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1.
Leaf senescence in a recent maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid is delayed relative to that in an older maize hybrid and the trait is associated with an improvement of the ratio of assimilate supply (i.e., source) and demand (i.e., sink) during grain filling. This study examined whether effects of source : sink ratio of leaf longevity in an old and more recent hybrid are associated with changes in leaf nitrogen (N) concentration and N uptake during grain filling. A 3-year field study was conducted with maize hybrids Pride 5 (old) and Pioneer 3902 (recent) grown at two soil-N levels: 150 kg−1 N ha−1 was broadcast in the high N treatment while none was added to the low N treatment. Four imposed source : sink treatments ranged from partial defoliation to no grain. Leaf N of the control treatments did not differ between the two hybrids, but the decline in leaf N from the control to the no-sink treatment was larger for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5. Total N uptake in above-ground portions was 10 and 18% greater in the new than in the old hybrid under low and high soil-N conditions, respectively. The difference in the total N uptake between the two hybrids could be attributed to post-silking N uptake. The proportion of N in the grain derived from post-silking N uptake was 60% for Pioneer 3902 and 40% for Pride 5 and this proportion was positively associated with the source : sink ratio. Higher rates of N uptake in Pioneer 3902 vs. Pride 5 appear to be, in part, the result of higher rates of dry matter accumulation of the newer hybrid during grain filling. 相似文献
2.
《Field Crops Research》1999,63(1):13-17
Leaf senescence is typically associated with loss of chlorophyll and decline in photosynthetic capacity. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the relationship between chlorophyll (SPAD) and soluble-carbohydrate concentrations in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves during leaf senescence and (ii) to examine whether this relationship differed between an old and a recent maize hybrid. Field experiments were conducted in 1995 at two locations. A range of leaf soluble-carbohydrate concentrations and SPAD values was obtained through various source-manipulation of source activity by defoliation and thinning. Defoliation treatments were imposed at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after silking. The thinning treatment was imposed at 3 weeks after silking. Two maize hybrids were composed: Pride 5 (old) and Pioneer 3902 (recent). Leaves at three leaf positions, near the topmost ear and the ear internode were sampled at weekly intervals, from 3 weeks after silking until visual completion of leaf senescence. Leaf and internode soluble-carbohydrate concentration declined following defoliation, although the response in leaves was delayed compared to that in the stem. SPAD readings and soluble-carbohydrate concentrations were positively correlated below a plateau value of 55 mg glucose equivalents g−1 leaf. The correlation between SPAD and soluble-carbohydrate concentration was similar for the old and recent maize hybrid. 相似文献
3.
Understanding source or sink limitations on crop yield is critical for the rational design of agricultural practices as well as breeding strategies. In the present article, we studied sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] source–sink yield limitations during grain filling, and tested the hypothesis that the time in which kernel maximum water content is reached during grain filling defines a temporal limit for the crop to profit from source increases. Earlier studies have never tested increasing assimilate availability per kernel in different developmental stages. We conducted a field experiment increasing assimilate availability per kernel at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis in commercial hybrids. The anthesis treatment was aimed to increase assimilates per kernel from early grain filling, and the 15 days after anthesis treatment from the stage kernel maximum water content was achieved. Both treatments removed 50% of the kernels from one side of the panicle. Kernel dry weight (KW), kernel water content and kernel volume were measured in apical and basal positions of the panicle throughout grain filling. Increased assimilate availability always yielded a higher KW (34% increase). This KW increase was consistent across the two kernel developmental stages when the treatment was imposed, the panicle position and hybrid. Achieving maximum water content did not prevent kernels from increasing their weight when assimilates were subsequently increased. Final KW was closely related to maximum kernel volume (r2 = 0.72; n = 42; p < 0.0001). Increased assimilate availability per kernel promoted changes in both kernel growth rate and duration of grain filling.
