质黏壤土的C-2点(大渔乡元宝村)的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。渗漏是氮素流失的主要方式,流失的形态主要是与NO3--N为主。土壤的孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关,与径流中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的流失量呈负相关。0～20 cm的土壤硝态氮含量与地表径流和渗漏中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响氮素流失的最重要因子,且0～20 cm土壤有机质含量与氮素的流失量呈正相关,土壤pH、5～20 cm的土壤含水量均与TN及NO3--N的流失量呈负相关。0～5 cm土壤铵态氮与NH4+-N的流失量呈正相关。  相似文献   

4.
A range of soils from Pleistocene deposits with sandy to sandy loam textures, and a group of loess-derived soils with predominantly silty textures were subjected to 60 mm of simulated rainfall to form structural seals. After drying, samples of the surface crusts were collected to determine their bulk: densities at a high resolution of depth (0–15 mm) using an immersion method. The bulk density data obtained for each soil sample were plotted as a function of depth beneath the soil surface. Two models were fitted to these plots. The first was an exponential decay type function as proposed by Mualem et al. (1990), and the second was a sigmoidal type of function assuming that maximum compaction had already progressed to some depth below the soil crust surface.All of the results indicated a gradual decrease in the bulk density with depth below the surface, until convergence with the initial bulk density of the undisturbed soil was attained. The maximum bulk densities recorded for crust segments representing the uppermost 2 mm of the crusts ranged from 1.713 to 1.91 g cm−3 for soils with silty sand, loamy sand or sandy loam textures. Crusts of loess-derived soils showed lower values, ranging from 1.44 to 1.65 g cm−3. The maximum surface bulk density was shown to be highly significantly correlated with the log of geometric mean diameter of the primary grain size distribution. In most cases, both models showed good to very good fits to the measured data; the exponential decay function appeared to better represent the initial stages of surface compaction, and the sigmoidal function the later stages of structural crust formation.  相似文献   

5.
加气灌溉改善温室番茄根区土壤通气性   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
为揭示加气灌溉对温室番茄根区土壤通气性的影响,探索加气灌溉下土壤温度、氧气含量、充气孔隙度与土壤呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸的关系,试验设置作物-皿系数为0.6、1.0这2种灌水水平和加气、不加气地下滴灌,共4个处理。结果表明,与地下滴灌相比,加气灌溉下土壤微生物呼吸显著增大了11.5%(P0.05),土壤氧气含量、土壤呼吸、温度、和植物根系呼吸均有所增大。而且作物-皿系数为1.0灌水水平下加气灌溉与不加气相比,土壤和植物根系呼吸显著增大了25.5%和38.8%(P0.05)。因此,加气灌溉通过调控土壤水气配合条件,促进了土壤、土壤微生物和植物根系呼吸,有效改善了土壤通气性。而且相比于不加气地下滴灌和作物-皿系数为0.6水平下加气灌溉,作物-皿系数为1.0时加气灌溉在促进土壤和植物根系呼吸方面的效果更明显。另外,土壤温度、充气孔隙度和氧气含量是土壤和土壤微生物呼吸的重要影响因子。番茄生长前期,土壤呼吸与充气孔隙度和氧气含量显著正相关,与土壤温度显著负相关(P0.05);番茄生长后期,土壤和土壤微生物呼吸与土壤温度显著正相关,与氧气含量显著负相关(P0.05)。  相似文献   

