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1.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of anthocyanidins from berries and red wine is described. Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin contents of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), black currant (Ribes nigrum), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Jonsok), and a Cabernet sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) red wine were determined. The aglycon forms of the anthocyanins present in the samples were revealed by acid hydrolysis. A reversed phase analytical column was employed to separate the anthocyanidins before identification by diode array detection. The suitability of the method was tested by determining the recovery (95-102% as aglycons and 69-104% from glycosides) for each anthocyanidin. Method repeatability was tested by charting the total aglycon content of two samples over a period of 14 analyses and determining the coefficients of variation (1.41% for bilberry and 2.56% for in-house reference material). The method developed proved thus to be effective for reliable determination of anthocyanidins from freeze-dried berry samples and red wine. The total anthocyanidin content of the tested samples was as follows: in-house reference material, 447 +/- 8 mg/100 g; strawberry, 23.8 +/- 0.4 mg/100 g; black currant, 135 +/- 3 mg/100 g; bilberry, 360 +/- 3 mg/100 g; and Cabernet sauvignon red wine, 26.1 +/- 0.1 mg/100 mL.  相似文献   

2.
Enzymatic release of phenolic compounds from pomace remaining from black currant (Ribes nigrum) juice production was examined. Treatment with each of the commercial pectinolytic enzyme preparations Grindamyl pectinase, Macer8 FJ, Macer8 R, and Pectinex BE, as well as treatment with Novozym 89 protease, significantly increased plant cell wall breakdown of the pomace. Each of the tested enzyme preparations except Grindamyl pectinase also significantly enhanced the amount of phenols extracted from the pomace. Macer8 FJ and Macer8 R decreased the extraction yields of anthocyanins, whereas Pectinex BE and Novozym 89 protease showed no effect. A decrease in pomace particle sizes from 500-1000 microm to <125 microm increased the phenol yields 1.6-5 times. Black currant pomace devoid of seeds gave significantly higher yields of phenols than pomace with seeds and seedless wine pomace. Four selected black currant pomace extracts all exerted a pronounced antioxidant activity against human LDL oxidation in vitro when tested at equimolar phenol concentrations of 7.5-10 microM.  相似文献   

3.
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with a diode array and/or fluorescent detector in seven cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) and Ribes rubrum (red currant, Red Lake), six cultivars of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa(chokeberry), and Sambucus nigra (elderberry). Thirty-one different anthocyanins were detected in these berries, but not every anthocyanin was observed in each berry. A number of minor anthocyanins were identified from these berries for the first time. The concentrations of individual anthocyanins in all of the berries were quantified using relevant anthocyanidin 3-glucoside standards. Among the berries studied in this paper and in berries in general, chokeberry has the highest total anthocyanin concentrations [1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)], whereas the lowest total anthocyanin concentration in the berries studied was found in the gooseberry cv. Careless, which contained only 0.07 mg/100 g of FW. Two cultivars of gooseberries (Marigold and Leveller) did not contain any anthocyanins. Total proanthocyanidin concentrations in the berries studied ranged from 23 to 664 mg/100 g of FW in elderberry and chokeberry, respectively. Procyanidin or prodelphinidin polymers were the predominant components (>65% w/w) in most of the berries. The lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities were measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(FL)) procedure. The total antioxidant capacity varied from 21 micromol of TE/g of FW in Careless gooseberry to 161 micromol of TE/g of FW in chokeberry. Total phenolics in the berries in general paralleled hydrophilic antioxidant capacity.  相似文献   