We applied a quantitative approach for determining the magnitude of sorghum KW changes in response to assimilate availability changes during grain filling. This allowed us to compare our data to previously published articles, and to determine any general response pattern across environments. The analysis supported our observation that sorghum KW is highly responsive to increased assimilates, and indicated that increased assimilate availability during filling always increased sorghum KW. As such, growth of sorghum kernels is predominately source limited; breeding and management practices aimed to increase assimilate availability per kernel will be likely to enhance sorghum yield. Results show that the crop has the capacity to profit from source increases even after the initial grain-filling stages have occurred. 相似文献
4.
以郑单1002为材料,设置灌浆中后期(灌浆36 d)不同穗部及穗下不同数量的去叶处理,研究去叶后对玉米群体光合性能、冠层结构、产量以及子粒含水率等的影响。结果表明,穗部叶及穗部以下叶保留3~4片叶,产量不降低;去叶较多情况下表现为减产;不保留穗位叶较对照减产了12.36%,子粒千粒重下降是导致减产的主要原因。去叶后直接导致玉米群体叶面积指数下降,无截取散射略微增加;保留3~4片叶处理,叶片光合性能表现出一定补偿效应,净光合速率高于对照处理,羧化效率略有升高;去叶处理降低灌浆后期子粒含水率,不保留穗位叶片处理较对照处理相比,在灌浆44、52、60 d,子粒含水率分别下降了8.14、8.75、17.84个百分点。 相似文献
5.
通过剪叶改变源库关系对玉米子粒营养组分含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
2004～2005年在吉林省梨树县大田条件下以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)、郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试材,在授粉后25d和35d将植株全部绿叶剪掉1/2,玉米成熟后对子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分等营养组分含量的变化进行了测定分析。结果表明:各类玉米品种的源库关系在线性灌浆期改变为源小库大后,单粒淀粉积累量均显著减少,但淀粉百分含量除供试高油品种外则有明显提高;单粒蛋白质积累量均显著减少,同时蛋白质百分含量显著下降;单粒油分积累量显著减少,但油分百分含量变化不大;赖氨酸/蛋白质显著提高,与蛋白质百分含量的变化趋势相反。改变源库关系对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分百分含量的效应不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质百分含量变化受到的影响最大,对源库关系改变的反应最敏感;淀粉百分含量次之;油分百分含量一般不易受源库关系改变的影响,表现稳定。 相似文献
6.
Relationship between grain filling duration and leaf senescence of temperate rice under high temperature 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Junwhan KimJiyoung Shon Chung-Kuen LeeWoonho Yang Youngwhan YoonWon-Ha Yang Yuon-Gyu KimByun-Woo Lee 《Field Crops Research》2011,122(3):207-213
High temperature during grain filling period has been reported to decrease the grain filling duration, leading to the lower grain weight and yield of rice. Two experiments in the phytotron and field were carried out to test the hypothesis that the leaf senescence of rice plants may determine the grain filling duration under high temperature. In the phytotron experiment in 2008, rice plants of a japonica cultivar “Ilpumbyeo” were subjected to three minimum/maximum (mean) temperature regimes of 11/19 (15), 17/25 (21), and 23/31 °C (27 °C). In the field experiment, rice seedlings of the same rice cultivar were transplanted on May 6th and June 19th in 2009 and the mean temperatures during the grain filling period were 24.4 and 21.9 °C, respectively. Both experiments revealed consistently that high temperature increased the rates of grain filling and leaf senescence while it reduced the durations of them. However, grain filling was terminated earlier than complete leaf senescence, the time gap being greater at higher temperature. In addition, the fraction of dry matter partitioning to the leaf sheath + culm resumed to increase following the termination of grain filling under high temperature, indicating that leaves were still maintaining photosynthetic capacity and supplying assimilates into the other plant tissues except grain even after the termination of grain filling. These findings suggest that an early termination of grain filling in temperate rice under high temperature was not resulted from the lack of assimilate owing to the early leaf senescence but from the loss of sink activity owing to the earlier senescence of panicle. 相似文献
7.