6.
The soils in the Abakaliki agro-ecological region of southeastern Nigeria are plagued with characteristics that impede optimal soil water conditions. Four rates (12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 Mg ha−1) of fresh (FW) and burnt (BW) rice-mill wastes were incorporated in a typic haplustult planted with maize (Zea mays L.) to improve the immediate and long-term water conditions of the soil. Results showed that significant changes in bulk density and total porosity occurred at the application rates of 25.0 and 50.0 Mg ha−1 in the FW and BW amendments, respectively. At an application rate of 50.0 Mg ha−1, the permanent wilting point water content (18.0%) in the FW amendment was significantly higher than the BW amendment. Similarly, the FW amendment at the same application rate resulted in the infiltration rates (i) of 2250 and 2181 mm h−1 in the first and second seasons, respectively. These figures are significant improvements relative to the BW amendments and the control. Percent organic carbon (OC), dry aggregate size >0.5 mm and water stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.5 mm accounted for 43% and 77%, respectively of the improved infiltration. Sorptivity and A parameter of Philip's equation increased significantly with increasing rate of the FW amendment. Appropriate moisture conservation techniques are required to accelerate the rate of decomposition of the FW amendment in order to enhance its contribution to soil water retention.  相似文献   

7.
Earthworm activity produces changes at different scales of soil porosity, including the mesoporosity (between 1.000 and 30 μm eq. dia.) where both water retention and near-saturated infiltration take place. At this scale, the structural changes are poorly described in temperate agricultural systems, so we do not yet fully understand how these changes occur. The present study was conducted to determine the relationships between the morphology of the mesopores, which is mainly affected by earthworm activity, and the hydrodynamic behaviour (near-saturated infiltration) of topsoil under different agricultural managements inducing a large range of earthworm populations.Investigations were carried out at the soil surface in three fields under different management practices giving rise to three different earthworm populations: a continuous maize field where pig slurry was applied, a rye-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year, respectively) also with pig slurry, and an old pasture sown with white clover and rye-grass.Pore space was quantified using a morphological approach and 2D image analysis. Undisturbed soil samples were impregnated with polyester resin containing fluorescent pigment. The images were taken under UV light, yielding a spatial resolution of 42 μm pixel−1. Pores were classified according to their size (which is a function of their area) and their shape. Hydraulic conductivity K(h) was measured using a disc infiltrometer at four water potentials: −0.05, −0.2, −0.6, and −1.5 kPa. The abundance and ecological categories groups of earthworms were also investigated.Continuous soil tillage causes a decrease in both abundance and functional diversity (cf. maize compared with old pasture) when soil tillage every 4 years causes only a decrease in abundance (cf. rotation compared with old pasture). There were no relationships between total porosity and effective porosity at h=−0.05 kPa. Image analysis was useful in distinguishing the functional difference between the three managements. Fewer roots and anecic earthworms resulted in fewer effective tubular voids under maize. There were fewer packing voids in the old pasture due to cattle trampling. Greater hydraulic conductivity in the pasture phase of rotation may arise from a greater functional diversity than in the maize and absence of cattle trampling compared with the pasture. We point to some significant differences between the three types of agricultural management.A better understanding is required of the influence of agricultural management systems on pore morphology. This study provides a new methodology in which we consider the earthworm activity as well as community in order to assess the effects of agricultural management on soil structure and water movement.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Four rates of straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha?1 yr?1) were incorporated in a field experiment with continuous spring barley. The experiment was conducted on a sandy soil (5.5% clay) and a sandy loam soil (11.2% clay). After eight years, the straw incorporation was combined with catch-crop growing with and without winter application of animal slurry and also spring fertilization with mineral fertilizer (0, 50, 100 or 125 kg N ha?1 yr?1). The combined experiment was conducted for three lyears on the sandy soil and for four years on the sandy loam soil. The effects on barley dry matter yield and N uptake are presented together with the long-term effects of the straw incorporations on crop growth and soil C and N. Grain yield on the sandy loam was unaffected by straw incorporation. On the sandy soil the highest straw application rates reduced grain yield in the unfertilized barley. When the barley received mineral fertilizer at recommended levels (100 kg N ha?1 yr?1), grain yield on this soil was also unaffected by the high straw rates. Including a catch crop had a positive effect on the grain yield of barley on both soils. The total N uptake in grain and straw generally increased with straw application up to 8 t ha?1 yr?1. With the highest straw application rate (12 t ha?1 yr?1), the total N uptake decreased but still exceeded N uptake in barley grown with straw removal. The barley accumulated higher amounts of N when a catch crop was included. The total N uptake in the barley was significantly higher after animal slurry application. The extra N uptake, however, was much lower than the amounts of N applied with the slurry. Incorporation of straw had only a small influence on N uptake after slurry application. The straw, therefore, was not able to store the applied N during winter. In the two four-year periods before the combined experiment, grain yield on the sandy loam was generally negatively affected by straw incorporations. In the second period, N uptake began to show a positive effect of the straw. On the sandy soil, grain yield and N uptake during the whole period were generally positively affected by the straw incorporations except for the highest straw rate (12 t ha?1 yr?1). The sandy loam soil showed higher increases in C and N content after the repeated straw incorporations and catch-crop growing than the sandy soil. When application of animal slurry was combined with the catch crop, no further increases in soil C and N were found relative to soil where a catch crop was grown without slurry application. Large amounts of the N applied with the slurry may therefore have been lost by denitrification or nitrate leaching.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract. The rate and extent to which cattle or pig slurry infiltrates into soil after application is one of the important factors determining the rate and extent of subsequent ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Better characterization of the infiltration process is required to improve predictive models of NH3 losses after land spreading. This paper describes a laboratory system using time domain reflectometry to measure slurry infiltration into soil columns. This system enabled semi-continuous, non-destructive infiltration measurements to be made, assessing the influence of slurry type, dry matter (DM) content, soil type and soil water tension. Differences were noted in the infiltration behaviour of cattle and pig slurries. For cattle slurry, DM content (range 1.7–7.1%) was the main influencing factor. Infiltration rate rapidly decreased with increasing DM content and there was no influence of soil type or water tension. For pig slurry, all of the slurry infiltrated into a sandy clay loam soil within the first hour, regardless of DM content (range 1.5–4.7%), whereas only 60% infiltrated into a clay loam soil over the same time period (slurry DM content 2.1%).  相似文献   