4.
Gamma-linolenic acid is an essential fatty acid for humans with delta-6-desaturase deficiency; it is a precursor of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and tromboxanes; and it has antiinflammatory and antitumoral effects. Tocopherols are natural antioxidants with biological activity, heart/vascular, and cancer protective properties. The oil, gamma-linolenic acid, and tocopherol contents, as well as tocopherol composition, were investigated in the seed oil of a collection of 47 accessions belonging to various species of the genus Ribes. Differences for oil content among species were not significant. The highest total tocopherol content was found in R. nigrum (mean, 1716 mg kg(-1) oil), followed by R. rubrum (mean, 1442 mg kg(-1) oil). R. grossularia showed the lowest values for this trait (mean, 786 mg kg(-1) oil). The three species also differed strongly for tocopherol composition. R. rubrumwas distinguished by a higher concentration of delta-tocopherol (mean, 20.2%); R. grossularia displayed the highest percentage of gamma-tocopherol (mean, 70.0%), and R. nigrum showed the highest concentration for alpha-tocopherol (mean, 34.8%), the most biologically active among the four tocopherols. Regarding gamma-linolenic acid, the highest content was found in R. nigrum, which exhibited up to 15.8% of this essential fatty acid in the oil. R. grossularia and R. rubrum showed mean gamma-linolenic acid contents of 8% and 6.2%, respectively. The present study indicated that seeds of Ribes species, especially R. nigrum, could be used as sources of gamma-linolenic acid and natural vitamin E.  相似文献   

5.
Berries are known to contain phenolic substances (i.e., flavonoids and phenolic acids), which comprise two large and heterogeneous groups of biologically active nonnutrients. This investigation evaluated the content and profile of the phenolic compounds present in six different berries found in Northern Europe. The latter included bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa), black currant (Ribes nigrum), and red currant (Ribes rubrum). The study was focused on two areas. The first involved the extraction and analysis of berries for total phenolic content and determination of their antioxidant activity. The total phenolic level of berries was correlated with their antioxidant activity. Second, the berry extracts were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis to determine the content and profile of selected bioactive compounds. The analytes of interest included trans-resveratrol, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and morin.  相似文献   

6.
Putative flavanol-anthocyanin condensation products were detected in a polyphenol-rich concentrate from black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). These compounds had UV-vis spectra similar to those of delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, but eluted before all previously described anthocyanins on reversed phase HPLC. Mass spectrometric data indicated that they were rutinoside derivatives of novel aglycons 304 amu greater than delphinidin and cyanidin, respectively. The compounds were partly purified by semipreparative HPLC and gave MS and MS2 spectra consistent with anthocyanin rutinosides covalently linked to epigallocatechin or gallocatechin. These compounds are similar in structure to compounds thought to influence color and quality in red wines and strawberry juice products. There was also evidence for the presence of a range of other flavanol-anthocyanin condensation products. The compounds were present at differing levels in juices of 10 black currant varieties, which were roughly correlated to the content of the parent anthocyanins. The flavanol-anthocyanin products were present in polyphenol-enriched concentrates obtained by solid phase extraction, in commercially produced concentrates, and in fresh extracts of black currants. This suggests that the compounds were not artifacts formed during concentration or purification. However, differences in their comparative contents may be related to the lability of the parent anthocyanins during processing. Although present at low levels, the flavanol-anthocyanin products may influence color or quality parameters of black currant juices, and they may confer enhanced stability to the biological activities reported for their anthocyanin parents.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of berry phenolics such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins from raspberry (Rubus idaeus), black currant (Ribes nigrum), and cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus) and byproducts of deoiling processes rich in phenolics such as rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.), camelina (Camelina sativa), and soy (Glycine max L.) as well as scots pine bark (Pinus sylvestris) was investigated in an H2O2-oxidized tryptophan (Trp) solution. The oxidation of Trp was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography using both fluorescence and diode array detection of Trp and its oxidation products. Mechanisms of antioxidative action of the phenolic compounds toward the oxidation of Trp were different as the pattern of Trp oxidation products varied with different phenolic compounds. The antioxidant protection toward oxidation of Trp was best provided with pine bark phenolics, black currant anthocyanins, and camelina meal phenolics as well as cranberry proanthocyanidins.  相似文献   

