共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Alroy J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5523):1893-1896
A computer simulation of North American end-Pleistocene human and large herbivore population dynamics correctly predicts the extinction or survival of 32 out of 41 prey species. Slow human population growth rates, random hunting, and low maximum hunting effort are assumed; additional parameters are based on published values. Predictions are close to observed values for overall extinction rates, human population densities, game consumption rates, and the temporal overlap of humans and extinct species. Results are robust to variation in unconstrained parameters. This fully mechanistic model accounts for megafaunal extinction without invoking climate change and secondary ecological effects. 相似文献
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All the biotic changes that occurred at the end of Cretaceous time, including the extinction of the dinosaurs, may be the result of a single terrestrial catastrophe. The Arctic spillover model, first proposed to explain the marine extinctions, would have caused a rapid and intense change in the earth's climate including a lowering of temperature and of precipitation. This change in climate may have triggered a series of ecological disasters that included the radical change in the distribution of vegetation on the earth as well as the extinction of the dinosaurs. 相似文献
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Frugivory by extinct horses, gomphotheres, ground sloths, and other Pleistocene megafauna offers a key to understanding certain plant reproductive traits in Central American lowland forests. When over 15 genera of Central American large herbivores became extinct roughly 10,000 years ago, seed dispersal and subsequent distributions of many plant species were altered. Introduction of horses and cattle may have in part restored the local ranges of such trees as jicaro (Crescentia alata) and guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) that had large mammals as dispersal agents. Plant distributions in neotropical forest and grassland mixes that are moderately and patchily browsed by free-ranging livestock may be more like those before megafaunal extinction than were those present at the time of Spanish conquest. 相似文献
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大小兴安岭森林植被交错区生态系统在全球气候变化研究中的科学意义 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
对大小兴安岭森林植被交错区的地理位置、地形地貌、气候、土壤类型、植被类型以及生态脆弱性等进行了论述。在交错区内、随着气候从温带向寒温带逐渐过渡，土壤，植被等表现出明显的梯度变化，该地区又是我国近百年来温度增加最明显的区域，导致冻土等环境条件的显著变化，为研究气候变暖对森林生态系统结构、功能的影响提供了良好的场所，在全球气候变化研究中占有重要地位。 相似文献
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Palmer TM Stanton ML Young TP Goheen JR Pringle RM Karban R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5860):192-195
Mutualisms are key components of biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet the forces maintaining them are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of removing large mammals on an ant-Acacia mutualism in an African savanna. Ten years of large-herbivore exclusion reduced the nectar and housing provided by plants to ants, increasing antagonistic behavior by a mutualistic ant associate and shifting competitive dominance within the plant-ant community from this nectar-dependent mutualist to an antagonistic species that does not depend on plant rewards. Trees occupied by this antagonist suffered increased attack by stem-boring beetles, grew more slowly, and experienced doubled mortality relative to trees occupied by the mutualistic ant. These results show that large mammals maintain cooperation within a widespread symbiosis and suggest complex cascading effects of megafaunal extinction. 相似文献
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Heusser CJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,219(4591):1429-1432
