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油桃保护地栽培整形修剪方式研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
连续３年在保护地高密栽培条件下，对‘曙光’油桃两种整形方式和“采后去冠”（ＰｏｓｔｈａｒｖｅｓｔＣａｎｏｐｙＲｅｍｏｖａｌ，简写作ＰＣＲ）修剪系统进行了研究。结果表明：（１）与传统的低干开心形相比，圆柱形整枝有利于形成较大面积的叶幕和较大体积的树冠，而且疏松，冠内透光率高。 相似文献
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对5年生开心形水蜜桃,采用改良削切法嫁接锦绣黄桃,接后第2年基本形成树冠,第3年667 m2产量达500 kg,第4年达高产。简介了水蜜桃改接锦绣黄桃后的整形修剪、土肥水管理、花果管理、病虫害防治等管理技术。 相似文献
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板栗是喜光果树,当年枝叶生长量大,成枝力强,枝条顶端优势很强,树冠形成快,易造成树冠高大,外围枝条密集,内膛光秃现象;因此,整形修剪是板栗栽培管理中一项非常重要的技术措施.但实际生产中,果农对板栗的修剪多粗放或者放任不剪,造成结果晚,产量低,效益差,大小年严重,不好管理.为了矮化板栗树冠,确保树体通风透光提早结果,可通过采用开心、控冠等高光效新式修剪技术,解决根冠比和枝干比失调,平衡树势,实现理想的开心形树形,达到立体结果.现将板栗控冠矮化修剪技术介绍如下,供果农参考. 相似文献
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杏树的整形修剪方法与其栽植密度、经济效益密切相关。目前,栽植密度多为2～3m×3～4m。杏树干性不强,特别喜光,树形宜采用自然开心形。我们试验的自然开心形整形修剪技术,具有成形快、结果早、产量高等特点。现将该技术介绍如下。1 自然开心形的基本结构 主干高60cm,主枝5～6个,主枝开张角度70°,主 相似文献
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<正>1生产现状山楂是乔化果树,上世纪五六十年代稀植大冠栽植,树形以自然圆头形为主,上世纪80年代改为疏散分层延迟开心形为主。进入上世纪90年代初期,山楂密植栽培兴起,栽植株行距以3 m×4 m为主,树形也由大型树冠向中小型树冠转变,由三层叶幕的7个主枝疏散分层延迟开心形向二层叶幕的小冠疏层形转变。大力推广低干、矮冠修剪技术。进入21世纪,树龄达到20年以后,出现全园郁闭现象,产量和品质 相似文献
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晚红李整形修剪试验研究初报李晓阳，朱世新，万惠民，李献芬（辽宁省水土保持研究所）晚红李是半干旱地区主要优良李子品种。现在已发展到８０余万株。随着果树栽培方式的改革，李树也向集约化栽培转化。传统的李树形（自然开心形）虽有些优点，但因其树冠大，单位面积产... 相似文献
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The structural diagrams of apple trees are the comprehensive reflection of the effects of their training and pruning as well as their physiological and ecological characteristics and yield. However, there have been few research reports on the characteristics of the structural diagrams of apple trees. The study investigated the fractal dimension numbers and fractal characteristics of the two-dimensional images of 5-year-old and 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to the tall spindle configuration and the open-center configuration employing box-counting in combination with the image processing technology of the Photoshop. The two-dimensional images of apple trees with the different configurations differed and varied with their ages. The fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 10-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6625 and 1.6531 respectively while the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 5-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6429 and 1.6377 respectively. As the age of the apple trees increased, the spatial quantities and distributions of trunks and branches got slightly intensified, and the fractal dimension numbers of their two-dimensional images and the apple yield increased correspondingly. The comparison of the fractal characteristics of the apple trees with the same age, which were trained to the different configurations, revealed that under the same age, the branch quantities and the apple yield of the apple trees with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration, so that under the same age the fractal dimension numbers with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration. These results showed that the fractal dimension number of the two-dimensional images of apple trees depended upon their trunk and bough distribution and at the same time it increased with their apple yield as well. Therefore, the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of apple trees could be employed as an indicator for assessing training and pruning effects on apple trees and their fruit yield. 相似文献
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Kuo-Tan Li Alan N. Lakso Richard Piccioni Terence Robinson 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):749-754
SummaryCanopy size control is one of the major purposes of summer pruning. However, reducing canopy size might also result in less light interception, consequently decreasing canopy photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate production, which might lead to the imbalance of carbohydrate supply and fruit demand. To document the effectiveness of summer pruning on canopy control and the impact on canopy gas exchange, pruning treatments at four levels of intensity (unpruned, light, moderate, and severe) were carried out on mature ‘Empire’/M.9 slender spindle apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on 30 July 1998 and 4 August 1999. Changes in canopy leaf area after summer pruning were estimated. Canopy net carbon exchange rate (NCER) and canopy transpiration before and after summer pruning were monitored. Canopy growth was suppressed by summer pruning and the post-pruning regrowth was insignificant. Canopy NCER was reduced in proportion to the amount of leaf area removed by summer pruning. The result suggests that commercial pruning intensity similar to the moderate to severe treatments in this study could cause a significant reduction in canopy NCER and carbohydrate production. In addition, canopy transpiration was reduced in proportion to pruning intensity. Lower water consumption and improved water status during the growing season after summer pruning might benefit fruit growth and relieve the potential detriment due to carbohydrate shortage. 相似文献
