共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
基于气压劈裂原理的气压深松效果试验 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
针对传统深松方式存在深松影响范围小、程度不均匀、能耗大的问题,该文基于气压劈裂原理与技术,提出了一种新的旱作耕地深松方式-气压深松,即向耕地土壤中注入高压气体,利用气压劈裂原理与技术使土壤内形成裂隙从而实现土壤深松的新方式。并以土壤孔隙度、土壤孔隙度提升率和土面抬升量为评价指标,通过模拟试验,研究分析气压深松方式的效果得出:气压深松使土壤中空气的比例增大、土壤体积膨胀、土面抬升,高压气体在土壤内部形成裂隙,土壤孔隙度大面积变大。表明气压深松可有效打破犁底层,具有良好的深松效果。另外,气压深松与传统的铲式深松相比,具有深松影响范围大、深松程度高、深松均匀等特点。 相似文献
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微孔深松耕降低土壤紧实度提高棉花产量与种籽品质 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
长期传统耕作导致土壤紧实形成犁底层是影响农田土壤质量和作物生长的关键障碍因子之一。为解决这一问题,于2013年4月至2014年5月在山西运城南花农场开展为期1 a的大田试验,对比研究微孔深松耕技术和旋耕机旋耕15~20 cm的传统耕作方法对土壤紧实度以及棉籽品质性状和生长发育的影响。结果表明:微孔深松耕技术较传统耕作方式,棉花苗期犁底层40 cm处土壤紧实度由9 069.70降低到558.80 k Pa,吐絮期犁底层40 cm处的土壤紧实度由8 089.70降低到1 174.20 k Pa,吐絮期0~40 cm土层中微孔深松耕土壤容重最大为1.05 g/cm3,传统耕作最大为1.56 g/cm3;在30 cm土层中,微孔深松耕的总根量比传统耕作方式多187.03%;微孔深松耕处理棉株棉铃的5室铃率较传统耕作增加15.00%,每个棉瓤的种子数平均增加1~2粒;棉籽的籽指、密度、绒长均明显增加,脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),蛋白质含量显著增加(P0.05),单株铃数比传统耕作增加6.34%,铃质量增加5.75%,皮棉产量增加10.12%。效益分析表明,采用微孔穴深松耕作种植棉花,每公顷净收益增加3 338.00元。该研究揭示了微孔深松耕作可有效打破犁底层,具有疏松土壤紧实度,并提高棉籽品质增加棉花产量,为该项技术应用于生产提供试验依据。 相似文献
3.
深松对棕壤农田土壤和玉米产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
《土壤通报》2014,(4):934-938
在辽宁省昌图县开展了深松对旱地玉米农田土壤容重、水分状况和作物产量影响的研究,结果表明深松使亚耕层土壤(20~40 cm)容重有降低趋势,但未达到显著水平。深松有效打破了犁底层,显著提高了水分输入初期(前2小时)水分入渗量,但对土壤田间持水量与玉米苗期和收获期1 m土层土壤水分含量没有显著影响。深松在干旱年份显著提高了玉米水分利用效率和籽实产量,但在降雨丰沛年份对玉米产量没有显著贡献。与正常深松相比,隔行深松同样利于籽实产量与水分利用效率的提高,二者间无显著差异,加之隔行深松具有节能、高效等优点,因此,可对隔行深松耕作模式加以推广。 相似文献
4.
