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1.
Hymenoptera wasps associated with the Asian gall wasp of chestnut (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Calabria,Italy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vincenzo Palmeri Pasquale Cascone Orlando Campolo Saverio B. Grande Francesca Laudani Antonino Malacrinò Emilio Guerrieri 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(5):699-702
The parasitoid complex of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Drycosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu was studied in Calabria (Italy). A total of 14 different species of parasitoids were collected, of which three are recorded on the Asian gall wasp for the first time. The composition of the parasitoid complex collected in Calabria was compared with that reported from Italy and from Europe. The altitude of the sites of collection seemed to have an effect on the distribution and abundance of the single species of parasitoids. 相似文献
2.
本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。 相似文献
3.
栗瘿蜂生物学特性观察与防治方法探讨 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
栗瘿蜂在北京地区一年发生一代。无雄蜂,营孤雌生殖。以初龄幼虫在栗芽组织内越冬,翌年5月下旬幼虫老熟在虫瘿里化蛹,6月中、下旬羽化,脱孔出蜂,产卵于栗芽内。卵于7月中旬孵化,初孵幼虫先在栗芽组织表面危害,然后形成小虫室越冬。室内药效测定表明,10%六六六乳剂200倍液、50%杀螟松乳剂1000倍液、50%乐果乳剂1000倍液,对刚脱孔和正在咬孔的成虫触杀效果都很好。田间栗树喷药试验结果表明,成虫羽化95%以上时,喷布10%六六六乳剂或超低量油剂,效果良好。冬季剪枝,保留结果母枝和有用发育枝,防虫效果明显。保护及利用自然天敌长尾小蜂是防治栗瘿蜂值得注意的途径。 相似文献
4.
Native and introduced parasitoids in the biocontrol of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Veneto (Italy) 
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下载免费PDF全文 The invasive gallmaker Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a threat to chestnut stands and it is necessary to control it in order to maintain a satisfactory nut yield. A preliminary evaluation of the native natural enemies emerging from the galls, mainly parasitoids associated with native cynipid gallmakers, revealed that they were not able to contain the pest. Consequently, a classical biological control programme using Torymus sinensis started in 2010, with almost 500 releases being made in 6 years. The parasitoid achieved a satisfactory level of control of the pest over a period of time shorter than expected based on literature related to other countries. The success in the study area might be explained by specific traits intrinsic to T. sinensis, such as its high spread capability via stratified dispersal (i.e. a combination of short‐ and long‐distance flights), together with a large availability of host galls and limited competition with other parasitoids. 相似文献
5.
A. Michaelakis D. Papachristos D. A. Chytas P. D. Antonopoulou P. G. Milonas D. N. Avtzis 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):290-294
After the first introduction of chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, in Italy, it has spread rapidly in several other European countries, probably largely due to trade in chestnut plants. Despite the measures taken to prevent further spread of this pest to other countries, D. kuriphilus was detected in Greece for the first time in 2014. However, surveys have shown that the pest is still of very limited distribution in Greece. Having faced the damage caused by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) over the last 50 years, the production of chestnuts in Greece is now seriously threatened by chestnut gall wasp, which has already caused extensive losses in chestnut production of other countries. In order to minimize the impact of chestnut gall wasp, control measures are being designed involving the release of the parasitoid Torymus sinensis. 相似文献
6.
Z. Mendel A. Protasov D. Blumberg D. Brand Nitza Saphir Z. Madar J. La Salle 《Phytoparasitica》2007,35(4):330-332
Four parasitoids emerged from leaves galled by the waspOphelimus maskelli (Ashmead) that were collected in Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia:Closterocerus chameleon (Girault) and an unidentified Tetrastichinae species (Eulophidae); andStethynium ophelimi Huber andStethynium breviovipositor (Huber (Mymaridae).C. chamaeleon andS. ophelimi were released in eucalyptus plantations infested withO. maskelli in Israel. The recovery of the parasitoids, as well as several aspects of their possible role in control of the galls, were
studied. In view of the parasitism of the galler in Wagga Wagga, we suggest that the proportion ofS. ophelimi in the Israeli population ofO. maskelli will increase markedly as soon as the gall wasp population density reaches a very low level. 相似文献
7.
