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1.
Heterosis and combining ability for tuber number, average tuber weight, and total yield were evaluated in Phureja - haploid Tuberosum diploid hybrids. Heterosis estimates suggest dominance for high tuber number and low average tuber weight in Phureja. Total yield of the hybrid population exceeded the high parent. The higher-yielding segment of hybrids had a significantly higher number of smaller tubers per plant. Breeding value could be improved by attaining high yield with a lower number of larger tubers per plant. General combining ability was the only significant source of variation for tuber number and average tuber weight indicating high heritability. Phenotypic recurrent selection should be an effective approach to manipulating these traits. General and specific combining ability were significant for total yield. Full exploitation of genetic variance for yield will require test-crossing.  相似文献   

2.
Tetraploid BC3 hybrids between sexually incompatible speciesSolanum commersonii andS. tuberosum were characterized for tuber quality (stolon length, tuber eye depth, chipping color from 3-month storage at 5 C, and specific gravity) and soft rot resistance traits. For all analysed morphological traits, except stolon length, genotypes resembled theS. tuberosum phenotype. On average, the specific gravity of selected genotypes was quite high (1.087), and 12 of them had a value >1.090. As for chipprocessing ability, 4.8% of genotypes chipped well directly from cold storage, and 14.3% after reconditioning. All but one of these genotypes also possessed a high specific gravity of tubers. Variability was found for resistance toErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora. In particular, 24% of hybrids had a rotted area diameter ≤ 4 mm and were classified as resistant. The average percentage ofcommersonii-specific markers still present in the BC3 hybrids was 22%, ranging from 9% to 37%. Genotypes combining good qualitative tuber traits with a wild genome content lower than the average value of the population were selected for further breeding efforts. The importance of molecular-assisted selection is discussed.  相似文献   

3.
The union of potato monoploid genotypes (2n=1x =12) through protoplast fusion may result in vigorous somatic hybrids due to a reduction of the “genetic load” normally present in this highly heterozygous tetraploid (2n=4x=48) crop. More than 100 androgenic monoploids derived from diploid (2n=2x=24)Solanum phureja Juz. & Buk. andS. chacoense Bitt. xS. phureja clones were evaluated in field trials during 1996 and 1997 to identify the most promising genotypes for protoplast fusion experiments. Compared to the total population, the 1996 selected genotypes had higher means for tuber number (30.1 vs 11.2 tubers/plant), average tuber weight (3.0 vs 1.8 g/tuber) and total yield (66.1 vs 20.4 g/plant). Similarly, the 1997 selected genotypes had higher means for tuber number (42.8 vs 25.4 tubers/plant), average tuber weight (3.6 vs 2.5 g/tuber) and total yield (114.0 vs 63.4 g/plant) compared to the total population. The 31 selected monoploid genotypes from 1996-97 varied in their response to protoplast isolation and culture from no growth (9), cell enlargement (5), limited cellular divisions (8), callus formation (5) to plant regeneration from callus (4). Chemical fusion and electrofusion produced three groups of intermonoploid somatic hybrids. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci enabled distinction of somatic hybrids from parental somaclones. Rapid DNA extraction with SSR analysis enabled screening of calluses to identify somatic hybrid tissue prior to plant regeneration. The somatic hybrids were highly polyploid, mostly hexaploid (2n=6x=72), possibly due to fusion of endopolyploid protoplasts and/or chromosomal doubling during plant regeneration.  相似文献   

4.
Between 1963 and 1976 a population of South American Andigena potatoes was subjected to six cycles of recurrent selection at Ithaca, N.Y. for adaptation to North Temperate conditions. This research was undertaken to measure the changes in adaptation and earliness that have taken place in the process of selection. Field experiments with different harvest dates and a controlled daylength experiment in the greenhouse in Ithaca showed: 1) an increase in percent tuberization, tuber weight and size, and harvest index; 2) no change in total fresh weight (haulm + tuber); and 3) a decrease in fresh weight of haulm. Greatest differences among cycles of selection were observed at the early harvest date. Tuberization on cuttings was well correlated with other measures of maturity. Cycles three and four, which were started from open-pollinated seed, tended to “revert” to the form of the original population in terms of late maturity (or low tuberization and yield at the early harvest date) and low harvest index. These results are interpreted as a gain in photoperiod adaptation and earliness with possible effects of mating system and selection pressure on the rate of progress.  相似文献   