深松耕作和秸秆还田对农田土壤物理特性的影响 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：16
[目的]为了增加中国干旱半干旱地区农田土壤蓄水保墒能力。[方法]采用野外试验和室内分析相结合的方法研究了深松和深松结合秸秆还田耕作技术对晋中北部地区两种主要类型土壤物理特性的影响。[结果]深松可以打破土壤犁底层,显著降低黏土和壤土10—30cm土层范围内的土壤容重;调节土壤孔隙度,增加了黏土10—30cm土层范围内的土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度,同时增加壤土10—30cm土层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和20—30cm土层土壤非毛管孔隙度;改善黏土和壤土20—30cm土层土壤固、液、气3相状况;深松结合连年秸秆还田进一步优化了壤土耕层环境,同时显著降低了玉米拔节期土壤地表结皮的厚度和紧实度。[结论]深松结合连年秸秆还田和深松耕作技术可以缓解土壤板结状况,增加降雨入渗。 相似文献
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不同潜水埋深下土壤水盐运移特征及其交互效应 总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4
为探讨盐水矿化度下土壤水盐分布特征对潜水埋深的响应规律及其水盐交互效应,以黄河三角洲建群种柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour)栽植的土壤柱体为研究对象,模拟设置0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2、1.5和1.8 m共6种潜水水位,测定分析各水位处理下不同土壤剖面的相对含水率、含盐量及土壤溶液绝对浓度等水盐参数。结果表明:随潜水水位的增加,整个土柱水分均值显著降低,土壤含盐量和溶液绝对浓度均值先升高后降低,1.2 m水位是土壤水盐变化的转折点,此水位下各土壤剖面的含盐量和土壤溶液绝对浓度均达最高。土柱水分和盐分变化幅度最大的水位分别在中水位0.9~1.2 m,浅水位0.6 m,土壤溶液绝对浓度变化最剧烈的是深水位1.5~1.8 m。随土壤深度的增加,土壤水分显著升高,土壤盐分先降低后升高,表土层盐分均值最高达1.36%,但土壤溶液绝对浓度显著减小。土壤含盐量、土壤相对含水率与潜水水位分别呈极显著(P0.01)和显著(P0.05)负相关,土壤相对含水率与盐分呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。地下盐水矿化度下,柽柳幼苗栽植深度应超过20 cm深,适宜潜水水位在1.5~1.8 m,栽植深度以30~40 cm较好。研究结果可为地下盐水作用条件下土壤次生盐渍化的防治和柽柳栽植管理提供参考。 相似文献
6.
为阐明连续深松对黑土结构特性及土壤碳库的影响,于2016～2017年设置旋耕(CK)、浅松1年(QS1)、浅松2年(QS2)、深松1年(SS1)、深松2年(SS2)、超深松1年(CS1)、超深松2年(CS2)7个处理,研究了土壤紧实度、容重、孔隙度、总有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量及碳库指数变化。结果表明:深松可显著降低犁底层土壤紧实度。相同深松深度下,深松2年各处理紧实度低于深松1年。深松处理较旋耕显著降低0～40 cm土层土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度。深松2年各处理较深松1年可提高20～40 cm土层土壤容重、降低土壤孔隙度。各深松处理0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量与CK差异不显著,20～40 cm土层显著增加。相同深松深度下,深松2年各处理较深松1年可提高0～10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量。深松较旋耕可提高土壤碳库管理指数。相同深松深度下,增加深松年限可降低0～10 cm、提高10～40 cm土层土壤碳库管理指数。深松较旋耕可有效降低土壤容重、紧实度,提高土壤孔隙度,改善土壤结构,有利于提高0～10 cm土层土壤有机碳转化效率及深层土壤有机碳含量,各处理以CS2表现最优。 相似文献
7.
为探讨不同耕整地方式对甘蔗地耕层土壤结构特性和产量的影响,以1.4 m和1.6 m两种种植行距为主处理,以深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm、深翻50 cm+旋耕25 cm、不深松(旋耕25 cm)3种耕整地作业方式为副处理,对甘蔗产量性状,土壤容重、紧实度、孔隙度、三相容积率、田间持水量、土壤贯入阻力和抗剪强度等土壤结构特性进行研究。结果表明:1.6 m行距处理甘蔗蔗茎产量显著低于1.4 m行距处理;1.6 m行距处理土壤紧实度显著小于1.4 m行距,容重显著高于1.4 m行距处理,1.6 m行距处理显著改善土壤贯入阻力和抗剪强度。与对照不深松(旋耕25 cm)相比,深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm及深翻50 cm+旋耕25 cm处理通过增加土壤耕作深度,显著改善了耕层土壤紧实度和耕层土壤容重,改善了耕层的整体疏松程度;深松作业通过提高耕层土壤总孔隙度,尤其增加了30~40 cm土层的毛管孔隙度,提高了深层土壤的保水能力,对甘蔗中后期株高伸长和茎径增粗产生显著的促进效应。深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm与深翻50 cm+旋耕25 cm均显著降低了耕层土壤贯入阻力,但对土壤抗剪强度的改善效果不显著;深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm的固相容积率最小,气相容积率最大,不深松(旋耕25 cm)耕作措施的固相容积率最大,气相容积率最小,3种耕作措施的液相容积率没有显著差异。深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm和深翻50 cm+旋耕25 cm均对土壤物理结构的改善具有积极作用,能显著提高甘蔗产量,在具有大马力拖拉机和高质量深松器的蔗区建议采用深松35 cm+旋耕25 cm的耕整地方式,在缺乏大马力拖拉机和高质量深松器的蔗区,可以采用铧式犁深翻50 cm+旋耕25 cm的耕整地方式来代替深松,以达到增厚耕层的目的。 相似文献
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9.