The globally invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus was recently reported in Italy and threatens European chestnut orchards and native forests. Of Chinese origin, this species has invaded Japan, Korea, the USA, Nepal and Europe and in each region it has been attacked by parasitoids exploiting oak gall wasps. Classical biological control using the parasitoid Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) successfully reduced infestation in Japan. Subsequent work in Japan and Korea showed this parasitoid to represent a poorly understood and biologically diverse species complex. Following its success in Japan, T. sinensis was released in Italy in 2005. A growing appreciation of the taxonomic and ecological complexity of the T. sinensis complex in Japan and Korea has stimulated ongoing DNA-based work on relationships and interbreeding of species in this group. Oak cynipid parasitoids provide potential for native augmentative or conservation biological control of D. kuriphilus in Europe. Exploitation of this potential requires improved understanding of the taxonomy of these parasitoids, particularly of morphologically highly conserved lineages such as Eurytoma and Eupelmus in which recognised species may contain many cryptic lineages. There is a growing need for a molecular survey of the communities centered on chestnut and oak gall wasps to: (1) ascertain the identity of T. sinensis lineages released in Italy (2) track the dispersal of T. sinensis in the native community, either in its original form or as hybrids with native species (3) identify possible biological control agents in the native parasitoid community. 相似文献
8.
During 2017 and 2018, from June to October, leaf galls were observed for the first time on Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), sow thistle, in Akouda‐Sousse, Tunisia. Leaves with galls were collected and brought to the laboratory. After a few days, adults emerged from the leaf galls. Morphological identification showed the emerged gall midges to be Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot, 1827) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This is the first record of this species in Tunisia and Africa. 相似文献
9.
Torymus sinensis Kamijo is to date the most effective controlling agent of the chestnut gallwasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. The procedure to evaluate the parasitism rate of T. sinensis consists of dissecting D. kuriphilus galls collected in the field and checking them for its presence. Such a procedure is, however, time-consuming. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, by creating a temporal gradient within 15 sites and by means of bootstrap simulations, we analysed the effect of different sampling efforts on the precision of evaluating the success of T. sinensis release and the evolution of its parasitism rate towards biocontrol. Results show that after the first release, 200 galls are required to assess its presence with a 1% failure rate. Once T. sinensis is established, 100 galls are generally sufficient to estimate its parasitism rate by accepting a (median) percentage of error of 14% in the second year and 6% and 3% in the third and fourth year, respectively. Finally, we propose a series of design options to reduce the sampling effort according to the targeted accuracy level and as a function of the obtained parasitism rate. 相似文献
10.
Hideshi Kawarazaki Masao Goto Kotaro Kato Toshio Kijima Hiroshi Kawada Keisuke Yamamoto Yuichi Takikawa 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(3):235-240
In 2004, bacterial galls were found on the roots of carrots in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Galls were about 0.1–2 cm in diameter,
light brown in color and had rough surfaces. In 2005, similar galls were found on the roots of three weeds: henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), Persian speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.) and leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.). A bacterium that forms white, rough colonies was isolated from the carrot and weeds galls. The bacterial isolates had
properties identical with Rhizobacter dauci Goto and Kuwata. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that the carrot isolate had the highest homology
(similarity of 100%) with that of the type strain of R. dauci. Rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting using BOX A1R primer showed that the carrot and weeds isolates were nearly identical. Pathogenicity
of the isolates was confirmed by inoculating the roots of carrots and the weeds. After 2–5 weeks, they formed galls on the
roots of the original host species and on other plant species tested. The galls were indistinguishable from those formed naturally,
and the inoculated bacterium was reisolated. Thus, the causal bacterium of carrot and weeds gall was identified as R. dauci, and the bacterium was found to have a wider host range than previously known. These weed hosts may serve as inoculum sources
for carrot bacterial gall disease. 相似文献
11.
12.