8.
The antioxidant activity of berry phenolics (at concentrations of 1.4, 4.2, and 8.4 mug of purified extracts/mL of liposome sample) such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins from raspberry (Rubus idaeus), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), and black currant (Ribes nigrum) was investigated in a lactalbumin-liposome system. The extent of protein oxidation was measured by determining the loss of tryptophan fluorescence and formation of protein carbonyl compounds and that of lipid oxidation by conjugated diene hydroperoxides and hexanal analyses. The antioxidant protection toward lipid oxidation was best provided by lingonberry and bilberry phenolics followed by black currant and raspberry phenolics. Bilberry and raspberry phenolics exhibited the best overall antioxidant activity toward protein oxidation. Proanthocyanidins, especially the dimeric and trimeric forms, in lingonberries were among the most active phenolic constituents toward both lipid and protein oxidation. In bilberries and black currants, anthocyanins contributed the most to the antioxidant effect by inhibiting the formation of both hexanal and protein carbonyls. In raspberries, ellagitannins were responsible for the antioxidant activity. While the antioxidant effect of berry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins was dose-dependent, ellagitannins appeared to be equally active at all concentrations. In conclusion, berries are rich in monomeric and polymeric phenolic compounds providing protection toward both lipid and protein oxidation.  相似文献   

9.
The fate of black currant ( Ribes nigrum L.) and bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) flavonols in enzyme-aided processing was studied. The flavonols were quantified and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. A tentative identification for 14 black currant and 19 bilberry flavonols is presented representing 11 previously unpublished conjugates. For the first time in any berry, the presence of laricitrin conjugates is reported. The enzyme-aided processing affected the flavonol extractability, elevating the yield in juices and decreasing that in press residues. Importantly, no significant loss of the berry flavonols was observed during the experiments, although some hydrolysis of flavonol conjugates was recorded. To maximize the effect on flavonol extractability, higher enzyme dosages were needed for black currants than for bilberries. The data show that the flavonol extractability and hydrolysis are dependent on the texture of raw material, the glycosylation pattern of the conjugates, and the activity profile of the enzyme preparation.  相似文献   

10.
Consumption of berries from various sources including the genus Ribes has been associated with diverse potential health benefits. The 14 examined cultivars of European gooseberry (R. grossularia L.) contained in various proportions the 3-glucoside (3), 3-rutinoside (4), 3-xyloside (7), 3-O-beta-(6' '-E-caffeoylglucopyranoside) (8), and 3-O-beta-(6' '-E-p-coumaroylglucopyranoside) (10) of cyanidin and the 3-rutinoside (6) and 3-glucoside of peonidin (5). Pigments 3, 4, delphinidin 3-rutinoside (2), delphinidin 3-glucoside (1), and minor amounts of 6, 7, and 10 were found in red flowering currant (R. sanguineum Pursh). Golden currant (R. aureum Pursh) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 1, 6, and 7, while alpine currant (R. alpinum L.) contained 3, 4, and trace amounts of 10. The major anthocyanins in two cultivars of jostaberries (R. x nidigrolaria Bauer), 1-4, 8, and 10, reflected that this hybrid contained the major anthocyanins of both parents, black currant and gooseberry. This is the first complete identification of 8 and the ring size of the sugar of 10. Pigment 9 was tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-(6' '-Z-p-coumaroylglucoside). This new pigment occurred in minor amounts (<2%) in all R. grosssularia and R. x nidigrolaria cultivars. No commercially available berries have been reported to contain such high proportions of aromatic acylated anthocyanins as found in the gooseberry cultivars "Sams?", "Hinnom?ki Red", "Taastrup", "Lofthus", and "Glendal", which are in this context the most obvious candidates for consumption, colorant, and breeding programs.  相似文献   