半干旱区中耕深松对土壤水分和作物产量的影响 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
为了提高半干旱区旱作农田对天然降雨的利用率,打破犁底层,增加雨水入渗,达到蓄水保墒、提高作物产量的目的,2008~2009年在朝阳半干旱区对旱地玉米和大豆进行中耕深松试验。研究表明,深松能打破犁底层,降低表层土壤容重和根系穿透阻力,提高土壤孔隙度。与对照相比,深松可以增加土壤含水量并可以提高水分入渗深度,深松区土壤水分入渗深度可达80 cm左右,未深松区土壤水分入渗深度只有40 cm左右。深松使玉米根干重增加幅度为3.6%~6.1%,使大豆根干重增加15.1%,并使大豆主根系入土深度增加3 cm,玉米增产幅度1.9%~11.3%,在干旱年份增产效果明显,大豆增产19.47%。 相似文献
10.
长期施肥下土壤性质变化及其对微生物生物量的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
在对长期施用化肥以及与有机肥配施处理的红壤稻田土壤水分特征曲线研究的基础上,考察了土壤性质变化及各种孔隙分布特征,探讨了不同大小孔隙分布和有机碳含量以及微生物生物量的关系。结果表明：长期施用有机肥增加了土壤有机碳含量,提高了土壤保持水分的能力。相比于不施肥处理(通气孔隙度0.121 m3/m3),施用有机肥增加了土壤的通气孔隙(通气孔隙度0.156 m3/m3),施用化肥减少了土壤的通气孔隙(通气孔隙度分别为NK 0.11 m3/m3,NP 0.115 m3/m3,NPK 0.082 m3/m3,2NPK 0.113 m3/m3),长期施用有机肥的土壤中大孔隙度和中孔隙度分别是施用化肥和不施肥处理的 1.45 ~ 1.68倍和1.22 ~ 1.43倍,小孔隙度在0.39 ~ 0.41 m3/m3之间,且所有施肥处理之间无显著差异。通过相关分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与土壤总孔隙度和中孔隙度均极显著相关(P<0.01),与土壤大孔隙度显著相关(P<0.05),土壤微生物生物量碳和呼吸强度与大孔隙度显著相关(P<0.05),说明长期施用有机肥是通过提高土壤有机碳来改善土壤中、大孔隙比例,最终提高土壤总孔隙度,增加土壤大孔隙的数量,有利于土壤微生物的活动的。 相似文献
11.
