共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 437 毫秒
1.
不同水分胁迫和覆盖方式对番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间试验,研究了不同水分胁迫和覆盖方式对番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,轻度水分胁迫下果实产量为36.3×10~3 kg/hm~2,中度和高度水分胁迫下,果实产量相较于轻度水分胁迫分别减少了11.3%和31.7%;秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖比无覆盖条件下果实产量分别增加25.3%和16.5%。秸秆覆盖条件下,水分利用效率、净蒸散利用效率及灌溉水利用效率最高,分别为19.7、47.5和16.7kg/m~3,地膜覆盖条件下则略为低一些,无覆盖条件下最低。针对最大水分利用效率和最大产量的耗水量临界值,相较于无覆盖和地膜覆盖,秸秆覆盖条件下临界值差别最小为60mm。不同水分胁迫下秸秆覆盖方式可明显改善土壤的水分状况,促进番茄生长,显著提高作物产量和水分利用效率。 相似文献
2.
不同覆盖和水分处理对夏玉米生长发育和耗水特性的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在防雨棚下的测坑,研究了夏玉米在3种土壤水分下限控制条件下(占田间持水量的75%、65%和55%)不覆盖、地膜覆盖以及秸秆覆盖对作物生长发育、产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:地膜和秸秆覆盖的株高、叶面积指数、产量和水分利用效率均大于不覆盖;高水分秸秆覆盖的株高和叶面积指数高于地膜覆盖和无覆盖,中、低水分时地膜覆盖的株高和叶面积指数高于秸秆覆盖和无覆盖;中水分秸秆覆盖的增产效果最好,增产率为44.80%,高水分地膜覆盖的增产效果最差,增产率仅为9.32%;高、中水分条件下地膜覆盖的WUE提高率最大,分别为19.09%和50.64%,而低水分条件下秸秆覆盖的WUE提高率最大.由此可见,地膜和秸秆覆盖效应各有优势,土壤水分下限控制在田间持水量的65%时覆盖效果最佳. 相似文献
3.
不同水分和覆盖处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《灌溉排水学报》2015,(8)
通过防雨棚下测坑试验,研究了4种水分条件下(全生育期控制灌水下限分别为田间持水率的80%FC、70%FC、60%FC和50%FC)无覆盖、地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖(覆盖量4 500kg/hm2)对土壤温度及冬小麦叶面积指数、产量构成性状、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜和秸秆覆盖改变了冬小麦不同生育阶段的土壤热状况。地膜覆盖加快了冬小麦叶面积指数的增长进程,秸秆覆盖则减缓了叶面积指数的增长。4种水分条件下地膜和秸秆覆盖降低了冬小麦有效穗数,但增加了穗粒数和千粒质量等,促使地膜覆盖处理增产6.53%~23.23%,秸秆覆盖处理增产-0.04%~4.96%;地膜和秸秆覆盖都降低了冬小麦耗水量,提高了水分利用效率。地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的增产率及水分利用效率提升率均随着灌水下限的降低而增大,同一水分条件下地膜覆盖的节水增产效果大于秸秆覆盖。建议研究区域冬小麦灌水控制下限为田间持水率的60%~70%,优先选用地膜覆盖模式。 相似文献
4.
秸秆覆盖对夏玉米田棵间蒸发和土壤温度的影响 总被引：37，自引：1，他引：36
华北平原高产农区冬小麦和夏玉米实行1年二作的种植制度,夏玉米生长在雨热同期的6～9月,降雨能满足夏玉米50%左右的需求,需灌溉1～2水。研究表明,夏玉米田全生育期土壤的无效蒸发占其总蒸散的1/3左右。实施秸秆覆盖可以有效地保墒土壤、降低土壤蒸发,大大提高夏玉米的水分利用效率。试验结果表明,秸秆覆盖对土壤蒸发的抑制率3年平均为58%,前期由于LAI小,土壤裸露,秸秆覆盖的效果更明显。秸秆覆盖可以有效地平抑地温的变化,降低地温的日振幅,缓和昼夜温差,避免了地温的剧烈变化,能有效地缓解地温的激变对作物根部产生的伤害。由于秸秆覆盖改善了土壤的水热变化,有利于作物的生长和产量和水分利用效率的提高。11年的覆盖试验结果表明,在不同的年型,秸秆覆盖处理平均增产4.35%,水分利用效率平均提高12.26%,耗水系数平均降低9.75%。 相似文献
5.