11.
Black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) contain a diverse range of phenolics and possess a high antioxidant activity, which makes them an interesting target for the functional food industry. In this study, phenolic profiles of organically and conventionally grown black currant fruits, collected from commercial farms within a climatically similar area, were compared. Compounds were identified using UV/vis and mass spectroscopy techniques and quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV/vis detection. Several different conjugates of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins were quantified. Statistically significant differences between farms were found for almost all compounds. Differences between the highest and the lowest measured values of major phenolic compounds of different phenolic classes ranged from 24 to 77%. Principal component analysis quite effectively separated farms from each other but did not cluster them according to cultivation technique. Thus, it was concluded that the biochemical quality of organically grown black currant fruits does not differ from those grown conventionally.  相似文献   

12.
An overwhelming body of research has now firmly established that the dietary intake of berry fruits has a positive and profound impact on human health, performance, and disease. Berry fruits, which are commercially cultivated and commonly consumed in fresh and processed forms in North America, include blackberry ( Rubus spp.), black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis), blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum), cranberry (i.e., the American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, distinct from the European cranberry, V. oxycoccus), red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus) and strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa). Other berry fruits, which are lesser known but consumed in the traditional diets of North American tribal communities, include chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana), highbush cranberry ( Viburnum trilobum), serviceberry ( Amelanchier alnifolia), and silver buffaloberry ( Shepherdia argentea). In addition, berry fruits such as arctic bramble ( Rubus articus), bilberries ( Vaccinuim myrtillus; also known as bog whortleberries), black currant ( Ribes nigrum), boysenberries ( Rubus spp.), cloudberries ( Rubus chamaemorus), crowberries ( Empetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum), elderberries ( Sambucus spp.), gooseberry ( Ribes uva-crispa), lingonberries ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea), loganberry ( Rubus loganobaccus), marionberries ( Rubus spp.), Rowan berries ( Sorbus spp.), and sea buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides), are also popularly consumed in other parts of the world. Recently, there has also been a surge in the consumption of exotic "berry-type" fruits such as the pomegranate ( Punica granatum), goji berries ( Lycium barbarum; also known as wolfberry), mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana), the Brazilian a?aí berry ( Euterpe oleraceae), and the Chilean maqui berry ( Aristotelia chilensis). Given the wide consumption of berry fruits and their potential impact on human health and disease, conferences and symposia that target the latest scientific research (and, of equal importance, the dissemination of this information to the general public), on the chemistry and biological and physiological functions of these "superfoods" are necessary.  相似文献   

13.
The raw cutin (i.e., extractive-free isolated cuticular membrane) fraction from Finnish berries, sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides), black currant (Ribes nigrum), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), was depolymerized by NaOMe-catalyzed methanolysis. The composition of cutin monomers was determined by GC-(EI)MS analysis either as methyl esters or as TMSi esters, with OH groups derivatized to TMSi ethers. There was a notable difference in the degree of depolymerization, ranging from 6 to 47%. The extractive-free berry cuticle, that is, raw cutin, thus contains <50% polyester polymer cutin. The predominant cutin monomers were C(16) and C(18) omega-hydroxy acids with midchain functionalities, mainly epoxy and hydroxyl groups. Typically, the major compounds were 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 9,10,18-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid, and 18-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid. The amount of epoxyacids was rather high in sea buckthorn ( approximately 70%) and cranberry ( approximately 60%), compared with the other berries. The black currant cutin differed from that of the other berries with a significant portion of hydroxyoxohexadecanoic acid ( approximately 12% of total monomers). This investigation of the cuticular hydroxy acids of five Finnish berries is part of the exploitation of the northern natural resources related to the chemical composition, nutritional value, and sensory properties.  相似文献   

