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1.
A laboratory study was conducted in 1984 to establish base-line data on insecticide tolerance and to detect incipient resistance to representative insecticides within the four major classes of insecticides that are used to control Colorado potato beetles in Idaho. Insecticides tested were aldicarb (a carbamate), endosulfan and DDT (chlorinated hydrocarbons), azinphosmethyl and disulfoton (organophosphates) and fenvalerate (a pyrethroid). Compared with results obtained elsewhere, Idaho populations of Colorado potato beetle proved relatively susceptible to the insecticides tested. However, significant differences were detected among sample populations indicating the potential for insecticide resistance exists. 相似文献
2.
水稻飞虱对十三种杀虫剂的抗性监测 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
1987～1991年选用有机磷、有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类十三种杀虫剂对白背飞虱和褐飞虱用国际统一标准毒力测定点滴法进行抗药性监涮。结果表明：1)白背飞虱和褐飞虱对呋喃丹最为敏感。对马拉硫磷敏感度最低,LD50值相差上百倍。因两种飞虱均属迁飞性害虫,年度间的测定结果稍有波动;2) 白背飞虱抗药性发展比褐飞虱快,在测定方法和供试昆虫条件基本相同的情况下, 将1990年所测几种药剂的LD50与Nagata (1967)测定的数据进行比较。浙江省白背飞虱种群对马拉硫磷的抗性差异高达1lO．56倍, 对杀螟松为48.90倍;褐飞虱种群对马拉硫磷、杀螟松的抗性分别相差11.61倍和6．11倍。3)褐飞虱种群对药剂的敏感度与当地用药水平呈负相关。4) 有机磷类不同品种杀虫剂对两种飞虱的毒力差异较大。毒力较高的久效磷的LD50值与毒力较低的马拉硫磷的LD50值相差数十倍。 相似文献
3.
Nasirian H 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2010,13(22):1077-1084
The control and elimination of German cockroach, the most important worldwide pest species, has been an economic and public health success. Too many studies have been conducted in Iran, whereas these researches was scattered in form of national and international articles that has needed to add up of them in an overview article. With doing of this work the way is smooth to future studies and the strategies of these studies will be distinguished. This article is outlook in direction of above aims. The susceptibility level and insecticide resistance mechanisms of German cockroach to organochlorated, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticide groups have been studied. The new insecticidal compounds include fipronil and avermectins acting at GABA and glutamate receptors in proximity to chloride channels, diacylhydrazines mimicking the action of ecdysone, indoxacarb acting at a novel site in sodium channels and imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and spinosad acting at novel sites on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, several promising products acting at new target sites, which are currently not affected by resistance that will be used for pest control specially Blattella germanica. Attentive to resistance of B. germanica to current consuming insecticides and ever-increasing add to intensity of it, the researchers have been considering the susceptibility level of B. germanica and efficiency estimation of them to above-mentioned insecticides for control of this pest. The strategies of future researches are study of the susceptibility level of B. germanica and efficiency estimation of them to above-mentioned insecticides for control of this pest in Iran. 相似文献
4.
Laboratory cultures of three dipteran leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii, Liriomyza sativae and Chromatomyia horticola, and their four most common hymenopteran parasitoids in Japan, Diglyphus isaea, Chrysocharis pentheus, Neochrysocharis formosa and Hemiptarsenus varicornis, were evaluated for their susceptibility to three conventional insecticides following topical application. All the leafminers were far less sensitive to malathion and moderately less sensitive to permethrin compared with the parasitoids. The marked disparity in insecticide susceptibility convincingly explains the increased abundance of leafminers in the field after applications of these insecticides. L. trifolii and C. horticola were also less sensitive to emamectin-benzoate than the parasitoids, although L. sativae was as sensitive as the parasitoids. We also evaluated the susceptibility of a more minor parasitoid species attacking leafminers in Japan, Halticoptera circulus, to malathion and it was less sensitive than the four more common parasitoid species and may, therefore, be suitable for augmentative biological control of leafminers in IPM programmes that include insecticides. In addition, carboxylesterase activity of each insect species was determined and correlations with their insecticide susceptibility discussed. 相似文献
5.
6.
The mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis has been a serious pest of cotton, vegetables, ornamentals and other plants since its invasion into Pakistan in 2005. Its susceptibility to commonly-used insecticides was monitored during 2005–2013 by a nymphal dip bioassay. Initially, P. solenopsis was found susceptible to a range of insecticide classes. Lethal concentration values were particularly low for organophosphates and pyrethroids. After a year of its exposure to insecticides, P. solenopsis developed moderate to high levels of resistance to pyrethroids. After two years, resistance to organophosphates methidathion and chlorpyrifos also rose to moderate to high levels. After five years of use, resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, endosulfan, carbosulfan, and thiocyclam was generally high to very high. Acetamiprid resistance was slow to develop, as it reached moderate level of resistance after seven years of its extensive applications. Insecticide resistance in P. solenopsis could have been managed in Pakistan if the effective and diverse insecticides were used in rotation, along with other integrated pest management tactics, at the initial stages of resistance development. 相似文献
7.
The use of the organophosphate malathion (mercaptothion) in protein bait sprays for fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) control in South African citrus orchards will slowly phase out due to lower tolerances of residues of this insecticide on fruit destined for export markets. As such, a replacement for malathion is being sought. In this study, efficacy of six insecticides: abamectin, alpha-cypermethrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, spinosad and tartar emetic, in combination with HymLure (a protein based attractant), was determined in laboratory assays on female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. Three concentrations of HymLure (0.8%, 2% and 10%) were tested with five concentrations of each insecticide. Thereafter the efficacy of the most promising attractant–insecticide combination was determined and compared in the laboratory and in a citrus orchard to standard HymLure–malathion (mixture of 0.8% HymLure and malathion at 875 ppm, diluted in water) and GF-120 (5%, diluted in water) treatments for C. capitata and Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Natal fly). Among the insecticides tested, spinosad was found to induce the highest fly mortality in a shorter time over the whole range of concentrations tested, with mortality reaching above 80% after 24 h when combined with a solution of either 2% HymLure or 10% HymLure. Fipronil, tartar emetic and imidacloprid did not act as fast but were also effective, especially when combined with higher concentrations of HymLure. A mixture of 2% HymLure and spinosad at 48 ppm was found to be effective against both C. capitata and C. rosa in both laboratory and field tests and could therefore be recommended as a replacement for malathion-based bait sprays. 相似文献
8.
长江流域稻区二化螟抗药性监测 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
2008-2009年期间,采用毛细管点滴法测定了浙、苏、皖、湘、鄂、川、豫等7省17个种群二化螟4龄幼虫对常用杀虫剂的抗性,结果表明:长江流域稻区二化螟对杀虫剂的抗性分布存在明显的区域性。高抗区浙江南部的苍南、瑞安、江山二化螟种群对20世纪70-90年代广泛使用的沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单(抗性倍数43.2～177.0倍)和有机磷类的三唑磷(238.7～728.1倍)、毒死蜱(31.7～57.8倍)均产生了高-极高水平抗性,且对近年来开始广泛使用的氟虫腈(11.2～24.7倍)和阿维菌素(5.9～7.1倍)也产生了中等或低水平抗性;中抗区的安徽庐江、湖南攸县、江苏高淳种群对三唑磷产生极高水平抗性(203.2～379.0倍),对杀虫单(18.3～48.8倍)和毒死蜱(29.8倍)产生了中等-高水平抗性,对氟虫腈(4.4倍)和阿维菌素(4.1～4.7倍)为敏感性降低;低抗区除江苏仪征种群对毒死蜱(45.2倍)、安徽和县种群对三唑磷(50.0倍)开始产生高水平抗性外,对其他杀虫剂为敏感-中等水平抗性,对氟虫腈和阿维菌素为敏感;敏感区的河南信阳、江苏连云港、四川武胜种群除对个别杀虫剂(如杀虫单)为低水平抗性外,对其他大多数杀虫剂为敏感-敏感性降低。还讨论了按抗性分布的区域性来制定相应的抗性治理方案。 相似文献
9.