6.
《中国农村水利水电》2019,(3)
为研究不同覆盖方式及调亏模式对梨枣树产量及品质的影响。通过2017年桶栽梨枣树试验,共设置不同覆盖(无覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖)和不同调亏模式(充分灌溉、萌芽展叶期胁迫、开花坐果期胁迫、果实膨大期胁迫和果实成熟期胁迫)两个因素共15个处理。结果表明,地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖处理均能增加桶栽梨枣的产量,相比无覆盖处理分别提高了41.5%和60.6%(p0.05),同时,秸秆覆盖处理的产量略高于地膜覆盖处理,但之间并无显著差异。开花坐果期与果实膨大期进行水分胁迫会导致桶栽梨枣的产量显著降低,萌芽展叶期与果实成熟期适当的水分亏缺并不会显著影响桶栽梨枣的产量;果实成熟期进行水分胁迫可以显著提高桶栽梨枣的水分利用效率,相比充分灌溉处理提高了25.9%(p0.05);两种覆盖方式均能有效改善梨枣的果实品质,且秸秆覆盖的改善效果更好;不同生育期水分胁迫对梨枣品质的改善作用强弱程度依次为果实成熟期果实膨大期萌芽展叶期开花坐果期。综合考虑,秸秆覆盖与果实成熟期对梨枣树进行水分胁迫处理能有效提高产量、改善品质,是本地区较优的梨枣树栽培管理方式。另外,不同处理对枣品质影响的偏好分析发现,在果实成熟期进行胁迫处理,对口感维度的各项因子均产生了较强的正效应,大幅度地提升了梨枣的果实品质,故推荐在果实成熟期进行胁迫处理,以增强果实品质。 相似文献
7.
秸秆覆盖对沟灌水盐迁移与玉米水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究河套灌区盐渍化土壤垄背地膜和秸秆覆盖下的沟灌土壤水盐迁移特征,明晰沟灌作物产量及水分利用效率的变化规律,设置垄背秸秆覆盖量分别为0.3（P0.3）、0.6（P0.6）、0.9（P0.9）、1.2kg/m 2 （P1.2）和常规覆膜（DM）、裸地不覆盖（CK）6种处理,于2019年进行沟灌灌水试验,对比分析了不同秸秆覆盖量下玉米生育期前后沟断面土壤水盐分布、作物产量及水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明：玉米苗期,覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理能显著降低作物无效耗水,保证生育后期对水分的需求;抽雄灌浆期,覆膜增温效应促进了作物生长,DM处理玉米耗水强烈,土壤储水量最低;玉米成熟期,垂直方向土壤水分运动较前期减弱。整体来看,P1.2、P0.9处理蓄水保墒效果较好（P<0.05）。沟灌灌水定额较小、盐分淋洗效果较差,且受土壤蒸发及地下水补给作用,因此造成根系层盐分累积。覆膜和秸秆覆盖处理均能有效抑制盐分聚集,P1.2和P0.9处理生育末期的土壤含盐量较初始含盐量增幅较小,分别为14.10%和24.74%。P0.9和DM处理产量和水分利用效率较CK分别提高20.01%、25.46%和11.32%、15.29%,增幅较大;过量秸秆覆盖造成播期土壤温度偏低,会影响玉米出苗,P1.2处理玉米产量和水分利用效率较DM处理略有降低,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。采用主成分分析法对沟灌秸秆覆盖下土壤保墒抑盐效果、玉米出苗、产量以及水分利用效率等因素进行综合评价,初步确定适宜的沟灌秸秆覆盖模式,建议采用0.9~1.2kg/m 2 的垄背秸秆覆盖量代替常规地膜覆盖,以减小地膜残留带来的环境污染。本研究可为灌区农业栽培提供一定借鉴。 相似文献
8.
