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1.
为研究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)对海兰白鸡的感染和传播特性,将80只4周龄海兰白鸡随机分为8组,每组10只,其中感染组5只,同居组5只,采用100~107EID50/0.4 m LH9N2 AIV以滴鼻和点眼方式攻毒,24 h后放入同居组。感染14 d内每天进行临床观察,采集咽拭子和泄殖腔拭子用于病毒分离,感染后7、10、14 d测定HI抗体滴度。结果表明:4周龄海兰白鸡感染H9N2 AIV后未出现明显的临床症状;感染剂量为100~101EID50/0.4 m L的感染组和同居组均未分离到病毒;感染剂量为102~103EID50/0.4 m L的感染组排毒期为2~6 d,同居组排毒期为4~6 d;感染剂量为104~107EID50/0.4 m L感染组排毒期为1~6 d,同居组排毒期为2~8 d;感染剂量为102~107EID50/0.4 m L感染组和同居组鸡分别于感染后7和10 d开始产生抗体,第14天感染组和同居组鸡的平均抗体滴度分别为(7.8±1.4)log2和(6.7±1.1)log2。结果显示该毒株使4周龄海兰白鸡全部感染的最低感染剂量为103EID50/0.4 m L,以106EID50/0.4 m L感染鸡,能刺激感染组与同居组产生较高的HI抗体,表明106EID50/0.4 m L H9N2亚型AIV能在海兰白鸡体内建立有效感染和传播。 相似文献
2.
为了研究H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免疫鸡胚后病毒的繁殖规律,试验用H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免鸡胚,记录不同时间段死亡的鸡胚数量,并分别收获各时间段死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,测定不同时间段尿囊液的病毒效价。结果表明,接种H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒后,非免鸡胚死亡高峰期出现在60～84 h,死亡数量占接种鸡胚数的80%以上,而该时间段死亡鸡胚尿囊液的病毒滴度也处于最高峰,最高到达109.63EID50/mL,直到96 h病毒仍维持较高水平(109.50EID50/m L),而96 h后病毒滴度开始衰减。 相似文献
3.
为了初步了解从江苏某屠宰场分离鉴定出的一株猪源H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)A/Swine/Jiangsu/1070/2019(H1N1)的致病性,对该分离株纯化后进行全基因序列分析,测定其生物学特性,并以106 EID50病毒感染BALB/c小鼠。序列分析结果显示,该病毒HA基因的裂解位点为339PSIQSR↓G347,符合低致病性SIV的分子特征,与A/Swine/Jiangsu/J006/2018(H1N1)同源性最高达到98.94%,NA基因与A/Swine/Shandong/LY142/2017(H1N1)同源性最高达到98.79%,内部基因PB2、PB1、PA、M、NP和NS分别与2018年出现的不同猪源H1N1亚型具有高同源性,因此该病毒是一株在猪体内重组的病毒;病毒在鸡胚上的半数感染量(EID50)为10-8.5/0.1 mL,在MDCK细胞上的半数感染量(TCID50)为10-5.22/0.1... 相似文献
4.
为了研究一株从鹭中分离到的禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Heron/Guangdong/C1/2013(H5N6)对鸭和小鼠的致病力,本研究通过对鸭和小鼠滴鼻点眼和鸡的颈静脉注射进行攻毒试验,观察其致病力和组织病理学等变化,对其生物学特性进行初步研究。结果显示,该毒株的鸡胚半数感染量(EID50)为10-8.16/0.1 mL,静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)为2.76。对鸭的半数致死量(LD50)为10-4.0/0.2 mL,对小鼠的LD50为10-4.67/0.05 mL。以106 EID50/只滴鼻点眼感染鸭,主要表现为食欲下降、精神萎靡、肿头流泪等症状,大多数鸭在感染后4~7 d死亡,感染后第7 天肝脏、肺脏、肾脏仍在排毒,解剖可见心包积液、肺脏淤血、肾脏肿大等症状,病理切片可见心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏炎性细胞浸润,脑细胞核固缩等病变。以5×105 EID50/只滴鼻感染小鼠,主要表现为食欲下降、精神萎靡、被毛粗乱、聚堆等症状,大部分小鼠在感染后5~7 d死亡,第7天时只有肺脏仍在排毒,各脏器解剖学病变不明显,病理切片可见心脏、肾脏、肺脏炎性细胞浸润,脑细胞核固缩等病变。研究结果表明,该H5N6亚型AIV毒株对鸭和小鼠具有很强的致病力,IVPI大于1.2,为高致病性AIV,本研究为H5N6亚型AIV研究和防控提供了理论基础。 相似文献
5.
