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1.
The Asian chestnut gall wasp was accidentally introduced in Italy in 2002 and spread across Europe in the following years, becoming a serious threat for chestnut cultivations and rural economies of many countries. Exploring the variation in susceptibility of the host genetic resources is crucial to face the spreading of this pest. We used an experimental approach for testing the differential susceptibility within and between populations of European chestnut. For doing this, we compared both the infestation level and the rate of immune individuals in trees from populations of Spain, Italy, and Greece. We found that the level of infestation is not significantly different in the different provenances but that a higher rate of immune trees occur in Greece. Our results suggest that two different contingents of trees compose Greek populations: one major group of trees with the same susceptibility as the other populations and a second minor group of trees resistant to gall wasp infestation. Our data lay the basis for improving the currently adopted measures to mitigate gall wasp impacts.  相似文献   

2.
The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), is one of the most damaging insect pests on Castanea sativa Miller trees (Fagales, Fagaceae) worldwide. Dryocosmus kuriphilus galls were collected between late May and August 2014 from 11 sites in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of North‐East Italy, differing in elevation and forest cover composition. The number of parasitoids that emerged was higher than the number of D. kuriphilus specimens that emerged for 5 out of 11 sites considered. The mean number of larval chambers per gall dissected was between 1.5 and 2.8 (for the 11 different sites). There were no fewer than 2–3 specimens of parasitoids emerging per 100 galls, in all sites. The parasitoids identified belonged to five different Chalcidoidea families (Torymidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae and Eulophidae). Among them, Torymidae and Eupelmidae represented approximately 90% of the total hymenopteran parasitoids. The most represented species were Torymus flavipes (Walker), Megastigmus dorsalis (Fabricius) and Eupelmus urozonus Dalman, all indigenous parasitoids of species causing oak galls. All identified parasitoids were already known to be associated with D. kuriphilus in Italy. These data support the hypothesis of a high species richness of this parasitoid community.  相似文献   

3.
The invasive gallmaker Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a threat to chestnut stands and it is necessary to control it in order to maintain a satisfactory nut yield. A preliminary evaluation of the native natural enemies emerging from the galls, mainly parasitoids associated with native cynipid gallmakers, revealed that they were not able to contain the pest. Consequently, a classical biological control programme using Torymus sinensis started in 2010, with almost 500 releases being made in 6 years. The parasitoid achieved a satisfactory level of control of the pest over a period of time shorter than expected based on literature related to other countries. The success in the study area might be explained by specific traits intrinsic to T. sinensis, such as its high spread capability via stratified dispersal (i.e. a combination of short‐ and long‐distance flights), together with a large availability of host galls and limited competition with other parasitoids.  相似文献   

4.
The parasitoid complex of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Drycosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu was studied in Calabria (Italy). A total of 14 different species of parasitoids were collected, of which three are recorded on the Asian gall wasp for the first time. The composition of the parasitoid complex collected in Calabria was compared with that reported from Italy and from Europe. The altitude of the sites of collection seemed to have an effect on the distribution and abundance of the single species of parasitoids.  相似文献   

5.
G. Tőkés  G. Ripka 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):263-269
A wide range of biological control agents (BCAs) have been authorized and used in Hungary for the control of pests (including pathogens). BCAs are key elements of both integrated pest management and organic farming for different crops. Authorization of BCAs depends on the type of ‘active substance’. Micro‐organisms can be authorized under the EU Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 as plant protection products (PPP), while macro‐organisms are not within its scope. Plant protection tools (traps, mating disruption) are registered at a national level in Hungary, although mass traps and mating disruption pheromones are considered to be PPP. Plant extracts can be authorized as PPP, but some of them can be approved as a ‘basic substance’ and in this case they do not need further authorization. In Hungary, the vast majority of macro‐organisms used as BCAs have been mainly used in greenhouses and polytunnels for the control of thrips, whiteflies, aphids, leaf mining flies, phytophagous mites and lepidopteran pests in vegetable and ornamental crops. Recently a non‐indigenous chalcid wasp, Torymus sinensis, has been successfully introduced for the control of the oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, on chestnut (Castanea sativa) on different sites.  相似文献   

6.
栗瘿蜂生物学特性观察与防治方法探讨   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
栗瘿蜂在北京地区一年发生一代。无雄蜂,营孤雌生殖。以初龄幼虫在栗芽组织内越冬,翌年5月下旬幼虫老熟在虫瘿里化蛹,6月中、下旬羽化,脱孔出蜂,产卵于栗芽内。卵于7月中旬孵化,初孵幼虫先在栗芽组织表面危害,然后形成小虫室越冬。室内药效测定表明,10%六六六乳剂200倍液、50%杀螟松乳剂1000倍液、50%乐果乳剂1000倍液,对刚脱孔和正在咬孔的成虫触杀效果都很好。田间栗树喷药试验结果表明,成虫羽化95%以上时,喷布10%六六六乳剂或超低量油剂,效果良好。冬季剪枝,保留结果母枝和有用发育枝,防虫效果明显。保护及利用自然天敌长尾小蜂是防治栗瘿蜂值得注意的途径。  相似文献   