不同生育期水分亏缺对春青稞水分利用和产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对不同生育期水分亏缺程度对春青稞(Hordeum vulgare)水分利用效率和产量的影响进行了桶栽试验研究。试验处理设充分灌溉处理(2个水分控制下限和秸秆覆盖)以及在全生育期和5个不同生育期的4个水分亏缺程度(轻度、中度、重度和极度)处理,共27个处理。结果表明,在充分灌溉条件下,75%田间持水率水分下限控制处理的春青稞收获指数、籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率大于80%水分处理;秸秆覆盖处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率在所有试验处理中最大。在全生育期水分亏缺条件下,春青稞籽粒产量均小于充分灌溉处理,且随着水分亏缺程度的增大而显著减小;轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可获得更大的作物收获指数和水分利用效率,但极度水分亏缺却导致最低的籽粒产量、收获指数和水分利用效率。除成熟期水分亏缺处理外,不同生育期水分亏缺处理条件下,春青稞籽粒产量和作物水分利用效率基本随着水分亏缺程度的增大而减小;拔节期、分蘖期和灌浆期水分亏缺对籽粒产量的不利影响较大。地表秸秆覆盖或全生育期轻度至重度水分亏缺处理可提高春青稞水分利用效率。 相似文献
9.
玉米秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤紧实度及水分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为研究秸秆覆盖免耕措施对土壤紧实度、水分等物理性质的影响,以吉林省梨树县高家村试验田为研究对象,探讨免耕秸秆不同覆盖量和免耕秸秆不同覆盖年限条件下,不同耕层深度土壤紧实度及水分变化特征。结果表明:秸秆覆盖免耕地0~20cm耕层土壤紧实度高于传统耕作(CK),20~50cm耕层土壤紧实度低于CK,因免耕年限的增加,犁底层逐渐消失。秸秆覆盖免耕地0~50cm土壤含水量较CK提高了14.78%~23.64%,且随秸秆覆盖量、秸秆还田年限的增加而增大;随耕层深度的增加,水分含量先增加后减少。因此,在雨养农业区,因地制宜地采取秸秆覆盖免耕措施对促进作物生长、保证粮食高产稳产具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
滴灌下覆盖和追肥措施对夏玉米生长及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于2 a田间试验,研究了滴灌下秸秆覆盖和追肥措施对华北典型区(北京)夏玉米耗水量、生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖减缓了土壤水分下降速度,一定程度上提高了土壤蓄水能力;秸秆覆盖对叶面积指数的变化存在显著影响,而追肥措施对株高和叶面积指数变化没有显著影响;充分滴灌下,相比不覆盖处理,秸秆覆盖并没有显著减少夏玉米生育期耗水量,但对作物产量和水分利用效率变化存在显著影响,基于100 kg/hm~2追肥量和6 000 kg/hm~2秸秆覆盖措施下,夏玉米产量和水分利用效率分别显著提高了11%和13%(P0.05)。 相似文献
11.
秸秆覆盖畦灌对冬小麦生长发育及土壤环境的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用3种不同的秸秆覆盖量,以不覆盖为对照(CK),研究秸秆覆盖畦灌对冬小麦生长发育及其土壤环境的影响。试验结果表明,秸秆覆盖对畦灌水流有明显的阻滞作用,其中覆盖量为4 500 kg/hm2的阻滞作用最大,9 000 kg/hm2的阻滞最小;秸秆覆盖畦灌对土壤具有明显的保墒、调温效应;对冬小麦返青期的分蘖、株高均无显著影响;可有效提高产量,其中9 000 kg/hm2与4 500 kg/hm2处理达显著水平。综合考虑认为,最适合陕西杨凌冬小麦秸秆覆盖畦灌栽培的覆盖量为9 000 kg/hm2。 相似文献
12.