10.
Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.  相似文献   

11.
Ammonia losses after surface application of fresh chicken slurry (15% solids) and anaer-obically stored chicken slurry (10% solids) to a silty clay soil (pH 6.9) at a rate equivalent to 34 m3 ha?1 were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. Total NH3-N losses amounted to 29% of the initial uric acid-N+urea-N+NH+4-N content of the fresh slurry and 28% of the initial NH+4-N content of the anaerobic slurry. Peak rates of ammonia volatilization took place between 24 h and 48 h after application of the fresh slurry and within 5 h of application of the anaerobic slurry. The addition of CaCl2 at a rate of 36 mg Ca g?1 (dry wt) slurry decreased peak rates of ammonia volatilization from the fresh slurry by 73% and total losses by 37%. The decrease in total ammonia losses through CaCl2 addition to the anaerobic slurry was only 8 %. The addition of CaCl2 decreased CO2 output from both slurries through precipitation of HCO3? as CaCO3, thereby removing a source of alkalinity from the solution. The failure of the CaCl2 addition to decrease significantly ammonia losses from the anaerobic slurry suggested that HCO3? was an important source of alkalinity driving ammonia volatilization in the fresh slurry, but not in the anaerobic slurry. CaCl2, addition did not affect urea hydrolysis, nor net nitrogen mineralization. The decrease in ammonia loss achieved through CaCl2 addition was however not associated with a parallel increase in ammonium concentrations in the soil. Further experiments showed that the ammonia retained by the CaCl2, was probably fixed by the soil and rendered non-extractable by KCl.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of soil incorporations of lantana (Lantana spp.) biomass, an obnoxious weed, on physical environment of a silty clay loam soil (Typic Hapludalf) under rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping was studied in a long-term field experiment conducted in a wet temperate region of north India. Fresh lantana biomass was incorporated into the plough layer at 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha−1 annually, 7–10 days before puddling. Plant-available water capacity (PAWC), non-limiting water range (NLWR) and NLWR:PAWC ratio were determined to characterize soil physical environment during wheat crop in the tenth cropping cycle.