Pollen of southern beech and podocarp at Laguna de Tagua Tagua during the late Pleistocene indicates that cooler and more humid intervals were a feature of Ice Age climate at this subtropical latitude in Chile. The influence of the southern westerlies may have been greater at this time, and the effect of the Pacific anticyclone was apparently weakened. The climate today, wet in winter and dry in summer, supports broad sclerophyll vegetation that developed during the Holocene with the arrival of paleo-Indians and the extinction of mastodon and horse. 相似文献
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气候变化对海南岛生态承载力的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用植被净第一性生产力估算法测算海南岛自然植被净第一性生产力,并根据海南岛在CO_2倍增情景下气候变化的模拟结果,分析气候变化对海南岛生态承载力的影响。自然植被净第一性生产力与热量和水分条件呈正相关性,气温和降水增幅越大,自然植被净第一性生产力增加越多。而植被净生产力是反映区域生态承载力的间接指标,因此由分析结果知,在CO2倍增情景下,气候变化能显著提高海南岛生态承载力。 相似文献
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[目的]分析我国不同区域气候变化类型对当地生态系统植被长势的长期影响。[方法]利用1981—2010年中国陆地生态系统植被指数NDVI与气温及降水之间的响应关系,定量识别植被与气候的相互作用机制,结合中国气候变化区划,完成气候变化背景下的中国陆地植被覆盖度预测。[结果]我国东北大小兴安岭、长白山、云贵高原等地区植被更适应当地气候暖干化趋势,西北地区大部、东南地区(长江下游除外)植被更适应当地气候暖湿化趋势,为气候变化利于植被生长区;我国内蒙古东部及北部沙漠化严重地区植被不适应当地气候暖干化趋势,为气候变化不利于植被生长区。我国其他大部分区域植被长势与气候变化无显著响应关系。[结果]该研究成果可为我国不同区域生态系统的差异化管理提供参考。 相似文献
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Jackson JB Kirby MX Berger WH Bjorndal KA Botsford LW Bourque BJ Bradbury RH Cooke R Erlandson J Estes JA Hughes TP Kidwell S Lange CB Lenihan HS Pandolfi JM Peterson CH Steneck RS Tegner MJ Warner RR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5530):629-637
Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone. 相似文献
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Ecological change provokes speciation and extinction, but our knowledge of the interplay among the biotic and abiotic drivers of macroevolution remains limited. Using the unparalleled fossil record of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera, we demonstrate that macroevolutionary dynamics depend on the interaction between species' ecology and the changing climate. This interplay drives diversification but differs between speciation probability and extinction risk: Speciation was more strongly shaped by diversity dependence than by climate change, whereas the reverse was true for extinction. Crucially, no single ecology was optimal in all environments, and species with distinct ecologies had significantly different probabilities of speciation and extinction. The ensuing macroevolutionary dynamics depend fundamentally on the ecological structure of species' assemblages. 相似文献
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During the last few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies on grassland ecology in China, involving the classic ecology concepts or theories and the applicable ecological principles of grassland conservation or management. This paper reviews the main progress in the following aspects. (1) Research on grassland species adaptation and resistance, population dynamics and foraging behavior, and biodiversity and community stability. (2) Research on managed grassland ecosystems (grassland grazing ecology) including grazing effects on grassland ecosystem function and foraging behavior by large herbivores. (3) Global climate change and grassland processes and functioning. (4) Applied research on grassland restoration and ecosystem health assessments such as vegetation restoration, restoration of ecosystem functioning, and assessment methods. There have been significant advances in grassland ecology, including the functions of ecosystem biodiversity, the ecological stoichiometry mechanisms affecting grassland community stability, grazing regulation of plant diversity and nutrient cycling. Grassland ecologists have succeeded in making these advances through observational, experimental and theoretical studies. Nevertheless, there are still significant challenges for the grassland ecology research, including understanding of grassland spatial processes, grassland grazing and multi-functionality, integrated effects of global climate change across grassland areas, as well as the ecological methodology and experimental techniques in grassland ecology. 相似文献