7.
Leaf galls causing severe damage were observed on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the Gharb‐Maâmora region in 2002 due to Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reported for the first time in Morocco. Since then, this pest has spread to other eucalyptus stands nationwide. During field investigations, the authors noted that the degree of infestation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis differs from one region to another and were classified on a three‐level scale: low, moderate or high. The study of the life cycle of the insect in the field and in the laboratory revealed the presence of two generations per year. This work has shown that Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid used successfully in other EPPO countries as a biological control agent, is present in Morocco. The rate of parasitism was very high, which consequently resulted in the lack of damage caused by the gall pest on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Morocco.  相似文献   

8.
Bleeding canker of European horse chestnut, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi (Pae), is now an established disease throughout several countries in northwest Europe after first emerging in 2001–2002. Pae infects the woody branches of horse chestnut directly via natural discontinuities in the bark, such as lenticels, leaf scars and leaf traces, and nodes. However, the timing of infection in relation to seasonality of host development, and the dispersal mechanisms of Pae, in particular its ability to survive and spread in soil and water, remains unknown. In this study, infection of freshly cut horse chestnut shoots by Pae was assessed at monthly intervals over a 12 month period. Pae infected the greatest numbers of lenticels and leaf scars of horse chestnut when inoculated onto actively elongating shoots in spring and early summer, whereas lesion extension from artificial wound sites was greatest after inoculation during early dormancy. Soil survival experiments showed that Pae was still detectable and viable after 50 weeks' incubation in sterile soil and 41 weeks' incubation in nonsterile soil in the absence of host debris. Pae also remained viable and pathogenic after 1 year's storage in King's B broth at ?20 and ?80°C, and was not killed by freeze/thaw treatments. Thus Pae is able to survive independently for extended periods in soil and water, and can tolerate lengthy periods of freezing at very low temperatures. Such information may facilitate a greater understanding of the epidemiology and spread of Pae in northern Europe.  相似文献   

9.
Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner (Hemiptera: Agromyzidae) is known as a pest of several leguminous plants, especially Glycine max, soybean, in several countries worldwide. As a result of an alert raised by soybean producers in the province of Adana, which has a large share of soybean production in Turkey, plant samples in which pupae were observed were collected from two soybean fields in Çukurova in the production season in 2018. The samples were kept in the laboratory and the emerging adults were identified morphologically as M. sojae. Observations made in soybean fields in Turkey are presented. A review of the situation for this pest and its control methods are is presented. This is the first report of M. sojae in Turkey. It is therefore recommended to perform a close monitoring of this pest to investigate more in detail the extent of the damage caused by this pest in soybean crops in Turkey, to identify its variety preferences, other other hosts, natural enemies and control methods to be used.  相似文献   

10.
After causing damage in Asia and the USA, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu recently established in Europe on Castanea. The first outbreak in Europe occurred at a C. sativa nursery for production of plants for planting in Cuneo (Piemonte, Italy) in 2002. The Piemonte official service notified Slovenia that a consignment originating from an infested nursery was sold to Slovenia. Prompt phytosanitary action was taken in Slovenia in 2005 in order to trace back plants from this consignment and prevent establishment of the pest. In the period 2006–2009, intensive surveys of forests and fruit production areas showed absence of the pest in the majority of the Slovenian territory, including the demarcated area from 2005. An earlier introduction of infested plants from Cuneo in January 2004 remained undiscovered until 2007. Despite the radical measure of eliminating the infested orchard and removing infested Castanea trees in the forest bordering this orchard, the pest was not eradicated in this outbreak area. Individual infested trees in the forest were confirmed at a distance of up to 10–34 km in 2008, and a further 15 km in 2009. The results of annual surveys, eradication campaigns based on generic contingency elements and the change of strategy after the finding of infested forests are presented.  相似文献   

11.
Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Turkey, with national production of over 10 million tonnes in 2010. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an important pest of tomato, and was first recorded in Urla District of Izmir Province in the Aegean region of Turkey in August 2009. It has since spread rapidly to the other regions of Turkey and become the main pest of tomato. Since its dispersal, chemical control has been the main method of control. Intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in T. absoluta. In this study, the baseline toxicity (LC50 values) of some insecticides was determined using a leaf‐dip bioassay method in Antalya and Ankara populations of T. absoluta.  相似文献   

12.
Xylotrechus chinensis belongs to the entomofauna of China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan. Prior to this paper it has been intercepted twice outside its native range, once in Philadelphia (USA) and once in Germany (Europe). In spring 2017, it was detected for the first time in Greece, in Heraklion city (Island of Crete) infesting the trunk of trees of Morus species planted near the harbour of the city. It can thus be hypothesized that X. chinensis was transported from its native range with commodities that are handled in the harbour. Eradication efforts are being taken in order to prevent its further spread, which could threaten several other tree species because X. chinensis attacks a wide range of hosts. This is the first record of this pest from the EPPO region.  相似文献   