Ten annual applications of lantana at 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha−1, increased organic carbon (OC) content over control by 12.6, 17.6 and 27.9% in 0–15 cm soil layer, and 17.1, 26.3 and 39.5% in 15–30 cm soil layer, respectively. The OC content in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layer of control plots was 11.1 and 7.6 g kg−1 soil. Bulk density decreased by 3–14% in 7.5–10.5 cm layer and 1–6% in 15–18 cm layer. Volumetric moisture contents at 10% air-filled porosity were 38.4, 40.0, 54.5 and 55.7% at 7.5–10.5 cm depth, and 31.4, 32.2, 33.9 and 34.6% at 15–18 cm depth corresponding to 0, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha−1 lantana treatment, respectively. At 15–18 cm soil depth, volumetric moisture contents at 2 MPa soil penetration resistance were 26.9, 24.8, 23.0 and 19.6% in zero, 10, 20 and 30 Mg ha−1 lantana-treated plots, respectively. Lower soil water contents associated with 10% air-filled porosity and greater soil water contents associated with a limiting penetration resistance of 2 MPa resulted in a lower NLWR (4.3%) for control as compared to lantana-treated soil (7.4–15.1%). The PAWC showed slight increase from 12.9 to 13.4–14.9% due to lantana additions. The NLWR:PAWC ratio was also lower in control (0.33) as compared to lantana-treated soil (0.55–1.01). The NLWR was significantly and positively correlated with wheat grain yield (r=0.858**).  相似文献   


13.
李银  杨洁  李岩 《水土保持通报》2018,38(4):331-336,344
[目的]对天津市常用绿化土壤的基本性质以及渗透性能进行研究,为天津市下凹式绿地的设计及推广应用提供理论依据。[方法]选取天津市不同功能区不同植被类型(草坪、灌木)的土壤,对土壤的颗粒组成、容重、孔隙度以及渗透系数进行研究,并分析天津土壤性质间的相关性。[结果]天津市除老居民生活区属于粉土外,其他功能区均属于粉质黏土。受人为扰动影响,各功能区绿化土壤容重大,孔隙度较低,土壤压实严重,其中土壤容重为1.34~1.55g/cm~3,土壤孔隙度为42.50%~52.80%;各功能区的渗透系数差异很大,范围为8.8E-06~1.3E-03cm/s,大小趋势主要受人为因素的影响,表现为:文教区居民生活区工业区郊区林带公园区道路交通区;植被类型对土壤渗透系数有影响,为草坪灌木。土壤的渗透系数与土壤含水率、土壤容重呈负相关性,与土壤孔隙度呈正相关性;土壤容重与土壤孔隙度呈极显著负相关。[结论]天津地区土壤压实严重,草坪与灌木土壤以弱透水和中等透水为主。  相似文献   

14.
为探究典型母岩不同发育程度土壤入渗特征,在三峡库区王家桥小流域采用圆盘入渗仪测定新成土（S1）、雏形土（S2）、淋溶土（S3）3种紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,探究入渗过程的影响因素,并用3种常用模型进行入渗过程模拟,分析比较这些模型的适宜性。结果表明：（1）不同发育程度间土壤理化性质差异显著。雏形土和淋溶土土壤容重较新成土分别增加10.71%,19.50%,土壤总孔隙度分别降低8.79%,18.69%,通气孔隙度分别降低67.40%,8.16%,土壤黏粒含量分别增加10.01%,38.36%,砂粒含量分别减小8.09%,48.29%,土壤有机质分别增加2.88%,8.68%。（2）不同发育程度土壤间初始入渗率、平均入渗率、饱和导水率均表现为新成土>雏形土>淋溶土,雏形土、淋溶土平均入渗率及饱和导水率分别是新成土的0.99,0.58和0.89,0.83倍。（3）不同发育程度土壤理化性质差异对土壤入渗具有显著影响,土壤入渗速率与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度、砂粒含量呈正相关关系,与容重、黏粒含量、有机质含量呈负相关关系。（4） Horton模型对紫色砂岩不同发育程度土壤入渗过程拟合效果最优（R2=0.942）,Kostiakov模型次之（R2=0.858）,Philip模型拟合效果较差（R2=0.832）。通过观测与模拟不同发育程度土壤入渗过程,研究结果可为流域土壤水分运移规律探究提供有益借鉴。  相似文献   