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Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have shown that forest dynamics could dramatically alter the response of the global climate system to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next century. But there is little agreement between different DGVMs, making forest dynamics one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in predicting future climate. DGVM predictions could be strengthened by integrating the ecological realities of biodiversity and height-structured competition for light, facilitated by recent advances in the mathematics of forest modeling, ecological understanding of diverse forest communities, and the availability of forest inventory data. 相似文献
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长江流域河岸植被缓冲带是河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,对长江流域污染防治和生态环境建设具有重要影响。综述了河岸植被缓冲带的主要生态功能,分析了长江流域河岸植被缓冲带面临的环境影响因素,阐述了河岸植被缓冲带构建技术,并对未来研究提出展望。河岸植被缓冲带的主要生态功能为缓洪护岸、截污净化和保护生物多样性等。目前,长江流域河岸植被缓冲带面临的主要影响因素为外来物种入侵、大量硬质工程建设和农业、工业发展带来的污染物排放等。长江流域河岸植被缓冲带的构建技术应根据不同河岸带的特点和功能来确定,并加强对河岸植被缓冲带的管理。未来研究应集中于:①开展河岸植被缓冲带遮阴效应的过程及机制研究,根据遮阴效应的研究结果,讨论遮阴的利弊问题,以及遮阴效应与缓冲极端气候的联系。②开展极端气候条件下生态功能研究,利用模型模拟极端气候条件下(暴雨、干旱等)河岸植被缓冲带的截留减污效应,为植被缓冲带的构建提供参考依据。③开展景观和流域尺度研究,结合遥感影像和各气象站点数据,从景观和流域尺度研究自然和人为活动对河岸植被缓冲带生态过程和生态功能的影响,探讨河岸植被缓冲带综合治理和管理模式。④建立植被缓冲带综合评价体系,应用数字化手段对河岸植被缓冲带实时监控,结合野外观察和采样分析,综合评价河岸植被缓冲带的结构和生态功能。参43 相似文献
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Vegetation changes in the agricultural-pastoral areas of northern China from 2001 to 2013 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《农业科学学报》2016,(5)
Climate change and human activity have resulted in increasing change of vegetation growth globally. Numerous studies have been conducted on extreme climate events and analyses of ecological environment evolution. However, such studies have placed little emphasis on vegetation change and spatial variation in this type of ecotone. Accordingly, this study analyzed the changes in vegetation type and growth using the 16-d composite MOD13A1 product with 1-km resolution and MOD12Q1 product with 1-km resolution. We used the mean, maximum, standard deviation normalized-difference vegetation index(NDVI) values, and the rate of change(ROC) of NDVI value to explain vegetation changes within the studied ecotone. Our results showed that significant vegetation type and growth changes have occurred in the study area. From 2001 to 2013, for example, with the exception of 2001, 2004 and 2009, a certain extent of grassland area was converted to cropland. Drought severity index(DSI) results indicate that there exists drought in 2001, 2004 and 2009. Such temporal changes in cropland and grassland area confirmed the ecological vulnerability of the ecotone. At the same time, vegetation varied spatially from west to east and from south to north. The mean, maximum and standard deviation NDVI values were all sorted in descending order based on differences in latitude and longitude, as follows: NDVI_(2013)NDVI_(2009)NDVI_(2004)NDVI_(2001) 相似文献
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在倡导生态园林建设的前提下,系统地阐述了植物配置应遵循的相关原则,结合沈阳地区气候和自然植被状况,以沈阳市中山公园园区植物配置为例,探讨了生态理论和景观艺术在植物配置中的合理应用。 相似文献
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我国土地退化严重,且大部分发生在干旱半干旱地区.恢复为何种生态系统类型是生态学研究的重要课题.采用生态功能区划,根据各个生态功能区主体生态系统功能,推导发挥此功能的生态系统类型的方法,识别关键生态系统类型.以内蒙古自治区和林县为例,采用文献调研、实地调查、3S技术等方法,在评价该县生态敏感性、生态服务功能重要性的基础上,将该县划分为3个一级生态区,11个二级生态功能区.根据各个生态功能区的主体生态系统服务功能,分析发挥该功能的可能生态系统类型.再根据全国自然植被区划、气候变化趋势模型以及现状植被类型,识别各个生态功能区的关键生态系统类型. 相似文献
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回归模型拟合植被指数与生物量的定量关系是植被生物量反演的重要研究方法之一.研究在此基础上,基于环境卫星遥感数据和同步野外实地采样数据,以郑州黄河湿地自然保护区为试验区,比较MLRM(多元线性回归模型)与SCRM(一元曲线回归模型)反演植被生物量的能力,并估算研究区植被生物量,生成研究区生物量分布图.结果表明,文中所建立的MLRM在研究区具有较好的反演精度和预测能力.其模型显著性检验为极显著,相关系数为0.9791,模型拟合精度达到29.8 g/m2,其模型预测结果系统误差为49.9g/m2,均方根误差为67.2 g/m2,预测决定系数为0.8742,比传统的一元回归模型具有更高的精度和可靠性.估算研究区域2010年8月湿生植被生物量约为6.849199 t/hm2,相对误差为4.73％. 相似文献