5.
《Field Crops Research》2006,98(1):76-81
The Livingstone potato (Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br.) produces a cluster of edible tubers at the base of the stem that are used as a potato substitute in many areas of Africa. No information is available on factors affecting tuberization in this species. Photoperiod is known to influence storage organ formation in a wide range of crops, and pilot trials indicated that it also played a role in tuberization in P. esculentus. The critical photoperiod for tuber induction, as well as the number of short-day cycles required to induce tubers, were investigated in glasshouse trials using in vitro plants. Nine photoperiod treatments (30-min intervals from 10 to 14 h of light) were applied in the critical photoperiod experiment. To determine the number of short-day cycles required to induce tuberization, plants were exposed to short days (10 h light) for periods ranging from 0 to 20 days at 2-day intervals. Data were collected from both intact plants and sub-apical two-node cuttings made after the experimental treatments were completed. The critical photoperiod for the specific genotype used in this study was between 12.5 and 13 h, with cuttings giving a slightly exaggerated result over that of intact plants. It was established that exposure to four short-day cycles was sufficient to induce tuberization in this species.  相似文献   

6.
采用烯效唑、B9、水杨酸处理种植在大棚基质中的大西洋脱毒试管苗,比较不同生长调节剂对马铃薯微型薯结薯的影响。结果表明:烯效唑对植株的生长有促进效果,以100 mg.L-1处理具有最佳效果,随着浓度的增加,处理出现的负效果越大;B9喷施的植株单块茎重和总块茎重均以2 500 mg.L-1浓度的处理最高,且大、中大薯在总块茎数所占的比例最大;水杨酸以400 mg.L-1浓度的处理效果最好。  相似文献   

7.
Five cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection of a population ofSolanum tuberosum ssp.Andigena for adaptation to N. temperate growing conditions have been accomplished. There have been marked improvements in maturity and yield. Unselected F1 hybrids between this population and tuberosum clones yielded 15% more total yield than unselected intratuberosum progenies at Ithaca as spaced plants and 17% as twelve-hill plots. In Huancayo, Peru and Toluca, Mexico the hybrids produced total yields greater than tuberosum progenies and equal to the andigena progenies. In Colombia, the hybrids were intermediate in yield. It appears that the extent of heterotic advantage of the intergroup tuberosum-andigena F1 hybrids may be dependent upon the day length of where the crop is grown.  相似文献   

8.
Thirty-three populations of Andigena potatoes developed by 11 × 3 (line × tester) mating were studied from seedling to third clonal generations for number of tubers, average tuber weight, tuber yield, plant vigour, predominant tuber shape, predominant tuber size and uniformity in tuber shape, uniformity in tuber size and uniformity in tuber colour. Inter-generation correlation coefficients for progeny means, general combining ability, specific combining ability, heterosis and heterobeltiosis were computed for various characters. Magnitude of inter-generation correlation coefficients showed that various parameters for uniformity in tuber shape, uniformity in tuber size, uniformity in tuber colour, predominant tuber shape and predominant tuber size could be reliably estimated in early generations starting from the seedling generation. The parameters for tuber yield, average tuber weight and tuber number could only be reliably estimated from second clonal generation onward. Repeatability of progeny means showed that negative selection for tuber yield and average tuber weight could be initiated from first clonal generation and for tuber number from second clonal generation. Plant vigour was found to be a highly inconsistent character.  相似文献   