15.
紫色土坡耕地土质埂坎分层入渗试验研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
以相邻田面为对照,利用双环入渗法对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土质埂坎分层(地埂、坎腰和坎趾)的入渗特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)土质埂坎分层入渗与对照田面入渗均呈先陡降后趋于稳定的趋势,但达到稳定入渗的时间存在差异。地埂达到稳定入渗的时间最长(110min),坎腰、坎趾和田面达稳定入渗的时间分别比地埂少9%,82%,18%。从入渗性能看,土质埂坎各层均表现出初始入渗率平均入渗率稳定入渗率。平均入渗率与120min累积入渗量表现为地埂坎腰田面坎趾,初始入渗率为坎腰地埂田面坎趾,稳定入渗率为田面坎腰地埂坎趾。(2)采用4种模型进行拟合,其中通用经验模型是描述坡耕地土质埂坎入渗的较好模型,其后依次是Kostiakov模型、Horton模型和Philip模型。(3)土质埂坎入渗性能与土壤物理性质具有较好的相关性,初始入渗率与初始含水率、容重呈显著负相关(P0.05),平均入渗率、120min累积入渗量与粉粒体积分数、初始含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),与砂粒体积分数和总孔隙度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。研究结果可为紫色土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀调控的埂坎措施优化提供依据。  相似文献   

16.
晋西黄土区退耕还林后土壤入渗特征及土壤质量评价   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
为研究晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被覆盖下土壤的入渗特征及土壤质量评价,采用野外双环入渗法测定土壤的入渗特征,并测定不同地类土壤的容重、孔隙度、有机质、全氮等指标,使用相关性分析研究不同类型植被覆盖下土壤的入渗性能及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系,并将各地类的土壤理化性质进行主成分分析。结果表明:(1)植被类型对于土壤渗透速率影响较大,表现为天然次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田(玉米地)。(2)退耕还林后,不同植被类型的土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),随着森林逐渐恢复,土壤容重下降,孔隙度及有机质等含量增加,土壤理化性质得以改善,入渗性能也有明显提高。土壤入渗特征与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机质和全氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与容重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与速效磷呈显著负相关(P0.05)。(3)综合土壤入渗性能和土壤理化性质作为土壤评价指标,晋西黄土区退耕还林后不同植被类型土壤质量从高到低依次为次生林刺槐×油松混交林刺槐纯林油松纯林灌木林地苹果园地荒草地农田。  相似文献   

17.
The infiltration process is important in the planning and management of irrigation systems. This study was performed in Mazandaran province, Iran, to compare the effect of magnetized and non‐magnetized irrigation water on cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rate of three soil textures. Magnetized water was obtained by passing the water through a strong permanent magnet installed on a feed pipeline. The results showed that the effects of soil texture and magnetized irrigation water on cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rate was significant (P < 0.01). Cumulative water infiltration and final infiltration rates with magnetized water were greater than that of non‐magnetized water. The cumulative water infiltration rate after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water was 26.4 and 12.7 cm in clay soil, 37.6 and 20 cm in silty loam soil and 40.8 and 29.3 cm in sandy loam soil, respectively. The final infiltration rates after 4 h for magnetized and non‐magnetized water were 0.05 and 0.023 cm/min in clay soil, 0.063 and 0.036 cm/min in silty loam soil and 0.076 and 0.046 cm/min in sandy loam soil, respectively. Therefore, magnetized irrigation water had most effect on the infiltration capacity of clay soil.  相似文献   