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Girdling and summer pruning in apple increase soil respiration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The root system of plants derives all its energy from photosynthate translocated from the canopy to the root system. Canopy manipulations that alter either the rate of canopy photosynthesis or the translocation of photosynthate are expected to alter dry matter partitioning to the root system. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling (2008 and 2009) and summer pruning (2009) on soil respiration, maximum quantum yield efficiency of photosystem II and leaf carbohydrate content. In apple trees, following trunk girdling there was increased soil respiration in association with a significant rainfall event suggesting rapid release of organic matter and subsequent microbial decomposition of the carbon. Soil respiration rates returned to baseline levels over time. Reduction in midday maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (RPSII) was increased by girdling when crop load was low and this reduction was not related to leaf carbohydrate levels. Girdling reduced leaf sucrose and sorbitol levels in both years, however, total leaf carbohydrates were not affected by girdling. Summer pruning increased soil respiration within 2 weeks of treatment in association with a significant rainfall event, also suggesting a release of organic matter and microbial decomposition of the carbon. Cultural practices that severely affect canopy sink source relationships such as girdling and summer pruning increase soil respiration, however these effects appear to be very short lived, 3–10 days, followed by recovery of the soil/root system to similar levels of soil carbon dioxide efflux. These cultural practices do not likely pose a long-term detrimental effect on root system efficiency because the effects are of short duration with apparent recovery. 相似文献
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Berta Gonalves Carlos M. Correia Ana Paula Silva Eunice A. Bacelar Alberto Santos Jos M. Moutinho-Pereira 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008,116(4):381-387
Variations in morpho-anatomy, chemical composition, gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψstem) were studied in leaves of Prunus avium L. cultivars with different growth habit: Burlat and Summit (upright, dense canopies), and Van (spreading, open canopy). Light transmittance was highest in Van canopies. Therefore, Van allowed an easier penetration of the visible radiation through the canopy, which improves photosynthetic rates, especially at harvest. Conversely, no differences in Ψstem were found among cultivars. Van showed the highest leaf mass per unit area and variations in this parameter were mainly associated with alterations in leaf thickness than in leaf density. Leaves of Summit and Van were thicker than those of Burlat, mainly due to increased palisade and spongy parenchyma thickness. However, Burlat leaves had the highest palisade/spongy ratio. Total chlorophyll concentration per area and the chlorophyll a/b ratio were always higher in Van leaves than in the other two cultivars. In contrast, Van leaves had the lowest concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and starch. In dense canopies of Summit and Burlat, light reduction caused a notable increase in the relative concentration of total phenols. The above results provide useful information about the biological behaviour of sweet cherry cultivars with open and dense canopies in order to help the agronomical decisions regarding the local environmental conditions and the consumers’ preference. In particular, it is important to manipulate factors such as orchard exposure, row orientation, plant spacing, training system and pruning, which are able to reduce shading in the canopy. 相似文献
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《Scientia Horticulturae》2001,87(1-2):21-32