13.
E. Rossi  A. Lucchi 《EPPO Bulletin》2015,45(1):119-122
In August 2014, twenty adults of Ricania speculum (Walker) (Homoptera: Ricaniidae) were collected on plants of Citrus spp. in La Spezia province (Liguria, Italy). This planthopper, which is native to parts of China and other Asian countries, is highly polyphagous and a pest of several crops such as citrus, cotton, coffee, oil palm and tea. As a newly introduced pest in Europe, R. speculum needs to be monitored for its potential spread, especially in Southern European countries and for the damage it may cause to agriculture in the region.  相似文献   

14.
In Greece, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was identified for the first time in June 2010 in the regions of Thessaloniki, Xanthi and Kavala (Northern Greece). This mealybug was found on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). The highest population densities were observed on basil stems rather than on the leaves. Phenacoccus madeirensis is a serious pest of horticultural crops and this is its first record on O. basilicum in Greece.  相似文献   

15.
In Greece, the damage caused to trees and shrubs by termites has been increasing over the last 10 years. Local government and citizens have become interested in this pest due to frequent accidents caused by trees falling onto pavements, cars and people. This led the authors to carry out a survey to list the termite‐infested plant species, mainly on urban streets and in fields all over the country. The only termite species found was Kalotermes flavicollis (family Kalotermitidae). The present study highlights the current situation in Greece and provides a list of the fruit and ornamental trees and shrubs found to be infested by K. flavicollis, during the survey.  相似文献   

16.
The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was first identified in the region of Akkouda in October 2008 before it spread to all tomato‐producing areas in Tunisia. The introduction of this pest disturbed existing pest control programmes in greenhouses and open fields, forcing Tunisian growers to use more chemicals to reduce its impact on their crops. A national programme was adopted to control T. absoluta, including cultural practices, the use of pheromones, the installation of insect‐proof screens in greenhouses, and the use of organic insecticides including Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Bt) and plant extract‐based products. In addition, a few experiments in biological control, using the predatory Mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were conducted in greenhouses and open‐field crops (producing tomatoes for fresh consumption as well as for processing). This paper describes the status of T. absoluta in Tunisia, including data collected from sex pheromone traps installed in six tomato‐producing areas (Takelssa, Korba, Teboulba, Bekalta, Sousse and Kairouan) between 2009 and 2011, and control strategies in greenhouses and open fields.  相似文献   

17.
Since the first occurrence of Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Italy in 2012, the pest has spread in the Po Valley causing severe damage in summer 2015, particularly in pear orchards. At present, populations of H. halys have been reported in the regions of Emilia‐Romagna (Modena, Reggio Emilia and Bologna provinces), Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto and Friuli. The damage caused by H. halys is typical of pentatomids and is aggravated by the pest's polyphagy and by the behaviour of adults which move continuously from plant to plant, from hedges or herbaceous crops to fruit orchards. The unpredictability of H. halys’ movements, along with the effect of the aggregating pheromone that concentrates the pest in certain areas of the orchards, therefore making chemical spraying complicated.  相似文献   

18.
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a lepidopteran pest that can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops. It is widely present in the Americans and has been invasive in Africa since 2016. Larvae of S. frugiperda were found for the first time in four rural farms on maize plants (Zea mays) located in Tafas town (Dara’a Governorate, in the south‐west of Syria) in November 2020. Infested maize showed the typical damage symptoms caused by S. frugiperda. Furthermore, morphological identification of larvae based on standard parameters of larvae confirmed the identity of the pest as fall armyworm. Considering the recent introduction of the pest into the EPPO region, it could be concluded that the pest probably entered Syria through natural spread (active flight and via wind currents) from Jordan, which borders Syria in the southern part and where the pest was found very recently.  相似文献   

19.
A. J. WRIGHT 《EPPO Bulletin》1998,28(4):513-518
Since the outbreaks of potato brown rot (caused by Ralstonia solanacearum) in EU Member States in the mid 1990s, EU measures against this pest have been strengthened. Factors in the spread of R. solanacearum are reviewed: planting material, Solanaceous weeds, water, soil, waste, machinery and equipment. The Control Directive of 1998 aims to prevent spread and ensure eradication. It provides for the establishment of a demarcated zone whenever the pest is found, for measures to prevent spread from this zone and for measures to eliminate the pest within the zone.  相似文献   

20.
This paper summarizes the first assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Plant Health (PLH) Panel of a biological control agent (BCA) of an invasive plant. This followed a request by the European Union (EU) Commission to assess the risk to plant health in the EU of an intentional release of the bud‐galling wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae for the control of Acacia longifolia. The EFSA PLH Panel also published a statement on the process of assessing the risk of the intentional releases of BCAs of invasive alien plants. Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae feeds on A. longifolia and Acacia floribunda. Acacia longifolia is an invasive alien plant species that has a negative effect on biodiversity and ecosystems in Portugal, whereas A. floribunda is not invasive in the EU. Both species are cultivated as ornamental plants in some EU countries. Climatic conditions in the EU are suitable for establishment of T. acaciaelongifoliae where host species are present. This BCA is moderately likely to spread in the EU by natural means, but could be intentionally moved to control A. longifolia in other locations. Its potential effects on invasive A. longifolia and on the cultivated ornamentals were assessed. The EFSA PLH Panel has shown with this work how such advice could be provided in the European Union.  相似文献   

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