9.
The objective of the study was to assess the direct and indirect effects of 13 important morphological and biochemical traits on yield enhancement in 28 advanced breeding lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the foothills of north-western Himalayas. Tuber yield was positively correlated with number of tubers per plant (r?=?0.76), number of stems per plant (r?=?0.53), number of leaves per plant (r?=?0.43) and tuber weight (r?=?0.37). Furthermore, tuber yield exhibited a significant negative correlation with days to maturity (r?=???0.39). Days to 50% emergence had a significant negative correlation with protein content (r?=???0.42). Path analysis revealed that the components of yield, number of tubers per plant and tuber weight, had high positive direct effects (0.876 and 0.618, respectively) on tuber yield, whereas the effects of other traits were low (≤?0.128). Furthermore, tuber weight had an indirect negative effect on tuber yield through the number of tubers. Tuber size had a low correlation (0.19) with tuber yield because a positive indirect effect (0.451) through tuber weight was balanced by a negative indirect effect (??0.254) through tuber number. The number of stems and number of leaves had positive indirect effects (0.377 and 0.377, respectively) on tuber yield through tuber numbers, whereas days to maturity had a negative indirect effect (??0.298) through tuber numbers. There were virtually no indirect effects through the biochemical traits. The implications for potato breeding are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
A two-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of jasmonic acid (JA), light (duringin vitro explant production andin vitro tuberization phases), and dormancy-breaking treatment on performance of microtubers in the production of seed tubers (pre-elite) in five potato cultivars. Microtubers were produced under short day (8-h) conditions and in darkness, from stock plantlets pre-treated with JA and untreated, and on tuberization media with or without JA. Microtuber performance was compared to invitro plantlets transplanted directly to the field. Yields of tubers from microtubers were 30% to 40% of those from plantlets. Microtubers of cultivars Amisk and Russet Burbank produced the highest yields of pre-elite tubers. Atlantic microtubers performed poorly in the field. JA pre-treatment of stock plantlets, prior toin vitro tuberization, enhanced seeds tuber production from microtubers in Russet Burbank and lowered in Shepody. JA presence in media duringin vitro tuberization significantly lowered production of tubers while exposure to 8-h light resulted in microtubers performing significantly better in the field than microtubers produced in the dark. Dormancy release was the key factor influencing microtuber performance. Unlike greenhouse studies, gibberellic acid (GA3) was more effective than Rindite. A further refinement of the production and handling methods is required before microtubers can be recommended for field production of seed tubers.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Two experiments investigated the effects of five physilogical ages with and without a floating plastic film on the growth, yield and tuber dry-matter percentage of cv. Record. Samples were taken over a period that represented the early range of harvest dates used in crops destined for crisp manufacture. Plastic film increased final tuber numbers in one experiment but otherwise tuber numbers were not affected by treatments. Tuber yield was incrased by plastic film until August and by advancing physiological age until early July. Within each experiment, tuber drymatter percentage was largely a function of yield. During the main period of tuber bulking, there was a linear relationship between tuber dry-matter percentage and the mean fresh weight of tubers >30 mm when the data from both experiments were combined.  相似文献   

12.
本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The narrow genetic base of the cultivated potato is a severe constraint for potato breeding. Wild tuber-bearing species constitute an important source of genes for resistance to diseases and pests as well as abiotic factors. Seven interspecific hybrid populations were generated from crosses between diploidTuberosum clones and four wild species:Solanum berthaultii, S. gourlayi, S. tarijense andS. vernei, and evaluated in a field experiment in Burgos (Spain) as a way to broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato. Good tuberization ability and great variability for yield within the different families were detected. Hybridization with the wild species resulted in high levels of PVY resistance inS. berthaultii andS. vernei hybrids and a large increase of dry matter content in all populations except theS. berthaultii hybrids.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Andigena clones derived from mass-selected seedling populations which had been subjected to several generations of natural selection in the field for late blight resistance were studied. The average level of resistance (score about 3 on scale 1–5) was better than a sample ofTuberosum potatoes (score about 4) and the best individual clones were very resistant indeed. It is concluded thatAndigena has the genetic capacity for excellent response to selection for resistance and that thus one major obstacle to the use of the Group in potato breeding has been removed.
Zusammenfassung Es wurdenAndigena-Klone verwendet, die durch Massenauslese aus S?mlingspopulationen gewonnen wurden. Diese S?mlingspopulationen wurden w?hrend mehrerer Generationen der natürlichen Auslese aulPhytophthora-resistenz im Feld unterworfen. Ungef?hr 100 Klone wurden mittels des Einzelblatt-Testes mit einer gr?sseren Zahl vonTuberosum-Klonen verglichen. Aus den Ergebnissen in Tabelle 1 geht hervor, dass der durchschnittliche Resistenzgrad vonAndigena (ungef?hr Note 3 bei einer Skala von 1 bis 5) bedeutend besser war als der vonTuberosum (ungef?hr Note 4); derjenige der bestenAndigena-Einzelklone war wirklich sehr gut (Note 1 bis 2). Andere Ergebnisse (Tabelle 2) betreffen das Verh?ltnis zwischen Krautf?uleresistenz und Reifezeit; in diesem Material gab es keine signifikante Kor relation, und es war offensichtlich, dass eine befriedigende Resistenz h?tte aufrechterhalten werden k?nnen, sogar ohne durch Auslese auf Frühreife gef?hrdet zu werden. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass dieAndigena-gruppe, obwohl in ihrem Urzustand sehr anf?llig für Krautf?ule, die genetische F?higkeit zu ausgezeichneter Reaktion in der Resistenzzucht besitzt und dass ein Haupthindernis für die Anwendung dieser Gruppe in der Kartoffelzüchtung beseitigt wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf die von Paxman kürzlich gemachte Feststellung hingewiesen, dass es im Vergleich mit reinenTuberosum-Familien inAndigena Tuberosum F1-Hybrid-Familien ungef?hr 60% Ertragsheterosis gibt.
Résumé Les auteurs ont utilisé les clonesAndigena provenant d’une sélection massale dans des populations de plantules soumises pendant plusieurs générations à la sélection naturelle au champ vis-à-vis du mildiou. Ils ont comparé quelque 100 clones au moyen d’un test sur foliole détachée avec un vaste échantillon de clonesTuberosum. Les résultats (Tableau 1) montrent que le niveau moyen de résistance des Andigena (cote: 3 environ sur une échelle 1–5) est significativement meilleur que ceux deTuberosum (cote de 4 environ) et que les meilleurs clones individuels sont réellement très bons (cote 1–2). D’autres résultats (Tableau 2) concernent la relation entre la résistance au mildiou et la maturité; il n’y a aucune corrélation significative dans ce matériel et il apparait qu’une résistance satisfaisante peut être maintenue sans risque sérieux de perte due à la sélection pour la précocité. Il est conclu que le groupeAndigena, quoique hautement susceptible au mildiou dans son état primitif, possède la capacité génétique de répondre excellemment à la sélection pour la résistance et qu’un obstacle majeur à l’utilisation du groupe dans l’amélioration de la Pomme de terre a été éliminé. A ce sujet, l’attention est attirée sur la récente découverte de Paxman qu’il y a approximativement 60% de production d’hétérosis dans les familles hybrides F1 Andigena × Tuberosum en comparaison avec les familles puresTuberosum.
  相似文献   