4株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒毒株的分离鉴定与致病性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究旨在研究4株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒分离株的生物学特性与对鸡的致病性。对2015—2016年广东地区的临床送检样品进行病毒分离鉴定,对分离株进行基因克隆、测序和序列分析,并对4周龄SPF鸡点眼、滴鼻攻毒。结果分离得到4株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒,其HA基因属于Clade2.3.4.4,HA蛋白的裂解位点处具有多个连续碱性氨基酸,具备高致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。攻毒组鸡5d内全部死亡,同居组9d内全部死亡;攻毒后鸡持续排毒,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑等组织脏器中病毒滴度高,且对组织造成广泛性损伤。4株所测试的H5N6亚型禽流感病毒分离株对鸡具有高致病性和水平传播能力,提示需加强H5N6亚型禽流感的防控。 相似文献
6.
将传代MDCK细胞以8×104/cm2的密度接种于6孔细胞培养板,H9亚型禽流感病毒以不同剂量0(对照组)、10-3(高剂量组)、10-4(中剂量组)、10-5×EID50(低剂量组)分别接种,检测H9亚型禽流感病毒对MDCK细胞内抗氧化功能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,高剂量H9亚型禽流感病毒接种MDCK细胞使细胞内过氧化氢(H2O2)和羟基自由基(·OH)含量均显著增加(P>0.05),细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力均显著下降(P>0.05),细胞内的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加(P>0.05)。说明H9亚型禽流感病毒可显著提高MDCK细胞内活性氧自由基(ROS)含量,并降低抗氧化酶活力,阻碍ROS在细胞内的清除机制,引起细胞脂质过氧化作用,从而损伤细胞。 相似文献
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8.
《中国兽医学报》2015,(12):1948-1953
比较鸭源H5N5亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Changchun/01/2010)和鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Liaoning/N/2011)对BALB/c鼠的致病性。以106EID50/50μL剂量鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c鼠,攻毒后3,5,7,10,14 d取小鼠的肺、脑和肝脏,处理后接种10日龄SPF鸡胚做病毒回收试验,取死亡鸡胚的尿囊液进行RT-PCR检测;分别取接种病毒后5 d小鼠的脑、肝脏、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏进行病理组织学检测。结果显示,小鼠接种H5N5和H5N1亚型禽流感病毒后,均无明显的临床症状,肝脏中分别于接种后3,5 d分离到病毒,肺脏中于接种后5 d分离到病毒,脾脏、肾脏和粪便中均未分离到病毒。病理组织学检测发现,病毒对小鼠的脏器组织产生了不同程度的病理损伤,以肺脏、脑和肝脏较为明显,且H5N1亚型禽流感病毒引起小鼠脑和肝脏的病理损伤比H5N5亚型更严重。这表明2株鸭源禽流感病毒对小鼠均有一定的致病性,且H5N1亚型强于H5N5亚型。 相似文献
9.
《养禽与禽病防治》2019,(8)
从2013年至2017年上半年,H7N9亚型流感病毒已经引发五波疫情,且出现高致病性变异毒株。禽流感为高度接触性传染病,通过气溶胶进行传播的风险性较高。为探究H7N9亚型禽流感病毒能否在经H5+H7二价灭活苗免疫鸡的肺脏中有效进行复制,本研究选取H5+H7二价灭活苗对2周龄SPF鸡以0.3m L/只的剂量进行免疫,并在免疫14 d测定抗体滴度后以H7N9亚型禽流感病毒对免疫组与空白组SPF鸡点眼滴鼻方式攻毒,3d后剖杀采集肺脏进行病毒分离鉴定,结果显示免疫鸡肺脏中不含H7N9亚型禽流感病毒,而空白组SPF鸡能分离鉴定出H7N9亚型禽流感病毒。重组禽流感二价灭活苗(H5+H7)能有效抑制H7N9亚型禽流感病毒在鸡肺脏中的复制。 相似文献
10.
中国H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒抗原变异株的鉴定分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对引起中国2006年山西、宁夏2省(区)H5N1亚型禽流感疫情的代表毒株——A/chicken/Shanxi/2/2006(H5N1)(CK/SX/06)进行了全面研究。结果表明该病毒具有高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)特征,基因组序列分析发现其8个基因片段与中国传统H5N1亚型禽流感病毒GS/GD/1/96(H5N1)存在较大差异,属于新的基因型——山西鸡型;抗原性分析结果表明其在抗原性方面与GS/GD/1/96同样存在较大变异,将其命名为"山西鸡型"抗原变异株;以106EID50.0.1 mL-1剂量将该病毒经鼻腔接种4周龄SPF鸭以评价其对水禽的感染能力,结果表明其不感染鸭;常规方法接种BALB/c小鼠以评价其对哺乳动物的感染和致病能力,结果表明其能感染小鼠,但不引起死亡,呈低致病力。说明该类型高致病性H5N1 HPAIV目前仅危害鸡,不具备感染水禽的能力,感染哺乳动物但不致死。该类型病毒的出现与流行为中国禽流感的免疫与防制提出新的课题。 相似文献
11.