Xia Li Sichao Wang Zhangjun Jiang Xinglong Li Birong You Chengjie Rui 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):298-315
This paper reports research based on pneumatic subsoiling and the design of a pneumatic subsoiling mechanism to overcome the problems of high resistance and high energy consumption of subsoiling. By analysing soil-specific resistance, soil disturbance rate and soil bulkiness under different air pressure conditions, it is concluded that pneumatic subsoiling can effectively break the soil plough pan and reduce resistance to subsoiling. In order to analyse the impact of air pressure on subsoiling, in this study, principal component analysis was used to analyse the pneumatic subsoiling disturbance parameters (working air pressure, working depth and working speed), and the test results show that the contribution of air pressure to subsoiling resistance and subsoiling disturbance surface reached 24% and 25%, respectively. An orthogonal test was used to analyse the specific resistance of subsoiling, and its significance coefficient is 0.95. Long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM) and bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks Bi-LSTM. are used to predict the cracks on the disturbed surface of subsoiling. LSTM is a method to predict future occurrence using time series data, which can be used to predict the cracks on the disturbed surface of soil, while Bi-LSTM network is an innovative computing paradigm, which learns bidirectional long-term correlation between time step and sequence data, to predict the trend of fissures on the disturbed soil surface. The RSME of LSTM and Bi-LSTM are 4.80 and 6.55, and their determinative factor R2 is 0.95 and 0.94 respectively, which indicates that LSTM and Bi-LSTM can effectively predict the cracks of pneumatic subsoiling. By analysing the specific resistance of pneumatic subsoiling, it can be shown that pneumatic subsoiling can reduce subsoiling resistance and expand the disturbance surface of subsoiling so as to achieve the effects of subsoiling, drag reduction and reduction of fuel consumption. 相似文献
12.
水平微润灌湿润体HYDRUS-2D模拟及其影响因素分析 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
为探索土壤质地、初始含水率、压力水头和埋深对水平微润灌土壤湿润体特性的影响机理,利用试验数据验证了水平微润灌HYDRUS-2 D模拟结果的可靠性,模拟值与实测值非常吻合。在此基础上,模拟研究了3种土壤质地(砂壤土、壤土、粉壤土)以及壤土中不同初始含水率(0.085、0.106、0.130 cm~3/cm~3)、压力水头(0.6、1.2、1.8 m)和埋深(20、30、40 cm)条件下土壤湿润体动态变化规律。结果表明:土壤湿润锋运移距离皆符合垂直向下水平方向垂直向上的规律,湿润体在形状上差异不大,土壤含水率等值线均为近似"同心圆";土壤质地对湿润体特性有显著影响,土壤质地越黏重,湿润锋运移速率越慢,湿润体体积越小,土壤含水率等值线越密集,其"圆心"越靠近微润管,灌水结束时,壤土和砂壤土湿润体体积分别是粉壤土的1.3倍和2.5倍;在确定的土壤质地条件下,初始含水率和压力水头对湿润体特性有较大影响,湿润锋运移距离及湿润体体积均随土壤初始含水率、压力水头的增大而增大,初始含水率为0.106和0.130 cm~3/cm~3的湿润体体积分别是0.085 cm~3/cm~3的1.2倍和1.5倍,压力水头为1.2和1.8 m的湿润体体积分别是0.6 m的1.6倍和2.2倍;微润管埋深对湿润体分布位置有显著影响,埋深较浅时,湿润锋容易到达地表,埋深较深时,土壤湿润体随埋深下移而同步下移。 相似文献
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地下灌竖管灌水器湿润体时空变化规律 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
研究地下竖管灌水器的土壤湿润体特性时空变化规律及影响因素,对进一步研究竖管地下灌溉技术要素,并将这一节水灌溉技术用于实际具有重要意义。该文基于室内竖管灌水器入渗试验,研究了土壤物理特性参数(土壤初始含水率和土壤容重)、竖管灌水器工作压力水头和灌水器技术参数(竖管管径)对土壤湿润体空间分布的影响。根据试验数据,构建了在不同方向上竖管灌水器工作压力水头、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、竖管灌水器直径和竖管灌水器埋深等因素与湿润体时空变化特征值的量化关系,其决定系数均在0.85以上。按标准化回归系数分析得湿润锋运移距离与压力水头、初始含水率、竖管直径及竖管埋深呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关。湿润锋在各个方向的运移距离由大到小依次为:向下、水平和向上。根据不同方向湿润锋运移距离和各影响因素的量化关系,建立了不同方向湿润锋运移速率和各影响因素的量化关系,这一关系表明:在入渗初期,各个方向的湿润锋运移速率较大,随着入渗时间的延续,其值逐渐减小,在200 min左右,开始逐步趋于稳定。 相似文献
14.
The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
He Jin Li Hongwen Wang Xiaoyan A.D. McHugh Li Wenying Gao Huanwen N.J. Kuhn 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,94(2):493-502
Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes. 相似文献
15.