15.
The growth and tuberization of Norland potatoes were studied under five different temperatures and two photoperiods. Treatment levels included 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 C with either a 24-h (continuous light) or a 12-h photoperiod at 400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPF. Plants were grown in 6-liter containers and harvested at 56-days-age. Stem length increased with increasing temperature under both photoperiods. The highest tuber yield occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod (755 g/plant) and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod (460 g/plant). Little or no tuber formation occurred at 28 C under either photoperiod or at 24 C under continuous light. As with tuber yield, the highest total plant dry weights also occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod. Harvest index (tuber dry weight to total dry weight ratio) decreased with increasing temperatures and with continuous light. Results indicate that good growth and tuberization can occur under continuous light, and that increasing the photoperiod from 12 to 24 h effectively decreased the optimal temperature for tuber formation from near 20 C to 16 C. Alternatively, the results imply that at cooler temperatures, the potato becomes less obligate for dark period stimulation of tuberization.  相似文献   

16.
A clone, 8380-1, selected fromSolanum chacoense (PI 458310) for its high foliage content of the leptine glycoalkaloids, a factor in resistance to Colorado potato beetle, was doubled in chromosome number from 2n=2x=24 to 2n=4x=48. Three 4x clones were crossed with sixS. tuberosum (4x) clones. Foliage glycoalkaloid contents were measured for 452 F1 hybrids from 15 crosses. The 4xchacoense parental clones were not different in respect to glycoalkaloid contents and were similar to the original 2x clone. All F1 hybrids synthesized foliage leptines ranging from 9 to 369 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) with a mean content of 113 mg/100 g fw. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content ranged from 1% to 62% with a mean of 25%. The 4xchacoense parent mean leptine content was 1482 mg/ 100 g fw which was 90% of the total glycoalkaloid content. Tubers from 136 hybrids and the threechacoense parental clones were tested for glycoalkaloid contents. The tuber solanine + chaconine contents of the 136 hybrids ranged from 30 to 180 mg/100 g fw with a mean of 79. The mean tuber content of the threechacoense parental clones was 157 mg/100 g fw. Leptines were not found in any of the tubers.  相似文献   