Magorzata Skrzypczyska 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2001,74(2):40-42
Analytical studies concerning the species composition of galls occurring on the leaves of Quercus robur L. were conducted in 2000 in three localities: near an urban agglomeration of Kraków – the Wolski Forest, in a protected area – the Ojców National Park and in a managed forest – the Andrychów Forest District. In each of the selected localities 2000 leaves (a total of 6000 leaves) were randomly collected. A total of 2246 galls, including 1028 in the Andrychhów FD, were found. The galls represented 12 insect species. The species composition of galls in the Ojców NP (11 species) distinctly differed from those of the remaining two areas (7 species each). Neuroterus quercusbaccarum (L.) was the most abundant species in the managed forest. The index of occurrence frequency and the Agrell's index of species co-existence have been calculated. The frequency of gall occurrence varied considerably in the investigated localities. On the basis of the Agrell's index of species co-existence it was shown that the strongest bond existed between Neuroterus laeviusculus Schenck and Andricus ostrea (Hartig) in the managed forest. 相似文献
13.
Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella and its parasitoids in Sargodha region of Pakistan 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In order to identify the parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella, an important pest of Citrus, the larvae and pupae of this pest were collected from Citrus reticulata Blanco orchards in the Sargodha region of Pakistan. The parasitoid species were identified, and their abundance was recorded. A total of two species were identified: Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayan) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Out of a total of 409 P. citrella larvae and pupae collected, 73 C. phyllocnistoides and 39 C. ingenuus adults emerged. This paper documents the species and the abundance of the parasitoids associated with P. citrella in the Sargodha region of Pakistan. 相似文献
14.
To investigate the susceptibility of hairy root lines of Brassica species to Plasmodiophora brassicae, hairy roots were induced in a number of Brassica species with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Turnip hairy root was highly susceptible to P. brassicae; infection rates were high and large galls formed. In contrast, the rates of root hair infection and gall formation on intact
Brassica plants did not differ significantly from the control. To induce resting spore formation, turnip hairy roots were incubated
at 15°, 20°, or 25°C after 3 weeks of incubation at 25°C. The number and fresh mass of the galls per hairy root were higher
and formation of resting spores was greatest after a 7-week incubation at 20°C. To subculture P. brassicae using turnip hairy root, turnip hairy roots were reinoculated with resting spores and gall with resting spores then formed
on the hairy roots. In this way, P. brassicae using hairy roots could be subcultured in vitro two or three times on three single-spore isolates of P. brassicae. This is the first report of in vitro subculture of P. brassicae using hairy root. 相似文献
15.
为明确浙江省不同地区以及不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci寄生蜂种类,更好地利用寄生蜂对烟粉虱进行生物防治,通过对浙江省8个地区进行田间烟粉虱末期若虫或伪蛹采样,并将其带回实验室内饲养直至寄生蜂成蜂羽化进行形态学鉴定。结果表明,在浙江省8个地区共采集到3 490头烟粉虱寄生蜂,其中蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus Mercet、狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus debachi RoseRosen和浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia(GiraultDodd)的数量最多,比例分别达到了53.0%、27.8%和9.9%;在温州发现的寄生蜂种类最多,共有10种;在20种寄主植物种类或品种上共发现10余种烟粉虱寄生蜂,其中17种寄主植物上共有的烟粉虱寄生蜂有蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂、12种寄主植物上共有的是浅黄恩蚜小蜂、10种寄主植物上共有的是狄氏桨角蚜小蜂;表明这3种寄生蜂是浙江省广泛分布的优势种类。 相似文献
16.
Gajendra Singh 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):176-179
Abstract Trials were conducted from 1979 to 1983 at Pantnagar on the effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) (5 to 250 mg/litre), 2,4,5‐trichloroxyphenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5‐T) (5 to 250 mg/litre), 1‐naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) (5 to 500 mg/litre), chlorocholine chloride (CCC) (50,100 mg/litre), naleic hydrazide (MH) (50, 100 mg/litre), abscisic acid (10, 50 mg/litre), gibbrellic acid and Alar (10 and 50 mg/litre) on the gall formation in mango by Apsylla cistellata Guckton. There was no effect on the number of galls formed but abnormal, open, elongated galls were formed in the case of 2,4‐D (100 mg/litre and above) and 2,4,5‐T (150 mg/litre), in which nymphs of A. cistellata could not survive, resulting in control of the pest. No flower panicles emerged on the twigs with no nymphal population. 相似文献
17.
Natural enemies of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): first report of some parasitoids in Italy 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The bougainvillea mealybug, Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), was first detected in Sicily in 2002 at high population levels on Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nyctaginaceae). In 2016, during a recent monitoring activity, natural enemies of this pest were detected for the first time. This report represents the first identification of P. peruvianus parasitoids in Italy and some information on the recovered entomophagous species is provided. 相似文献
18.