《Field Crops Research》1998,59(2):135-140
Concern exists that the grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.) may decline due to breeding for increased yield. This study quantified chemical- and physical-quality parameters of maize grain for hybrids representing three decades of grain yield improvement in Ontario, Canada. Six hybrids that were commercially important in Ontario from 1959 to 1988 were grown at two locations in southern Ontario during 1986 and 1987 at two plant densities. Grain contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, lysine, tryptophan, and lipid were evaluated as chemical-quality parameters. Test weight, kernel density and weight, kernels exhibiting stress cracks, and breakage susceptibility were examined as indications of physical quality. Concentrations of Mg, Cu, Mn, and Se were greater in kernels of old hybrids than in more recent ones. Nitrogen concentration was greater in grain of recent hybrids and levels of N, P, and Mn all were lesser at high than at low plant density. Concentrations of lysine and tryptophan did not differ among hybrids. Differences in nutrient concentration were often greater among hybrids within an era than among means for eras of hybrid release. Among physical-quality traits, test weight, kernel density and kernel weight increased with more recent hybrids. These parameters were also higher with the lower plant density. Breakage susceptibility of kernels, although not affected by era of hybrid release, was less at low plant density. 相似文献
8.
E.J. van Oosterom S.C. Chapman A.K. Borrell I.J. Broad G.L. Hammer 《Field Crops Research》2010,115(1):29-38
Maintenance of green leaf area during grain filling can increase grain yield of sorghum grown under terminal water limitation. This ‘stay-green’ trait has been related to the nitrogen (N) supply–demand balance during grain filling. This study quantifies the N demand of grain and N translocation rates from leaves and stem and explores effects of genotype and N stress on onset and rate of leaf senescence during the grain filling period. Three hybrids differing in potential height were grown at three levels of N supply under well-watered conditions. Vertical profiles of biomass, leaf area, and N% of leaves, stem and grain were measured at regular intervals. Weekly SPAD chlorophyll readings on main shoot leaves were correlated with observed specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) to derive seasonal patterns of leaf N content. For all hybrids, individual grain N demand was sink determined and was initially met through N translocation from the stem and rachis. Only if this was insufficient did leaf N translocation occur. Maximum N translocation rates from leaves and stem were dependent on their N status. However, the supply of N at canopy scale was also related to the amount of leaf area senescing at any one time. This supply–demand framework for N dynamics explained effects of N stress and genotype on the onset and rate of leaf senescence. 相似文献
9.
Source or sink limitation of grain filling in cereals is often inferred from experiments in which the source:sink ratio is manipulated by shading, defoliation or grain removal. However, interpretation of this type of experiment is usually qualitative rather than quantitative in nature and the extent of any imbalance between the source and sink is not known. The objectives of the current work were: (1) to provide a detailed analysis of radiation interception, radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and carbohydrate storage reserves in winter barley in order to quantify the potential supply of photosynthates for grain filling; (2) to estimate the variation in source–sink balance between environments. Field experiments were conducted on cv Pearl at six sites in the UK and over 3 years. Crops were grown under a comparable husbandry regime at each site and received a full fertilizer and crop protection programme. When the cumulative interception of post-anthesis photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was plotted against the increase in biomass to determine RUE, the pattern of response differed between sites and years; for some site/years the response was linear, for others it was non-linear where RUE decreased during the latter stages of grain filling. The extent and statistical significance of non-linearity was determined from the quadratic term of fitted 2nd order polynomials. There was no significant association between climatic variables, such as temperature, radiation or rainfall, and the value of the quadratic term of RUE. Neither could non-linearity of RUE be explained in terms of the shedding of leaf tissue during canopy senescence. There were weak associations (r2 < 0.3) between the extent of non-linearity and green area index (GAI), above-ground biomass, and specific leaf N, at ear emergence (Zadoks GS 59). A much stronger relationship (r2 = 0.63) was found between the source:sink ratio (green area per grain) at GS 59 and non-linearity of RUE. These results suggest that a major factor leading to the reduction in RUE during the second half of grain filling at some sites was feedback inhibition from a limited sink capacity. This conclusion is supported by a fairly strong positive association between RUE non-linearity and the apparent contribution of stem carbohydrate reserves to grain yield (r2 = 0.47). The potential assimilate supply for grain filling was estimated as (maximum post-anthesis RUE × PAR intercepted) + stem soluble carbohydrate reserves at GS 59. The potential supply exceeded the measured yield at all sites except one implying that crops were predominantly sink limited. The size of the excess, which is a measure of the relative source–sink balance during grain filling, differed widely between site/years. 相似文献
10.