17.
We have evaluated and compared different methods and cultivars for the production of quality prebasic seed in potato. Two cultivation systems, aeroponics and greenhouse beds with a peat moss substrate, and three potato cultivars with different vegetative cycle, Agria, Monalisa and Zorba, were assayed. Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased growth and their vegetative cycle extended between 12 and 36 % compared to the plants cultivated in greenhouse beds. Flowering and tuberization dates, Absolute Growth Rates (AGR) during the period of 60 days after planting (DAP) and height presented a wide variation between cultivars. Zorba showed earlier flowering and tuberization, lower AGR and reached a minor height at 60 DAP. Instead the late season cultivar Agria showed later flowering and tuberization, presented higher AGR and reached an increased height at 60 DAP. The total tuber yield per plant was between 34 and 87 % higher in the aeroponic system, with a marked difference for the earlier cultivars Zorba and Monalisa. Tuber numbers increased between 60 and 80 %. Minituber production in aeroponics showed a better size distribution, with a reduction in the percentage of tubers smaller than 12 mm of between 33 and 86 %. In this soil-less culture system average tuber weight increased in Zorba and Monalisa over 60 % but was lower for Agria. Further studies are needed to optimize aeroponics system, which can be considered a high yield potato multiplication system, particularly for early or mid season potato cultivars that may produce best quality minitubers.  相似文献   

18.
马铃薯近缘栽培种种间杂种优势及配合力的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验用新型栽培种(A)、普通栽培种(T)和能产生2n花粉(FDR)的二倍体杂种(D)以不完全双列杂交设计配制杂种并产生5个杂种群体(TA、TD、AD、AA及TT).这些群体的无性系按完全随机区组设计种植.对总产量等主要性状进行了研究.在5个群体中,TA群体在产量和单株块茎数上有显著的杂种优势,其超过中亲值平均分别为15.18和26.51%.在群体平均产量上TA显著地高于TD、AD、TT和AA;在其它产量构成性状及经济性状上超过或与这4个群体无差异.种间杂种TD和AD的产量等性状在以中亲值为比较的杂种优势上有显著的杂种优势,并与TA无差异甚至高于TA,但在实际群体产量上都低于其四倍体亲本的均值,甚至与种内品种间杂种TT和AA无显著差异.AD除在产量和平均块茎重的优势高于TD外,其它性状无差异.相同杂交组合其实生苗世代与无性一代在产量、淀粉含量和单株块茎数上呈显著的正相关.因此,在实生薯利用中以组合为单位的群体选择是有效的.配合力分析表明,马铃薯单株产量和平均块茎重在亲本选配中一般配合力和特殊配合力是同等重要的,而在单株块茎数和淀粉含量上以一般配合力为主.  相似文献   

19.
Diploid potato clones, interspecific hybrids ofSolanum species, having in their originS. tuberosum,S. chacoense, S. yungasense, S. phureja, S. gourlayi, andS. demissum, with resistance to soft rot, were crossed to tetraploid potato clones in 4x-2x crosses. The 24 tetraploid families obtained in a North Carolina II design were examined for tuber resistance to soft rot in a laboratory test and for basic agronomic traits in field trials conducted for two consecutive years. In addition, one family originating from a 4x-2x cross of two susceptible parents was tested. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, year, GCA (female) × year, GCA (male) × year, and SCA × year upon the inheritance of resistance to soft rot. About 35% of the progeny was selected as resistant to tuber soft rot, and of these 11% showed high resistance combined with good tuber yield, tuber weight, and tuber appearance. The relationships between resistance to soft rot and chosen agronomic traits were not noted or were weakly significant and sporadic. The resistance to tuber soft rot found in diploid potato hybrids can be transferred to the cultivated tetraploid pool through 4x-2x crosses, and a high frequency of offspring posses resistance.  相似文献   

20.
本试验以四倍体普通栽培种(Solanum tuberosum)、新型栽培种S.andigena和二倍体杂种(2x S.tuberosum)、双单体×S.phureja 品系为材料,按照不完全双列杂交设计,配制了15个组合。试验结果表明:a.二倍体杂种品系M6、四倍体普通栽培种中的极早熟品种东农303和结蕾期较早的中晚熟品系T8073一般配合力效应较好。东农303×M6和T 8073×M6组合产量和特殊配合力效应值较高,但其小区产量和单株块茎重的特殊配合力效应值低于T×A 组合中的T8024×N2167。因血缘关系,东农303×W5295. 7(二倍体杂种品系)组合产量较低,特殊配合力为负效应。b.相对一般配合力总效应和相对配合力总效应与产量相关达极显著水平(γ_(1,4)=0. 66;γ(3,4) =0. 81) 。相对特殊配合力效应与相对一般配合力总效应及产量间关系不密切(γ(1,2) =0. 23;γ_(2,4) =0. 22) 。  相似文献   

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