果园秸秆覆盖是西北旱区果业提质增效的有效途径,但人工作业的低效性制约了该技术的发展。本研究旨在探明秸秆原料切碎/粉碎加工对覆盖土壤水分和温度的影响,为秸秆机械化覆盖技术开发提供理论依据。本文以切碎加工的小麦(CW)、玉米(CC)、大豆秸秆(CS)和粉碎加工的小麦(SW)、玉米(SC)、大豆秸秆(SS)为覆盖基质,以无覆盖处理(CK)为对照,在室外容器中模拟研究秸秆—薄土分层覆盖在果园土壤保墒、保温、抑制杂草方面的效果。结果表明:试验期内,各覆盖处理的底层土壤含水率均高于CK,切碎、粉碎秸秆覆盖的土壤含水率分别高于CK 3.16%和2.35%。小麦、玉米秸秆切碎覆盖的土壤保墒效果优于粉碎覆盖,而大豆秸秆相反。各覆盖处理均有效地减小底层土壤全天的温度波动,即在早、晚提高土壤温度,而午间则降低土壤温度。小麦、玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖的土壤保温效果略优于切碎覆盖,而大豆秸秆相反。从3种秸秆的土壤保温效果综合评价,切碎、粉碎加工方式对其影响不明显。各覆盖处理均有明显地隔离上、下层土壤水分交换的效果,能起到抑制杂草的作用。CW、CC和CS处理的表土层和底土层土壤含水率差值分别为9.50%、9.05%和9.18%,而对应的SW、SC和SS处理差值分别为8.1 3%、8.2 8%和9.4 7%。综合分析秸秆切碎、粉碎加工对分层覆盖土壤水热的影响,认为果园秸秆分层机械化覆盖中,秸秆加工应优先采用切碎方式。 相似文献
13.
Effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yields under monsoonal climatic conditions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fresh water shortages are severally restricting sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity of fresh water has forced farmers to use brackish water from shallow underground sources, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields but also increases the risk of soil salinization. To identify safe and effective ways of using brackish water in this region, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield in a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system. The experiment was in a split-plot design. Six rates of straw mulching (0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) were assigned to the main plots and two irrigation water qualities (i.e. brackish water with salt content of 3.0-5.0 g/L and fresh water with only 1.27 g salt/L) were applied to subplots. The brackish water irrigation significantly increased the salt content at different soil depths in the upper 1 m soil layer during the two growing seasons. Straw mulching affected the vertical distribution of salt in the brackish water irrigation plots and the average salt content of straw mulch treatments (4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) within the 0-20, 20-40 and 0-100 cm soil depths was 10.2, 14.0 and 1.8% lower than that without straw mulch (A0). No salt accumulation occurred to a depth of 1 m in the brackish water irrigation plots and there was no correlation between the value of SAS (salt accumulated in 1 m of soil) and straw mulch rate. In 2000 and 2001, the salt content within the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots increased due to high evaporation rates during April-June, and then decreased up to September as salts were leached by rain. For the fresh water irrigation plots, the salt content remained relatively stable. Straw mulching affected the salt content in the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots in different periods of 2000 and 2001, but no correlation between salt content and straw mulch rates was observed except in September of 2000. Unlike for wheat, the yield of maize increased as the straw mulch rate increased according to the equation, y = 0.1589x + 5.3432 (R2 = 0.6506). Our results would be helpful in adopting brackish water irrigation and straw mulching in ways that enhance crop yields and reduce the risk of soil salinization. However, long-term effects of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield need to be further evaluated for sustainability of the system. 相似文献
14.