针对海南热带农业区香蕉地现有深松机具匮乏、松土质量差等问题，该研究研制了一款预破土凿式深松机，首先确定整机深松方式，并采用三维建模方法建立深松机整体模型；进一步确定了深松机的整体结构与工作原理，并设计阐述了深松机的关键结构参数。基于田间试验，对深松作业后的土壤坚实度及土壤容重进行测定，确定了前进速度、深松深度、破土刃入土深度为对土壤坚实度及土壤容重有显著影响效果的因素。进一步以土壤坚实度及土壤容重为响应值，基于Box-Behnken设计试验得到响应值与显著性参数的二阶回归模型，并针对显著性参数进行寻优，得到最佳组合：前进速度为1.15 m/s、深松深度为350 mm、破土刃入土深度为250 mm。在标定的最优参数下进行的田间验证试验结果表明，土壤坚实度为752 Pa，土壤容重为1.48 g/cm3，与预测值（734 Pa，1.42 g/cm3）之间的误差分别为2.4%、4.2%，验证了分析的可信性。最后通过与现有传统深松机具开展的对比试验得出：相较于传统深松机具，预破土凿式深松机作业后，土壤坚实度下降6.39%，土壤容重下降9.76%，进一步证明本次试验研制样机适用于海南热区香蕉地深松作业，该机器的设计可为海南热带地区香蕉地深松技术的推广与应用提供参考。 相似文献
16.
B. D. SOANE 《European Journal of Soil Science》1973,24(3):311-323
Methods are described for measuring the changes in the horizontal and vertical distribution of packing state and cone resistance following the passage of wheels and tracks over prepared beds of soil. A gamma-ray transmission system was employed with automatically controlled scanning in a 2 × 2 cm grid in soil sections of 1.08 m length by 0.3 m depth, using a scintillator/photomultiplier detector assembly with stabilized pulse-height analysis and magnetic tape recording. Changes in cone resistance were measured in a 2 cm (vertical) by JO cm (horizontal) grid in a section 1.4 m length by 0.5 m depth using an electrically driven penetrometer with load and displacement simultaneously recorded on an XY plotter and magnetic tape. Results were analysed and displayed graphically by computer with packing state expressed by a number of optional properties (dry bulk density, total porosity, air-filled porosity, void ratio, or specific volume). Pronounced differences in packing state and soil strength were observed as a result of the passage of a two-wheel-drive tractor, with and without cage wheels, and a crawler tractor. Adding a cage wheel decreased slightly the compaction below the rubber tyre, but formed a partially compacted zone below the cage wheel. Increases of dry bulk density and soil strength were recorded below the crawler track but the values for these properties did not reach the maximum values found below the rubber tyre. 相似文献
17.
中国黄土高原区轮耕对土壤团聚体、有机碳氮含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In rain-fed semi-arid agroecosystems, continuous conventional tillage can cause serious problems in soil quality and crop production, whereas rotational tillage (no-tillage and subsoiling) could decrease soil bulk density, and increase soil aggregates and organic carbon in the 0-40 cm soil layer. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage practices on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), water-stable aggregate size distribution and aggregate C and N sequestration from 0 to 40 cm soil in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested: no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 (NT-ST-NT); subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 (ST-NT-ST); and conventional tillage over years 1-3 (CT). Mean values of soil bulk density in 0-40 cm under NT-ST-NT and ST-NT-ST were significantly decreased by 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with CT, while soil total porosity was greatly improved. Rotational tillage increased SOC, TN, and water-stable aggregates in the 0-40 cm soil, with the greatest effect under ST-NT-ST. In 0-20 and 20-40 cm soils, the tillage effect was confined to the 2-0.25 mm size fraction of soil aggregates, and rotational tillage treatments obtained significantly higher SOC and TN contents than conventional tillage. No significant differences were detected in SOC and TN contents in the >2 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates among all treatments. In conclusion, rotational tillage practices could significantly increase SOC and TN levels, due to a fundamental change in soil structure, and maintain agroecosystem sustainability in the Loess Plateau area of China. 相似文献