In the late 1970s the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) became the primary cotton pest in the Sudan, superseding the American bollworm Heliothis armigera (Hübner). DDT and a DDT/dimethoate combination were used to control the bollworm and, simultaneously, jassids and whiteflies. B. tabaci, a secondary pest at first, became resistant to dimethoate by frequent selections from 1964 onwards. At the same time, fertility stimulation occurred due to DDT residues on cotton plants. Finally, resistance reached a level so that the whitefly were not controlled by dimethoate, monocrotophos or other organophosphorus insecticides, and stimulation by DDT could exert its full effect. The consequence of this was a tremendous flare-up of the whitefly by 1980/81. This train of events was concluded from laboratory and field studies of the resistance patterns, as well as the acceleration effects from DDT residues on plants to the whitefly. A current hypothesis claiming that the problems arose from the elimination of beneficial insects through insecticide applications is reviewed in the light of experimental evidence and practical experience. 相似文献
10.
White backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), is one of the most devastating insect pests on rice in Asia. Its control mainly depended on the chemical pesticides. Surveys of insecticide susceptibility revealed that organophosphorus and carbamate resistance has emerged since early 1980s in China and Japan. WBPH has the long distance migration property, and Heinrichs(1994) considered that the migration might influence the resistance level of planthoppers. So we conducted the comparative studies on insecticide susceptibility and activities of resistance relative enzymes in four WBPH populations collected from Zhejiang, Yunnan, and Hainan provinces of China in 1997. 相似文献
11.
L. M. Torres-Vila M. C. Rodríguez-Molina A. Lacasa-Plasencia P. Bielza-Lino 《Crop Protection》2002,21(10):1003-1013
Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest on a wide range of crops in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. Insecticide treatments are currently indispensable for its control in almost all crops, which has resulted in insecticide resistance occuring in some situations. However, since information about insecticide resistance of H. armigera in Europe is very limited, the current resistance status of this pest was investigated in Spain from 1995 to 1999. Toxicological bioassays were conducted in the laboratory, LD50's estimated by probit analysis and resistance factors (RF) calculated at the LD50 level. Eleven chemicals, including endosulfan, carbamates (carbaryl, methomyl, thiodicarb) and organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, methamidophos, azinphos-methyl, trichlorphon, acephate, monocrotophos) were tested. Ninety-seven percent of insecticide–strain combinations showed susceptibility (RF=1) or low insecticide resistance (RF=2–10) (157 of 162, 97%). Moderate resistance (RF=11–18) was only recorded to carbamates (carbaryl, methomyl and/or thiodicarb) in five strains. Insecticide resistance of H. armigera in Spain was therefore not as high or widespread as in other areas of the world. Since insecticide pressure against the pest in Spain is not likely to be lower, nor IPM implementation better, than elsewhere, additional factors that potentially account for low levels of insecticide resistance of H. armigera, including migration and cropping structure leading to the existence of refugia are discussed from an agroecological perspective. 相似文献
12.
Altaf Hussain Chaudhry Syed Mahfooz Ali Shah Kh. Imdad Hussain Ch. A. H. Tariq Raymon E. Webb 《American Journal of Potato Research》1984,61(11):703-709
Inability to produce large quantities of high quality, relatively diseasefree potato seed is a major constraint to providing economic support to a highly important and rapidly expanding potato production industry in Pakistan. Studies were undertaken for 5 years to evaluate productivity of seed of cultivars Red Bad, Ajax, Atica, Patrones, Montana, Cosima, Desiree, and Cardinal grown at five environmentally diverse locations in Pakistan versus seed of the same cultivars imported from Europe. The productivity trials were conducted during the autumn and spring seasons at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (Punjab Plains). The results from the 5-year test period indicate that seed of each of the cultivars produced in the high hills (Baluchistan, Northwest Frontier Province) and during autumn (September to December) in the Punjab Plains, the latter cold stored until the following September, are equally as productive as seed imported from Europe. 相似文献
13.
Profenofos, an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor insecticide, has been used for the management of various lepidopteron pests of many crops in Pakistan. In the present study, we investigated the impact of insecticide resistance on fitness cost in Spodoptera litura, and evaluated cross resistance to other insecticides. The effect of profenofos on different life history parameters including survival rate, female ratio, fecundity and hatchability, intrinsic rate of population increase and biotic potential was determined. Significant differences associated with fitness costs were revealed. A field collected S. litura strain was selected by exposure to profenofos in the laboratory (Profen-SEL) and after 14 generations of selection it developed a 52-fold resistance to this insecticide. The Profen-SEL strain showed high cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (62-fold), but very low to no cross resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin (2.34-fold) or methomyl (0.80-fold), respectively. The resistant strain had a relative fitness of 0.38 with a low larval survival rate, longer larval duration, longer male pupal duration, longer development time, low emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity and hatchability compared with an unselected strain. The intrinsic rate of natural population increase, mean relative growth rate and biotic potential were lower for the selected strain compared with an unselected strain. Development of resistance may cause fitness costs for the resistant strain. This study provided important information for understanding profenofos resistance and facilitating a better strategy for the management of resistance. 相似文献
14.