为了揭示冬小麦穗和叶茎鞘在不同灌浆时期对粒重的贡献,于2011-2012年度,在大田条件下,选用河南省大面积推广的6个冬小麦品种,进行穗遮光和去叶+茎鞘遮光处理,研究了冬小麦不同灌浆时期的干物质积累转运量和粒重,分析了穗和叶茎鞘对粒重的贡献率。结果表明,穗遮光和去叶+茎鞘遮光显著影响冬小麦茎鞘干物质转运量、转运率以及其对穗粒重的贡献率。穗和叶茎鞘对冬小麦粒重的贡献率总体表现为灌浆前期低、中后期高;在灌浆中期穗对粒重的贡献优于叶茎鞘,而在灌浆前期和后期呈相反规律,且其影响效应因品种而异;整个灌浆期穗对单粒重和穗粒重的平均贡献率分别为30.31%和34.64%,叶茎鞘分别为32.87%和35.95%。穗对粒重贡献的关键时期为灌浆中期,筛选和培育灌浆中期穗对粒重贡献率高的品种有利于提高冬小麦粒重。 相似文献
11.
Higher harvest index, widely reported as a main trait supporting major improvements in rice yield potential, also supports the higher performance of hybrids over inbreds. Although higher sink size is generally claimed for being the driver of higher grain filling in hybrid rice, it is relevant to question whether efficient sink regulation, that is timing and magnitude of the successive sink activities over crop growth from early stage, plays a role in supporting higher harvest index and is a key feature ensuring higher performance of hybrid rice. The partitioning coefficient (PC), as the increase in dry matter of one single organ over that of shoot, was calculated over short and successive periods to quantify the dynamics of dry matter partitioning. Four hybrid and four inbred genotypes of similar crop duration were grown under the same cropping management on the IRRI farm during a wet and a dry seasons. While PC to blade and sheath was similar for both plant types in both seasons at the early stage, PC to culm of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to blade was lower, in the late vegetative and early reproductive phases. During the late reproductive phase, PC to panicle of hybrids was higher than that of inbreds, and PC to culm was lower whereas culm elongation was similar for both plant types. During grain filling, PC to culm was significantly more negative with hybrids which indicated stronger remobilization with hybrids. Specific culm length before anthesis, as low as 40 cm g−1, accounted for storage ability, and at maturity, as high as 130 cm g−1, for remobilization ability. Sink strength index, as a better indicator of dry matter partitioning efficiency than harvest index, and unfilled grain size, as an indicator of assimilate wastage, were suggested as key indices to account for the better sink regulation in hybrid rice and to improve screening protocols for increasing yield potential and tolerance to lodging. 相似文献
12.
The effect of source reduction on yield and protein content of bread wheat under well-watered and mild drought stress condition in a semi-arid climate was studied. Field experiments were conducted at the Tehran University research farm during 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons. Mild drought stress was imposed when plants were at the second node stage by repeatedly withholding watering and re-irrigating when they showed symptoms of wilting or leaf rolling. Partial defoliations (all leaf lamina other than flag leaves were removed) were imposed at booting and anthesis; complete defoliation was imposed at anthesis (defoliation treatments were applied to all plants of each plot). Drought stress caused a significant increase in the remobilization of pre-anthesis reserves to the grain. Defoliation did not significantly affect remobilization. Grain yield and 1000-grain weight was reduced slightly by drought stress, but in most cases it was not significantly reduced by defoliation. Significant changes were not observed for grain protein content between defoliated and control plots. The results suggested that grain yield of the cultivar used under the condition tested is more controlled by sink than source strength. 相似文献
13.