Maria-Jose Rubio-Cabetas Jean-Claude Minot Roger Voisin Daniel Esmenjaud 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(4):433-441
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT) is the causal agent of crown gall, a major problem in the family Rosaceae and particularly for Prunus spp. Crown gall symptoms result from the bacterial infection of the cells damaged mechanically at the collar or by root parasitic nematodes. Myrobalan plum (P. cerasifera) is susceptible to AT and is not a host for the root-knot nematode (RKN), M. hapla. Some clones of this plum carry single Ma resistance genes that control M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. The four above mentioned RKN and Myrobalan progenies segregating for Ma were used in experiments aimed at obtaining a better knowledge of the interaction between AT and RKN in relation to the RKN resistance genes. Prunus rooted cuttings, naturally infected with the bacterium were repotted, grown and inoculated individually with RKN. In a first experiment, Prunus plants were (i) either inoculated with 10,000 juveniles (J2s) of M. arenaria to provide a short inoculum pressure (SIP) or (ii) inoculated by association with one M. arenaria-galled tomato root system that produced a high and durable inoculum pressure of the same nematode species. Four months after RKN inoculation, plants were rated for nematode and bacterial root galling symptoms. RKN and AT galls were more numerous and more homogenous under DIP than under SIP. Nevertheless, for both inoculum regimes, AT galls were present in the RKN-susceptible clones (= carrying none of the Ma genes) and absent in the RKN-resistant clones. Subsequent experiments, conducted under DIP with M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla, also showed, for the three first species, the presence of AT galls only in RKN-susceptible clones whereas Prunus plants inoculated with M. hapla and nematode-free controls were free of AT galls. Consequently RKN act as a wound agent in the AT infection process of Myrobalan plum only when the plant develops a compatible reaction (i.e. when it lacks the Ma resistance genes). Considering that J2s do penetrate the roots of resistant plants, the absence of crown gall symptoms on this material even under durable inoculum pressure strengthens the hypothesis that this nematode stage has a very weak effect on plant cells during the infection process. This is the first evidence of the protective effect of a RKN resistance gene against the expression of root crown gall consecutive to RKN infection. The protective effect of Ma and presumably of other RKN resistance genes against AT is a strong argument for their introgression into Prunus and other Rosaceae or bacterium-susceptible crops. 相似文献
19.
M. E. E. Mahmoud S. A. Mohamed F. M. Khamis M. A. I. Basher S. Ekesi 《EPPO Bulletin》2019,49(2):359-363
Bactrocera zonata is an alien fruit fly which was introduced into Sudan in 2012 and spread throughout the country, severely hampering the production and export of fruit and vegetable crops. Cataloguing indigenous natural enemies of pests, especially parasitoids, is key to successful biological control programmes, to mitigate damage and decrease reliance on insecticides. This study was conducted to determine the parasitoids of B. zonata in two orchards in Gezira State, Sudan from November 2015 to May 2016 and from February to December, 2016 and to determine their role in natural control of the pest. Three parasitoids emerged from puparia of B. zonata, these were: Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae), an Aganaspis sp. (Figitidae: Eucoilinae) and a Psyttalia sp. (Braconidae Opiinae). Tetrastichus giffardianus was the most numerous parasitoid throughout the study period. The mean percentages of B. zonata from guava fruits that were parasitized by T. giffardianus for the whole study period were 13.7% and 13.2% with 3.1 ± 0.3 and 2.8 ± 2.4 parasitoids per puparium at Fadasi and Gazirat Elfil sites respectively. Data on the temporal abundance of T. giffardianus is presented. Strenuous efforts should be considered to involve the reported natural enemies of B. zonata in integrated management programmes for fruit flies in Sudan. 相似文献
20.
Crown gall disease of tobacco was found in Iwate Prefecture, Japan in 1995. Ten bacterial isolates, obtained from the galls of tobacco, were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 biovar 1 based on their ability to induce galls on the 14 tested plants, including tobacco after needle-prick inoculation, and on 12 cultural, physiological, and biological characteristics. The growth of the causal organism was not inhibited in vitro by agrocin of A. radiobacter strain K84. This report is the first on the natural occurrence of crown gall caused by A. tumefaciens on tobacco plants. 相似文献