14.
Anthocyanins (ACNs) have been reported to have multiple biological properties imparting benefits to human health. Their role in human nutrition, however, needs to be related to biokinetic data, such as bioavailability. The purpose of the present study was to focus on the potential absorption of black currant ( Ribes nigrum L.) ACNs. Caco-2 monolayers were used as an in vitro model of the absorptive intestinal epithelium. For absorption studies, Caco-2 cells grown on permeable filters were mounted into Ussing type chambers. The monolayer integrity was monitored by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Luminal to serosal transport of ACNs was examined by comparing ACN disappearance from the luminal solution of Ussing chambers not containing any inserts (control chambers) with that of Ussing chambers containing inserts. ACNs (C total ACN approximately 180 microM) were not detected in any serosal solution. However, it was shown that ACNs disappeared from the luminal side, not due to ACN degradation processes but rather--at least in part--due to physiological actions of the cells. The luminal net disappearance of ACNs was calculated (max(t20 min) approximately 11% for total ACNs) and labeled as "absorption efficiency". This apical transport might occur to a much larger extent than the further translocation across the basolateral membrane. Thus, cell metabolism and translocation across the basolateral membrane may be the key determinants of ACN absorption and bioavailability.  相似文献   

15.
Anthocyanins from black currants (Ribes nigrum L.)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Fifteen anthocyanin structures are reported from an extract of black currant berries (Ribes nigrum L.). These are the 3-O-glucosides and the 3-O-rutinosides of pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin, cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside, and the 3-O-(6' '-p-coumaroylglucoside)s of cyanidin and delphinidin. The anthocyanins were characterized by means of size exclusion chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The four main pigments (the 3-O-glucosides and the 3-O-rutinosides of delphinidin and cyanidin) made up >97% of the total anthocyanin content. The minor pigments were enriched from the extract by successive partition against ethyl acetate and by gel fractionation. These chromatographic steps were successfully used to isolate the acylated anthocyanins from the ethyl acetate layer and to separate cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside from the mixture of anthocyanins. The amounts of anthocyanin rutinosides were found to be higher than the amount of the corresponding glucosides for all detected pigments having the same aglycon moiety.  相似文献   

16.
The total phenol and anthocyanin contents of black currant pomace and black currant press residue (BPR) extracts, extracted with formic acid in methanol or with methanol/water/acetic acid, were studied. Anthocyanins and other phenols were identified by means of reversed phase HPLC, and differences between the two plant materials were monitored. In all BPR extracts, phenol levels, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, were 8-9 times higher than in the pomace extracts. Acid hydrolysis liberated a much higher concentration of phenols from the pomace than from the black currant press residue. HPLC analysis revealed that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major anthocyanins and constituted the main phenol class ( approximately 90%) in both types of black currant tissues tested. However, anthocyanins were present in considerably lower amounts in the pomace than in the BPR. In accordance with the total phenol content, the antioxidant activity determined by scavenging of 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation, the ABTS(*)(+) assay, showed that BPR extracts prepared by solvent extraction exhibited significantly higher (7-10 times) radical scavenging activity than the pomace extracts, and BPR anthocyanins contributed significantly (74 and 77%) to the observed high radical scavenging capacity of the corresponding extracts.  相似文献   