三角形强化栽培技术对水稻光合生理特性及产量形成的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以杂交水稻冈优527为材料,研究了水稻在三角形强化栽培、正方形强化栽培、抛秧栽培和常规高产栽培等不同栽培方式下的生理指标、灌浆特性及产量。结果表明,在三角形强化栽培技术体系下适宜密度的水稻群体具有独特的优势:在关键生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)较大,齐穗后剑叶衰老减缓,光合速率较高,能够充分发挥个体生长优势,贮存积累并向穗部转运较多的光合同化产物,不仅保证了强势粒的灌浆,而且弱势粒灌浆也较为顺畅,产量构成因素得到优化配置,从而获得高产。 相似文献
14.
15.
Source-Sink and Grain-Filling Characteristics of Two-Line Hybrid Rice Yangliangyou 6 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two-line hybrid rice combinations have obvious super high-yielding characteristics of strong matter productivity and large sink size. However, their lower seed setting rate, higher empty grain rate and unfilled grain rate, and poor grain filling degree, s… 相似文献
16.
两系杂交稻扬两优6号源库特征与结实特性的分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
以两系杂交稻扬两优6号和两优培九及三系杂交稻汕优63为材料,研究了源、库、流特征及其与籽粒充实的关系。 扬两优6号和汕优63的结实率、籽粒充实度和产量明显高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63茎鞘物质输出率和转换率显著高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶的活性显著高于两优培九,且上述各酶的活性与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重呈极显著的正相关;扬两优6号和汕优63的单位维管束和韧皮部的颖花负荷、现实产量负荷、总库容负荷显著小于两优培九,且负荷越大的组合结实率就越低,充实度也就越差。扬两优6号单位面积韧皮部的物质转运速率显著高于两优培九和汕优63。表明扬两优6号具有源足、库强、流畅的特点,这是它结实率高和籽粒充实度好的生理基础。 相似文献
17.
双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术研究Ⅲ. 超级杂交稻不同密度配置条件下的源库特性与产量 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
以培杂泰丰和华优86为材料,研究了超级杂交稻源库及产量随移栽密度的变化规律.结果表明:两个超级杂交稻组合的产量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,有效穗数增加是增产的主要原因;提高移栽密度对超级杂交稻抽穗至成熟期的叶面积、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片衰老速度均无不良影响,但显著提高了茎鞘干物质输出率和转换率;超级杂交稻单位面积的颖花数和库容量均有随移栽密度提高而增加的趋势,提高移栽密度虽然增加了粒叶比,但同时增加了鞘粒比,因此库容有效充实度在各种密度处理之间无显著差异;超级杂交稻产量与茎鞘重、鞘粒比呈显著正相关,而与齐穗期的叶面积和粒叶比相关不显著. 相似文献
18.
Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with shoot growth in “super” rice 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Success in “super” rice breeding has been considered a great progress in rice production in China. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that an improved root system may contribute to better shoot growth and consequently to higher grain yield in “super” rice. Two “super” rice varieties Liangyoupeijiu (an indica hybrid) and Huaidao 9 (a japonica inbred) and two elite check varieties Yangdao 6 (an indica inbred) and Yangfujiang 8 (a japonica inbred) were field-grown at Yangzhou, China in 2006 and 2007. Root and shoot dry weight (DW) was significantly greater in “super” rice varieties than in check ones throughout the growth season in both years, so was the root length density. Root oxidation activity (ROA) and root zeatin (Z) zeatin riboside (ZR) content, in per plant basis, were significantly greater in “super” rice than check varieties before and at heading time. However, both ROA and root Z + ZR content, either in per plant basis or per unit root DW basis, were significantly lower in ‘super’ rice than in check varieties at the mid- and late grain filling stages. Grain yield of the two ‘super’ rice varieties, on average, was 10.2 t ha−1 in 2006 and 11.4 t ha−1 in 2007, and was 13% and 21% higher than that of check varieties, respectively. The high grain yield was mainly due to a larger sink size (total number of spikelets) as a result of a larger panicle. The percentage of filled grains of the two “super” rice varieties, on average, was 72.9% in 2006 and 79.0% in 2007, and was 19.4% and 12.9%, respectively, lower than that of the check varieties. The mean ROA and root Z + ZR content during the grain filling period significantly correlated with the percentage of filled grains. Collectively, the data suggest that an improved root and shoot growth, as showing a larger root and shoot biomass and greater root length density during the whole growing season and higher ROA and root Z + ZR content per plant at early and mid-growth stages, contributes to the large sink size and high grain yield in the “super” rice varieties. The data also suggest the yield of “super” rice varieties can be further increased by an increase in filled grains through enhancing root activity during grain filling. 相似文献
19.