SUMMARY Two-week-old chickens, free of detectable maternal antibody to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or with low levels of maternal antibody, were vaccinated with the V4 strain of NDV. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were determined at intervals after vaccination. Two hundred chickens were vaccinated by exposure to an aerosol, a dose of 106 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50) being allowed per chicken. Forty unvaccinated chickens were placed in direct contact with vaccinated chickens. Most of the vaccinated chickens and the incontact chickens had developed HI antibodies of titre ≥ 8 within 2 weeks of vaccination. The HI antibodies in many chickens persisted for at least 8 weeks. Control chickens in a shed 15 metres from the shed containing the vaccinated chickens did not develop HI antibodies to NDV. NDV could be isolated from some vaccinated chickens for 15 days after vaccination. An aerosol dose of 105EID50 per chicken failed to induce a serological response in 2 groups of 40 chickens each. HI antibodies were produced in 1 of 2 groups, each of 40 chickens, vaccinated with 106EID50 and in both of 2 groups of 40 chickens each vaccinated with 107EID50. Duplicate groups of 40 chickens were vaccinated with 106EID50 of V4 virus per chicken administered either as an aerosol, a coarse spray or a droplet placed in the conjunctival sac. HI antibodies were produced in all the groups of chickens. 相似文献
12.
H. A. Westbury 《Australian veterinary journal》1981,57(7):328-332
SUMMARY The serological response of two different age groups of turkeys and ducks to strain V4 of Newcastle disease virus was markedly inferior to that of similar age groups of chickens. This suggested that this strain might not be a suitable vaccine strain for use in turkeys and ducks, even though the correlation between specific serum antibody and immunity in these species is not clearly understood. The 20-week-old group of chickens required two doses of 107–1 50 per cent embryo infective doses (EID50) of the virus to develop a specific serum antibody titre comparable to 21-day-old chickens given one dose of 107–1 EID50 of virus. 相似文献
13.
Infectious dose‐dependent accumulation of live highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in chicken skeletal muscle—implications for public health 
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下载免费PDF全文 G. Vasudevan P. R. Vanamayya S. Nagarajan K. Rajukumar S. Suba G. Venketash C. Tosh R. Sood R. H. Nissly S. V. Kuchipudi 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(1):e243-e247
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of H5N1 subtype are a major global threat to poultry and public health. Export of poultry products, such as chicken and duck meat, is a known source for the cross‐boundary spread of HPAI H5N1 viruses. Humans get infected with HPAI H5N1 viruses either by close contact with infected poultry or through consumption of fresh/undercooked poultry meat. Skeletal muscle is the largest soft tissue in chicken that has been shown to contain virus during systemic HPAIV infection and supports productive virus infection. However, the time between infection of a chicken with H5N1 virus and presence of virus in muscle tissue is not yet known. Further, it is also not clear whether chicken infected with low doses of H5N1 virus that cause non‐fatal subclinical infections continue to accumulate virus in skeletal muscle. We investigated the amount and duration of virus detection in skeletal muscle of chicken experimentally infected with different doses (102, 103 and 104 EID50) of a HPAI H5N1 virus. Influenza viral antigen could be detected as early as 6 hr after infection and live virus was recovered from 48 hr after infection. Notably, chicken infected with lower levels of HPAI H5N1 virus (i.e., 102 EID50) did not die acutely, but continued to accumulate high levels of H5N1 virus in skeletal muscle until 6 days post‐infection. Our data suggest that there is a potential risk of human exposure to H5N1 virus through meat from clinically healthy chicken infected with a low dose of virus. Our results highlight the need to implement rigorous monitoring systems to screen poultry meat from H5N1 endemic countries to limit the global spread of H5N1 viruses. 相似文献
14.