Field populations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), from Pakistan were assessed for their resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon endosulfan, the organophosphates chlorpyrifos and quinalphos, and the pyrethroids cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin. Using a leaf-dip bioassay, resistance to endosulfan was high during 1998–2000 but declined to very low, to low levels during 2001–2007, following a reduced use of the insecticide. Organophosphates and pyrethroids were consistently used over the past three decades, and the resistance had been increasing to these insecticide classes. Generally, the resistance to chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids remained low from 1998 to 2002–2003, but resistance increased to moderate to high levels from 2003–2004 to 2006–2007. For deltamethrin, resistance was very high during 2004–2007. Quinalphos resistance remained low during 1998–2006. Correlation analysis of LC50 and LC90 values showed a positive correlation between organophosphates and pyrethroids, but no correlation between endosulfan and organophosphates or pyrethroids tested herein. These results suggest that the conventional chemistries should be replaced with new chemistries for the successful management of S. exigua. 相似文献
15.
The mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis is a destructive pest of cotton with the potential to develop resistance to most chemical classes of insecticides. Six populations of P. solenopsis from cotton crops at six different locations in Pakistan were evaluated for resistance to selected organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. Resistance ratios (RRs) at LC50 were in the range of 2.7–13.3 fold for chlorpyrifos, 11.6–30.2 fold for profenofos and for the three pyrethroids tested were 10.6–46.4 for bifenthrin, 5.8–25.2 for deltamethrin and 4.1–25.0 for lambda-cyhalothrin. This is the first report of resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistani populations of P. solenopsis. Regular insecticide resistance monitoring programs are needed to prevent field control failures. Moreover, integrated approaches including the judicious use of insecticides and rotation of insecticides with different modes of action are needed to delay the development of insecticide resistance in P. solenopsis. 相似文献
16.
Cyperus difformis L. is one of the worst weeds of rice world-wide and has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in rice fields of California. Propanil use was intensified to control the widespread resistant biotypes. Rice growers have recently experienced poor control, suggesting resistance to this photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide may have evolved in C. difformis populations. The objectives of this study were to detect the presence of propanil resistance, to establish resistance levels, and to investigate involvement of enhanced herbicide detoxification as mechanism of resistance through the use of metabolic inhibitors. Four C. difformis populations collected in rice fields from the Sacramento Valley of California were confirmed resistant to propanil. This is the first case of such resistance outside the Poaceae and the first time C. difformis exhibits resistance to an herbicide mechanism of action other than ALS inhibition. Carbaryl and malathion applied individually in mixture with propanil had minor effects on herbicide toxicity suggesting metabolic detoxification was not a resistance mechanism. A resistant biotype produced more than 80% biomass after a propanil (6.7 kg a.i. ha−1) and carbaryl (1.9 kg a.i. ha−1) or propanil and malathion (1.0 kg a.i. ha−1) treatment compared to <20% by a susceptible biotype, suggesting substantial resistance still persisted in spite of insecticide addition. Propanil-resistant plants were cross-resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl and penoxsulam, but susceptible to carfentrazone. The loss of propanil to control this important weed of rice underscores the fragility of herbicide-based weed control in monoculture rice. Integrated weed management approaches to decrease herbicide selection pressure are needed to mitigate the evolution of multiple-herbicide resistance in C. difformis of California rice. 相似文献
17.