18.
In a field study, conducted on 10 conventionally managed field sites in Germany, the effects of high axle loads (15–25 Mg) on soil physical properties were investigated. Soil texture classes ranged from loamy sand to silty clay loam. All sites were annually ploughed, and one site was additionally subsoiled to 40 cm depth. In the context of common field operations wheeling was performed either by a sugar beet harvester (45 Mg total mass, 113 kPa average ground contact pressure) or a slurry spreader (30 Mg total mass, 77 kPa average ground contact pressure). Soil moisture conditions varied from 3.2 to 32 kPa water tension during this pass. Penetration resistance was measured before the pass. Soil cores were collected in a grid scheme at each site before and after the machine passed. Bulk density, aggregate density, air-filled porosity and air permeability at seven distinct soil water tensions ranging from 0.1 to 32 kPa were determined in these cores taken from three layers (topsoil, plough pan and subsoil).At most sites, a pass by the sugar beet harvester or slurry spreader strongly affected topsoil properties. Bulk density and aggregate density increased while air-filled porosity and air permeability decreased. The plough pan was already severely compacted before wheeling: therefore changes were small. The subsoil showed no changes or only minor signs of compaction. Only at one site, which was subsoiled the year before, significant signs of compaction (i.e. changes in bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability) were detected in subsoil layers.The results show that using present-day heavy agricultural equipment does not necessarily lead to severe subsoil compaction in soils where a compacted plough pan already exists. However, fields which were subsoiled leading to an unstable soil structure are in serious danger of becoming severely compacted.  相似文献   

19.
红壤坡地生态系统土壤入渗特征比较研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
以亚热带红壤区6个典型坡地生态系统为研究对象,采用盘式负压入渗法,系统研究了红壤的入渗过程、特征及其与土壤主要理化性质的关系.选择的生态系统包括:农田(包括缓坡农田和陡坡农田各一块)、草地、灌丛、茶园、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、油茶林等.结果表明:各生态系统土壤入渗率随时间的变化均可拟合为幂函数形式.不同生态系统稳定入渗率变化范围为0.024～0.080 mm/min,其中农田和油茶林的稳定入渗率较大,草地和茶园的最小.稳定入渗率与土壤容重及初始含水量呈显著负相关,而与孔隙度呈正相关.入渗过程主要受孔隙度和黏粒含量的影响.土壤有效孔径和宏观毛管长的变化范围分别为0.064～0.179 mm和41.5～128.2 mm,但统计显示其与土壤主要理化性质之间的相关性均不显著.  相似文献   

20.
The addition of organic amendments to soil increases soil organic matter content and stimulates soil microbial activity. Thus, processes affecting herbicide fate in the soil should be affected. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of olive oil production industry organic waste (alperujo) on soil sorption-desorption, degradation, and leaching of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbuthylazine [N2-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], two herbicides widely used in olive crops. The soils used in this study were a sandy soil and a silty clay soil from two different olive groves. The sandy soil was amended in the laboratory with fresh (uncomposted) alperujo at the rate of 10% w/w, and the silty clay soil was amended in the field with fresh alperujo at the rate of 256 kg per tree during 4 years and in the laboratory with fresh or composted alperujo. Sorption of both herbicides increased in laboratory-amended soils as compared to unamended or field-amended soils, and this process was less reversible in laboratory-amended soils, except for diuron in amended sandy soil. Addition of alperujo to soils increased half-lives of the herbicides in most of the soils. Diuron and terbuthylazine leached through unamended sandy soil, but no herbicide was detected in laboratory-amended soil. Diuron did not leach through amended or unamended silty clay soil, whereas small amounts of terbuthylazine were detected in leachates from unamended soil. Despite their higher sorption capacity, greater amounts of terbuthylazine were found in the leachates from amended silty clay soils. The amounts of dissolved organic matter from alperujo and the degree of humification can affect sorption, degradation, and leaching of these two classes of herbicides in soils. It appears that adding alperujo to soil would not have adverse impacts on the behavior of herbicides in olive production.  相似文献   

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