In this study, two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses were isolated from chicken and geese in 2018 and 2019 (Chicken/ME-2018 and Geese/Egypt/MG4/2019). The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene analyses revealed their close relatedness to the clade-2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses isolated from Egypt and Eurasian countries. A monovalent inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine containing a reassortant virus with HA gene of the Chicken/ME-2018/H5N8 strain and a bivalent vaccine containing same reassortant virus plus a previously generated reassortant H5N1 strain (CK/Eg/RG-173CAL/17). The safety of both vaccines was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. To evaluate the efficacy of the prepared vaccines, 2-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with 0.5 mL of a vaccine formula containing 108/EID50 /dose from each strain via the subcutaneous route. Vaccinated birds were challenged with either wild-type HPAI-H5N8 or H5N1 viruses separately at 3 weeks post-vaccine. Results revealed that both vaccines induced protective hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers as early as 2 weeks PV (≥5.0 log2). Vaccinated birds were protected clinically against both subtypes (100 % protection). HPAI-H5N1 virus shedding was significantly reduced in birds that were vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine; meanwhile, HPAI-H5N8 virus shedding was completely neutralized in both tracheal and cloacal swabs after 3 days post-infection in birds that had been vaccinated with either vaccine. In conclusion, the developed bivalent vaccine proved to be efficient in protecting chickens clinically and reduced virus shedding via the respiratory and digestive tracts. The applicability of the multivalent avian influenza vaccines further supported their value to facilitate vaccination programs in endemic countries. 相似文献
15.
A rapid biological assay based on incubation time has been developed for determination of the potency of Newcastle disease
virus strain I-2 vaccine. It is based on the observation that the interval between inoculation and the first detection of
haemagglutinin (HA) depends on the titre of the vaccine inoculated. Chicken embryonated eggs were inoculated with different
titres (109, 106 and 103 EID50/0.1 ml) of vaccine and incubated for 24 h. At hourly intervals, 5 eggs from each vaccine titre were tested for the presence
of HA. The results showed that the HA activity was detected from 5, 11 and 15 h after inoculation with vaccine doses of 109, 106 and 103 EID50, respectively. On the basis of these results it is suggested that if there is no HA detected from 5 to 11 h after inoculation
of eggs with the vaccine virus, the vaccine should not be used to vaccinate chickens as it might have an infectivity titre
of less than 106 EID50/0.1 ml, which is equivalent to the recommended single chicken dose. It is concluded that measuring the time between inoculation
of the vaccine virus and the onset of HA activity might provide an estimate of the titre of the vaccine within 24 h. 相似文献
16.
The H7N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) field isolate (H7N2/chicken/PA/3779-2/97), which caused the 1997-98 AIV outbreak in Pennsylvania, was evaluated for its infectivity, length of infection, and immune response in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The composite findings of three clinical trials with various concentrations of virus indicated that this H7N2 subtype contained minimal pathogenicity for chickens. The concentration of the virus in the inoculum proved critical in the establishment of a productive infection in a chicken. Seven-day-old SPF chickens were not infected when inoculated with 10(0.7-2.0) mean embryo lethal dose (ELD50) of the H7N2 virus per bird. At this dose level, the immune response to this virus was not detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Nonetheless, chickens at ages of 5 and 23 wk old tested were successfully infected when exposed to 10(4.7-5.7) ELD50 of H7N2 infectious doses per bird by various routes of administration and also by direct contact. Infected birds started shedding virus as early as 2 days postinoculation, and the period of virus shedding occurred mostly within 1 or 2 wk postinoculation (WPI). This H7N2 subtype of AIV induced a measurable immune response in all birds within 2 wk after virus exposure. Antibody titers were associated with AIV infectious doses and age of exposure of birds. Challenge of these infected birds with the same H7N2 virus at 5 and 10 WPI indicated the infective virus was recoverable from cloacal swabs at 3 days postchallenge and disappeared thereafter. In these challenged birds, the antibody levels as measured by the HI test spiked within 1-2 wk. 相似文献
17.
Runyu Yuan Jin Cui Shuo Zhang Lan Cao Xiaoke Liu Yinfeng Kang Yafen Song Lang Gong Peirong Jiao Ming Liao 《Veterinary microbiology》2014
In this study, we selected three H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (clades 0), A/Duck/Guangdong/E35/2012 (clade 2.3.2.1) and A/Chicken/Henan/B30/2012 (clade 7.2) isolated from different birds in China, to investigate the pathogenicity and transmission of the viruses in terrestrial birds and waterfowl. To observe the replication and shedding of the H5N1 HPAIVs in birds, the chickens were inoculated intranasally with 106 EID50 of GSGD/1/96, 103 EID50 of DkE35 and CkB30, and the ducks and geese were inoculated intranasally with 106 EID50 of each virus. Meanwhile, the naive contact groups were set up to detect the transmission of the viruses in tested birds. Our results showed that DkE35 was highly pathogenic to chickens and geese, but not fatal to ducks. It could be detected from all the tested organs, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, and could transmit to the naive contact birds. GSGD/1/96 could infect chickens, ducks and geese, but only caused death in chickens. It could transmit to the chickens and ducks, but was not transmittable to geese. CkB30 was highly pathogenic to chickens, low pathogenic to ducks and not pathogenic to geese. It could be transmitted to the naive contact chickens, but not to the ducks or geese. Our findings suggested that H5N1 HPAIVs from different birds show different host ranges and tissue tropisms. Therefore, we should enhance serological and virological surveillance of H5N1 HPAIVs, and pay more attention to the pathogenic and antigenic evolution of these viruses. 相似文献
18.