Drosophila suzukii is an invasive insect pest which has major impacts on small fruit production throughout North America. Current control programs use frequent applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. To prevent resistance, modes of action must be rotated. This study examines the acute and residual efficacy of rotational treatment programs designed to meet the needs of commercial growers in the southeastern United States, a region which experiences significant precipitation throughout the growing season. All insecticide applications had greater adult acute mortality than controls, and some had residual efficacy for three or more days after treatment. Programs had no residual effects at seven days after treatment. Within programs, organophosphates (phosmet and malathion) and pyrethroids (zeta-cypermethrin and fenpropathrin) were the most effective. Some programs also resulted in less offspring production by D. suzukii in bioassays and reduced field infestation compared to controls. Results show that effective, season-long rotational chemical treatment programs can be designed to minimize crop damage, meet exportation requirements and manage for resistance. Understanding the effect of regional climate on the performance of individual insecticide treatments and their efficacy will be critical for widespread implementation of effective control programs for D. suzukii. 相似文献
18.
二化螟抗药性监测和对三唑磷抗性的遗传分析 总被引：43，自引：5，他引：38
采用点滴法测定了2001~2002年浙、苏、皖、赣等4省水稻二化螟4龄幼虫对氟虫腈、阿维菌素、三唑磷及杀虫单等的抗性;用三唑磷高抗种群经室内筛选纯化后与室内敏感种群进行正反交、回交,对三唑磷抗性进行了初步遗传分析。结果表明：(1) 通过对4省7个种群的检测,发现浙江瑞安种群对氟虫腈有低水平抗性（抗性倍数为6.5倍）,其他种群虽存在敏感度差异（1.0~1.6倍）,但均属敏感范围;(2) 浙、苏、皖三省6个不同种群对阿维菌素的敏感度变化小于2.3倍,未检测到明显抗药性;(3) 4省10个种群对三唑磷敏感度变化很大（LD50值为有效成分0.0052~1.0114 μg/头）,其中瑞安种群具有高水平抗性（163.1倍）,温州种群为中等水平抗性（18.2倍）,常熟、锡山和金坛3种群为低水平抗性（6.7~9.7倍）,新洋农场、楚州、连云港、宜丰和太湖5种群为敏感（0.8~2.9倍）;(4) 4省9个种群对杀虫单均有不同程度抗药性,瑞安和宜丰种群达高水平抗性（113.7和57.6倍）,温州、常熟、金坛和太湖4种群为中等水平抗性（11.0~29.7倍）,新洋农场和锡山种群为低水平抗性（6.7和7.5倍）,灌云种群抗性最低,为3.7倍;(5)瑞安种群对三唑磷抗性属单个主基因控制的不完全显性性状,但不排除微效修饰基因的存在。 相似文献
19.
Test kits were developed to enable growers to assess insecticide resistance in Colorado potato beetle populations. Kits included tests for resistance to: carbofuran (Furadan® 4F), phosmet (Imidan® 50WP), esfenvalerate (Asana® 1.9EC), and a combination of esfenvalerate & piperonyl butoxide (Butacide® 8EC). Tests were petri dishes containing filter paper treated with a discriminating concentration of insecticide (i.e., kills susceptible beetles but not resistant beetles). Discriminating concentrations were determined by testing susceptible and resistant strains of beetle across a range of insecticide concentration. About 200 test kits were distributed during the summer of 1988. Results received indicate: 1) Michigan beetle populations were either susceptible or highly resistant to carbofuran, 2) phosmet resistance was more widespread than previously thought, 3) many populations showed moderate to high levels of resistance to esfenvalerate, and 4) adding piperonyl butoxide reduced resistance to esfenvalerate, in many, but not all populations. Resistance kits help growers determine if insecticide resistance is present in beetle populations (either prior to or after an insecticide application), and also generate data useful to research and extension personnel in documenting the extent and distribution of resistance. 相似文献
20.
毛细管柱气相色谱法测定胡椒中有机磷农药残留量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用毛细管柱气相色谱技术分析胡椒中有机磷农药敌敌畏、乐果和马拉硫磷的残留量。采用弹性石英毛细管柱AC10 （30m×0.32mmx0.25μm）,火焰光度检测器（FPD）。结果表明:样品的色谱图未出现与标准溶液色谱图中敌敌畏、乐果、马拉硫磷相一致的色谱峰,未检出相应农药残留量,3种农药的平均回收率分别为74.6％（RSD=7.9％）、 76.4％（RSD=7.3％）、81.0％（RSD=8.3％）;检出限分别为4.0,5.0,8.0μ·kg-1。分析工作质量控制均符合要求。 相似文献