《Agricultural Water Management》2005,72(3):209-222
The yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the major crops planted in the Loess Plateau, China, is mainly affected by available water. Straw mulch and irrigation are efficient ways of influencing wheat yield and water-use efficiency. To develop better semiarid crop and water management practices, a 13-year experiment in spring wheat monoculture was conducted at the Dingxi Soil and Water Conservation Institute of the Loess Plateau. The influence of rainfall during the growing season (March–July) on yields of rain-fed wheat was studied for 13 years (1982–1992 and 1997–1998). The influence of straw mulch and irrigation on wheat yield, and water-use efficiency, was studied for 2 years (1997–1998). We found that growing season rainfall had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on biomass and grain yield of spring wheat in rain-fed conditions during the 13 years. Both biomass and grain yield were very low and varied significantly due to the low and significant variability of growing season rainfall. Straw mulch increased wheat yields significantly during both dry (1997) and wet (1998) years. It increased biomass and grain yield by 37 and 52%, respectively, in 1997, and by 20 and 26%, respectively, in 1998. Straw mulch also significantly decreased evapotranspiration (P < 0.05), soil water depletion (P < 0.01), and increased water-use efficiency (P < 0.001). Biomass and grain yield both increased (P < 0.01 orP < 0.001) with increasing irrigation in 1997 and 1998. The three irrigation levels increased the biomass yield from 34 to 66% in 1997, and from 34 to 77% in 1998. The irrigation levels also increased grain yield from 53 to 102% in 1997, and from 22 to 57% in 1998. Water-use efficiency for biomass and grain yield also increased with increasing irrigation. On the other hand, irrigation water-use efficiency for biomass and grain yield decreased with increasing irrigation. The results suggest that higher crop yields in the semiarid Loess Plateau may be achieved by using irrigation, or a proper combination of straw mulch and irrigation. 相似文献
15.
不同覆盖方式对土壤水分分布的影响 总被引：24，自引：3，他引：21
在位于典型半湿润灌区的山东农业大学农业生态实验站研究了冬小麦秸秆覆盖与起垄覆膜沟内播种(膜垄)2种覆盖模式的土壤水分时空动态变化。结果表明,秸秆覆盖能有效提高冬小麦30 cm以下土壤含水率,膜垄对0-30 cm土壤含水率的提高贡献最大。进入拔节期后,随着冬小麦生育进程的推进,膜垄在30-120 cm土层含水率降幅较大,形成一个水分亏缺带,而秸秆覆盖在该土层的含水率一直较高。该试验表明,膜垄在保水保墒和土壤水分垂直分布方面表现出与秸秆覆盖完全不同的特点。 相似文献
16.
17.
Response of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to mulching practices under planted greenhouse condition
Yin-Li Liang Xing WuJuan-Juan Zhu Mao-Juan ZhouQiang Peng 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,99(1):111-120
Mulch is considered a desirable management technology for conserving soil moisture, improving soil temperature and soil quality. This study aimed to investigate soil conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield and quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under such practices in greenhouse condition. A field experiment across 3 years was carried out with four types of mulch (without mulch [CK], wheat straw mulch [SM], plastic film mulch [FM], and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw [CM]). Mulch could improve soil physical properties regardless of mulch materials. FM and CM treatments improved soil moistures status and soil temperature in comparison to CK control, while SM increased soil water content and decreased soil temperature. Mulch increased leaf net photosynthesis rate (PN), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E), but declined instant water use efficiency (WUEi). No significant effect of mulch application on chlorophyll fluorescence was existent for the entire growth season. Fruit yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) showed some increment under all the mulch conditions. Compared to CK, the yield was enhanced by 82.3%, 65.0%, and 111.5% in 2008; 38.1%, 17.4%, and 46.5% in 2009; and 14.3%, 6.5%, and 19.6% in 2010 under SM, FM, and CM conditions, respectively. Although FM produced better fruit quality than other treatments, CM is the recommended practice for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouse condition due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable yield. 相似文献
18.
秸秆覆盖对冬小麦的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了"黄淮海"一年两熟地区秸秆覆盖对冬小麦的生长发育和产量性状及其构成要素的影响.试验表明:秸秆覆盖可以改善土壤的理化性状,增加土壤养分有效性,可提高水分利用率,提高土壤的生物活性,明显地调节作物生长的水、肥、气、热等生态条件,促进了小麦的生长发育,可以明显提高小麦的产量.未进行秸秆覆盖的处理产量为4 617.93kg/hm2;进行秸秆覆盖的处理,小麦平均产量最高可达到 5 360.00kg/hm2,提高了1 303.67kg/hm2,增产可达到 28.23%. 相似文献