高效表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组鸡痘病毒的构建及免疫效力试验 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
将禽流感病毒血凝素 H9A基因克隆入插入载体 p FG11S中 ,通过酶切鉴定获得了正向转移载体 p FG11SHA;将其与禽痘病毒疫苗株 (w FPV)共转染鸡成纤维细胞 (CEF) ,通过蓝白斑筛选纯化得到重组病毒 r FPV- Ps- HA;以间接免疫荧光法证实 HA基因得到了表达。将该病毒经颈部皮下免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡 ,免疫后 15 d以 H9亚型禽流感病毒 F株翅静脉攻毒 ,攻毒后第 5天采集泄殖腔棉拭子样品进行病毒分离。将此重组病毒与以痘苗病毒 P7.5启动子表达相同基因的重组病毒 r FPV- P7.5 - HA作比较 ,结果表明 ,r FPV- Ps- HA相对于 r FPV- P7.5 - HA明显抑制了病毒的排出 ;攻毒后第 2、5、7、9、11天分别对 r FPV- Ps- HA、油乳剂灭活苗免疫鸡进行泄殖腔、气管排毒规律的检测 ,发现疫苗组均能很好地抑制排毒 ,攻毒对照组泄殖腔的排毒率明显高于气管排毒率 相似文献
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Mar Costa-Hurtado Claudio L. Afonso Patti J. Miller Eric Shepherd Ra Mi Cha Diane Smith Erica Spackman Darrell R. Kapczynski David L. Suarez David E. Swayne Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood 《Veterinary research》2015,46(1)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. The objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with NDV affects HPAIV replication in chickens. Only infections with virulent NDV strains (mesogenic Pigeon/1984 or velogenic CA/2002), and not a lentogenic NDV strain (LaSota), interfered with the replication of HPAIV A/chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2) when the H5N2 was given at a high dose (106.9 EID50) two days after the NDV inoculation, but despite this interference, mortality was still observed. However, chickens infected with the less virulent mesogenic NDV Pigeon/1984 strain three days prior to being infected with a lower dose (105.3–5.5 EID50) of the same or a different HPAIV, A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-12283-12/2012 (H7N3), had reduced HPAIV replication and increased survival rates. In conclusion, previous infection of chickens with virulent NDV strains can reduce HPAIV replication, and consequently disease and mortality. This interference depends on the titer of the viruses used, the virulence of the NDV, and the timing of the infections. The information obtained from these studies helps to understand the possible interactions and outcomes of infection (disease and virus shedding) when HPAIV and NDV co-infect chickens in the field.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0237-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献20.
SUMMARY Experiments were conducted with vaccines containing the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both living aqueous vaccines and vaccines consisting of virus incorporated in an oil emulsion were used. The calculated dose of virus contained in the oil emulsion vaccine was 108,7 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50) per bird dose. Haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody levels of 8 are presumed protective. One-day-old chicks with low levels of maternal antibody were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,3EID50 of live vaccine, and concurrently with oil emulsion vaccine. Presumed protective levels of antibody were present at two weeks post vaccination and were maintained for at least seven weeks longer. When adult birds 15 weeks old with no previous exposure to NDV were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,7EID50 per bird, protective levels of antibody were produced within a week. Unvaccinated birds put in contact with the vaccinated birds produced similar antibody levels within 14 days. Revaccination with oil emulsion vaccine after antibody levels had fallen resulted in a rapid response with high levels of antibody. When antibody-free adult commercial birds with an unknown history of exposure to NDV were vaccinated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine, high antibody levels were produced for at least 21 weeks. Concurrent intraocular inoculation with 107,0EID50 live virus did not enhance the response. Natural infection of unvaccinated birds occurred during the experiment. This was detected by the presence of HI antibody levels of short duration. When antibody-free commercial birds were inoculated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine containing 106,0, 107,0, or 108,0EID50 per bird dose, 100% of birds inoculated with the highest dose produced presumed protective levels of antibody within two weeks, as compared with a 5-week delay when using the 107,0EID50 per bird dose. 相似文献