17.
The phenolic profile of four blueberry varieties (Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv. Toro, Legacy, Duke and Bluecrop) and two varieties (Rosenthal and Rovada) of red currants (Ribes rubrum L.) and black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivated in Macedonia have been analyzed using HPLC coupled to diode-array detection and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. A complex profile of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives has been assayed in acetone-acetic acid (99:1, v/v) extracts. Anthocyanins comprised the highest content of total phenolic compounds in currants (>85%) and lower and variety dependent in blueberries (35-74%). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives comprised 23-56% of total phenolics in blueberries and 1-6% in currants. Chlorogenic acid was the major hydroxycinnamic acid in blueberries, only in the Legacy variety, two malonyl-caffeoylquinic acid isomers were major components. Flavonols, mainly quercetin and myricetin glycosides, were a minor group, but glucosides of laricitrin and syringetin were also detected in the blueberry varieties counting for 10-34% of total flavonols. From flavan-3-ols, catechin was detected in most samples; the dimer B2 was specific for blueberries whereas epigallocatechin was detected in currants.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Cover cropping and mulching to sustain and improve soil fertility and for weed control are common practices in organic growing systems. In this study, microbial parameters under different kinds of mulches and cover crops were analyzed in a field experiment with organically grown black currant (Ribes nigrum). The experiment comprised a combination of two mulches with bare soil as a control and two cover crops which were compared with bare soil, with and without an extra supply of organic fertilizer. Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as well as pH were unaffected by any of the treatments. The basal respiration rate was increased by mulching with wood chips throughout the four years of the experiment. During the last two years of the experiment, substrate induced respiration was also measured but was not found to be affected by any of the mulches. The potential ammonium (NH4 +) oxidation increased significantly after an initial supply of 200 kg N ha‐1 as solid cattle manure. The increase was significantly lower under wood chips than in bare soil, although an extra 200 kg N ha‐1 had been supplied under the wood chips. Furthermore, the black currant bushes suffered from a N deficiency in the wood chip treatment. The results showed that there was no substantial lasting build‐up of microbial biomass or organic matter content with wood chips because of lack of N, despite a large initial input of N and easily‐available C. Possible reasons for this deficiency are either increased denitrification under the wood chips or fungal translocation of N to the wood chip layer. Results from this experiment suggests that the evaluation of a few complementary biological soil parameters can be an important tool when developing sustainable growing systems and for indicating environmental stress.  相似文献   

19.
Polyphenols are known to induce vasodilatory function via activation of the redox-sensitive phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Black currant fruits have appreciable amounts of polyphenolic compounds including cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside. It was hypothesized that black currant fruit extracts would cause activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through activation of redox-sensitive PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. To test this hypothesis, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with different concentrations/times of black currant juice concentrates (Ben Gairn and Ben Hope) and the activation of Akt and eNOS was measured using immunoblotting. Vitamin C is also known to activate Akt and eNOS in in vitro models, and black currants are rich in vitamin C. Therefore, the effect of black currant extracts with and without coexisting vitamin C was investigated, using SPE columns to eliminate vitamin C content. The individual (and combined) effects of the major anthocyanins present in black currant juice samples with and without vitamin C were investigated and compared to the effects of the whole extract. Black currant juice samples (1 μL/mL) significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) and eNOS (p-eNOS) (P < 0.05). Activation of Akt and eNOS was abolished by incubation with wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, supporting the involvement of PI3K/Akt. Vitamin C alone significantly increased the p-Akt and p-eNOS (P < 0.05); however, removal of vitamin C from black currant did not significantly affect p-Akt and p-eNOS compared to black currant with vitamin C. Assessment of individual anthocyanins also showed significant effects on p-Akt and p-eNOS. In summary, in the present study data suggested that black currant concentrates, Ben Gairn and Ben Hope, activated eNOS via Akt/PI3 kinase pathway in vitro in HUVECs and that the effect was not dependent on vitamin C.  相似文献   

20.
The focus of our study was to investigate the effect of crop load on the accumulation and composition of primary metabolites (sugars and organic acids), selected groups of flavonoids (anthocyanins and flavonols), and total phenolics in two subsequent years in four black currant cultivars ('Titania', 'Triton', 'Tsema', and 'Cacanska crna') and three red currant cultivars ('Junifer', 'Rolan', and 'Stanza'). For the determination and quantification of compounds, high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array with a mass spectrometer was used. Significant differences among cultivars were detected in all analyzed compounds. Anthocyanins were the predominant phenolic group and were more abundant in black currant cultivars as compared to red ones. Similar amounts of sugars and organic acids were measured in both Ribes species; however, vitamin C was 3-fold higher in black currants. A larger crop load in the second year had a negative effect on the sugar content of berries and promoted a higher degree of acids, with the exception of vitamin C, which was higher in the year with a lower crop load. On the other hand, the content of anthocyanins and flavonols was higher in the year with a larger crop load, while there were no differences in total phenolic content.  相似文献   

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