A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate ecophysiological characteristics and yield–quality performance of cv. “Aglianico” (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines trained to three different trellises at the same intrarow vine spacing and bud load per meter of row length. Bilateral guyot (BG) showed the lowest vine capacity and bilateral spur-pruned cordon (BSPC), with a vertical shoot positioning had the highest total leaf area (LA) and pruning weight. Despite very comparable crop levels among trellises, quality decreased considerably in the bilateral free cordon (BFC) vines with respect to the systems with upright shoot growth. BFC vines showed significantly lower sugar concentration (°Brix), anthocyanins and phenols, and higher pH and K+ according to a pattern frequently associated with excessive within-canopy shading. Shading was aggravated in the BFC vines by canopy rotation, which probably resulted in an increase of LA density per volume unit. Moreover, the BFC canopies had more close-to-horizontal oriented leaves and from veraison onward, placed the most functional median and apical leaves in the lower or less illuminated portion of the canopy. These factors may have combined to diminish total vine photosynthesis in BFC-trained vines. The data also pointed out that the differences among trellises could not have been predicted simply on the basis of widely accepted indicators of crop load (e.g. the yield-to-pruning weight ratio) or canopy density (e.g. leaf area-to-canopy surface area (LA/SA)). 相似文献
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以13a生"富士"树为试材,应用三维数字化仪和Piaf Digit软件对高纺锤形"富士"的大、中、小冠层进行数字化,树体模型及光截获的计算均在Vege STAR软件中实现。光截获效率用STAR值来表征。实测的透光率与模型计算出的值无显著差异,表明基于三维数字化仪的重建模型可以用来进行冠层光照特性的评价,以对冠层结构进行量化与定性分析。结果表明:大、中、小冠层的光截获量依次增大,而5种枝条类型中,长营养枝的STAR值最大,果台枝最小;果实的STAR值与果台枝和短营养枝、长营养枝和短果台副梢的光截获量有关。由三维模型构建得出的STAR值可以作为评价冠层光截获的指标,为后期树体冠层内光合作用的研究及整形修剪提供了理论参考。 相似文献
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Light interception by the orchard canopies in a spacing trial with Golden Delicious and Jonathan on M IX and on M II was measured in 1968, 1969 and 1970. In 1969 and 1970 light distribution over the Golden Delicious hedges in the high-density plots was also measured and related to fruit and foliage distribution and to fruit quality. Simultaneously, integrated light readings at 100–200 locations were taken over 24-hour periods, using a photochemical method.Although all plots attained their ceiling yield level in 1967, the 6th year after planting, light interception continued to increase from 1968 to 1970. In the low-density plots — 1100 trees per ha on M IX and 660 trees per ha on M II — the canopies intercepted roughly half of the incident light and yields levelled off at 40 tons per ha. The high-density M IX plot (3300 trees per ha) intercepted two-thirds, the high-density M II plot (2260 trees per ha) more than three-quarters of incident light. Both plots yielded more than 70 tons per ha in 1967 and 1968, but thereafter the yield level dropped, especially for trees on M II, presumably because of mounting inter-tree competition for light.Light levels in the hedges in the high-density plots at equal distances from the hedge perimeter were very much the same for both varieties, for both rootstocks and in the two years. Light levels fell sharply towards the interior and bottom parts of the hedges. The main advantage of the M IX hedge was its smaller cross section, leaving little room for a poorly illuminated centre. At lower light levels weight per fruit and especially fruit colour declined, but the relation between light level and fruit quality was not consistent for both rootstocks and in both years. These inconsistencies could be explained on the basis of differences in pruning system, affecting the type of wood on which the fruit is borne.Fruit was concentrated in the interior part of the hedges, so that a high proportion of the crop suffered from the poor light conditions in this part. Fruit distribution was generally correlated with foliage distribution. In the M IX hedge by far the highest leaf density was found in the centre of the hedge. This is an advantage in comparison with the large leaf area — relatively unproductive and casting much shade — in the top of the M II hedge. Light measurements before and after fruit removal suggested that the shade cast by the fruit is negligible as compared to shading by the foliage.It is concluded that canopy architecture in the high-density M IX plot, with a leaf area index of 2.15, is close to the optimum for single row planting systems in Northwest Europe. Gains in percentage light interception, as in the high-density M II plot, are associated with a greatly inferior light distribution over the canopy, leading to lower yields per unit growth and deterioration of fruit quality. In addition to light, pruning strongly influences fruit quality. 相似文献
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红富士苹果树冠枝(梢)叶分布与温度、湿度的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以12a生红富士苹果(Malus.domestica Borkhcv.Red Fuji)为试材,研究了北京地区树冠不同层次和部位温度、相对湿度的分布、动态变化与枝叶数量间的关系。结果表明,树冠不同层次温度从上到下逐渐降低,同一层次内温度从内膛到外围逐步增大,树冠不同层次相对湿度从上到下逐渐增大,同一层次内相对湿度从内膛到外围逐步减小;树冠温度日变化呈白天低-高-低的趋势,相对湿度的日变化呈白天高-低-高的趋势,夜晚树体温度、相对湿度趋于一致;7—8月份冠层温度、相对湿度高于5—6月份和9—10月份。应用多元统计分析的方法建立了树冠温度、相对湿度与枝(梢)叶量关系的回归方程,冠层内不同层次、部位的温度、相对湿度受冠层内枝(梢)叶数量和分布的影响,冠层内温湿度与累计长、中、短枝(梢)量和叶面积系数成线性负相关,而相对湿度与之成线性正相关。综合分析,冠层有良好温度和相对湿度的群体结构参数为生长季每hm2总枝(梢)量100万左右,叶面积系数控制在3.5～4.0,长、中、短枝(梢)比例分别为73～77、10～12和13～15。 相似文献