水稻灌浆期源质量与产量关系及氮素调控的研究 总被引：33，自引：2，他引：31
以中粳稻武育粳3 号和杂交中籼稻汕优63 为材料, 采用不同密度、施肥等栽培措施, 形成成穗率不同的群体, 研究水稻抽穗期源质量与产量关系及其影响因素。结果表明: 水稻高产群体抽穗期叶面积指数(LAI) 适宜, 有效叶面积率高, 高效叶面积率为75%～80% , 灌浆期光合势在2. 10×10 6 m2·d 以上, 势粒比在47 cm2·d 粒以上。势粒比(光合势与总颖花量的比值) 能反映抽穗后群体源库发展动态的优劣, 是经济产量形成期源库质量的较好表述。本试验条件下, 通过穗肥等措施,在抽穗期适宜叶面积基础上, 降低抽穗后叶面积下降速率, 提高光合势和势粒比是进一步提高产量的有效途径。 相似文献
20.
A.J. de la Vega M.A. CantoreM.M. Sposaro N. TrápaniM. López Pereira A.J. Hall 《Field Crops Research》2011,121(1):175-185
Delayed leaf senescence during the grain filling phase, or stay green (SG), may be functional or cosmetic; the first being considered a valuable trait in breeding of many crop species. To establish whether canopy senescence patterns exhibited by two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids visually selected for slow post-anthesis canopy leaf area index (LAI) loss reflected functional, rather than cosmetic, SG, LAI dynamics and total biomass increase between anthesis and physiological maturity were followed in three separate experiments in which the putative SG hybrids were compared with standard (i.e., non stay green, NSG) hybrids exhibiting normal rates of canopy senescence under non- or minimal-water stress conditions. In two experiments, pairwise (i.e., one SG vs. one NSG) comparisons were made at two crop population densities. In the third experiment, grown at a single crop population density, four NSG hybrids were contrasted with the two SG hybrids. Canopy senescence dynamics were well described by fitted bilinear functions which discriminated between an initial, slow phase of leaf area loss and a second phase of rapid canopy senescence. No differences between hybrids in the rate of senescence during the first phase were found, but the putative SG hybrids exhibited a significantly slower rate of senescence during the second phase and a significantly higher LAI at physiological maturity (as % of LAI at anthesis). One NSG hybrid showed a greater rate of second-phase senescence than the remaining three hybrids in this category. Across experiments, the anthesis-physiological maturity increment in total oil-corrected biomass and radiation use efficiency (RUE) were significantly greater in the SG hybrids. Cluster analysis based on these four attributes, using data from Exp. 3, clearly discriminated between SG and NSG hybrids. Examination of specific leaf N (SLN) dynamics suggests that the lower RUE values observed in one of the NSG hybrids could be attributable to lower SLN values, but this was not the case for the remaining NSG hybrids. It is also possible that very rapid canopy LAI loss in another NSG hybrid may underlie its lower RUE. The failure of SG hybrids to translate greater post-anthesis biomass increment into grain yield across experiments was associated with their slightly shorter times to anthesis and their significantly lower biomass at anthesis. Grain number, the component of yield most strongly associated with yield, was associated with biomass at anthesis. A further contributing factor was that the duration of grain-filling tended to be shorter in SG hybrids. In the one experiment in which this variable was measured, resistance to stalk breakage was greater in the SG hybrids than the NSG one to which they were compared. We conclude that the SG observed in the hybrids with slower canopy senescence is functional and not cosmetic, and that for this to be translated into a yield advantage all hybrids need to reach anthesis at the same time and grain-filling duration also has to be the same across hybrids. Stay green is an interesting secondary trait to select for and should lead to higher and more stable yields in environments in which stem breakage (lodging) is a problem. 相似文献