林下植被对寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤磷形态及有效性的影响     

朱正青  满秀玲 《水土保持学报》2024,38(2):339-350,363

[目的] 由于大兴安岭寒温带兴安落叶松林下植被差异较大,其土壤理化性质也有较大差异,研究不同林下植被兴安落叶松林土壤磷形态变化特征及有效性,为科学评价寒温带森林土壤磷素供给水平及磷循环研究提供科学数据。[方法] 选取大兴安岭寒温带4种林下植被兴安落叶松林(兴安杜鹃—落叶松林、杜香—落叶松林、苔草—落叶松林和苔藓—落叶松林)为研究对象,于2022年6,8,10月采集0—5,5—10,10—20 cm土层土壤样品,采用Hedley磷分级法测定土壤不同形态磷含量。[结果] (1)观测期间4种林下植被兴安落叶松林土壤活性磷(H₂O—Pi、NaHCO₃—Pi、NaHCO₃—Po)和中等活性磷(NaOH—Pi、NaOH—Po)在6—10月总体呈降低趋势,中等活性磷含量占全磷的30.08%~52.80%,且中等活性磷均表现出无机磷含量高于有机磷含量。兴安杜鹃—落叶松林和杜香—落叶松林0—20 cm土层活性磷、中等活性磷含量均高于苔草—落叶松林和苔藓—落叶松林。苔草—落叶松林土壤稳定性磷(HCl—Pi、HCl—Po、residual—P)均显著高于其他3种落叶松林,且稳定性磷占全磷的58.86%~65.81%。(2)4种林下植被落叶松林土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)和磷活化系数(PAC)在6—10月变化范围分别为391.81~1 081.02,7.34~83.90 mg/kg和1.62%~7.76%,兴安杜鹃—落叶松林和杜香—落叶松林土壤AP含量和PAC高于另外2种落叶松林,表现出较高的磷有效性;而苔草—落叶松林和苔藓—落叶松林在8,10月5—10,10—20 cm土层则出现供磷不足现象。(3)土壤含水率是兴安杜鹃—落叶松林和杜香—落叶松林土壤磷的主要影响因素,可溶性碳是苔草—落叶松林的主要影响因素,而铵态氮对苔藓—落叶松林影响较大。[结论] 林下植被对兴安落叶松林土壤磷形态及磷有效性有显著影响,兴安杜鹃—落叶松林和杜香—落叶松林土壤活性磷组分、中等活性磷组分及有效磷含量较高,磷活化系数均在2.00%以上;而苔草—落叶松林土壤稳定性磷组分含量较高,土壤磷有效性相对较低。研究结果对寒温带森林生态系统林下植被生态功能及土壤养分循环研究具有重要意义。  相似文献   

施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

张立花  张辉  黄玉芳  叶优良  张占胜  詹宗立 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(7):801-809

为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg^-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T₀)、50 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₁)、100 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₂)、200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₃)、1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₄)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O₅)·hm^-2的T₃处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg^-1、32.99 mg·kg^-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg^-1、35.35 mg·kg^-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理没有显著差异。  相似文献   

低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

彭琪  何红花  张兴昌 《植物营养与肥料学报》2021,27(2):293-300

  【目的】  磷极易被土壤吸附和固定,导致土壤中磷有效性较低。研究接种丛枝菌根真菌 (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) 和低磷处理两者交互对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收的影响,为提高碱性土壤中磷肥利用率提供理论依据。  【方法】  以黄绵土和紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa) 为试验材料进行盆栽试验。在施磷0、5、20 mg/kg (P0、P5、P20) 3个水平下,分别设接种和不接种丛枝菌根 Glomus mosseae BGC YN02 (+AMF、–AMF) 处理。植物生长120天后测定植株生物量、磷吸收量、AMF侵染率以及根际和非根际土壤的pH、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、土壤有效磷含量、土壤微生物生物量磷,分析根际有机酸的组成与含量。  【结果】  +AMF处理中植物根系被AMF侵染,且施磷水平对侵染率没有显著影响;施磷和+AMF处理显著提高了植株地上部、地下部生物量以及磷含量,其中P20+AMF处理生物量和磷含量最高;根际有机酸总量随施磷水平上升而显著降低,但+AMF处理有机酸总量高于–AMF处理,其中柠檬酸和乙酸含量的变化较为明显;施磷和+AMF显著降低土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,增加土壤有效磷含量和微生物生物量磷,且低磷环境 (P0、P5) 下根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物生物量磷均显著高于非根际土;P20处理显著降低磷利用效率和磷肥利用率,+AMF处理显著提高磷肥利用率。  【结论】  碱性土壤 (黄绵土) 中,AMF和紫花苜蓿根系能建立较好的共生关系,低施磷水平 (施磷量 ≤ 20 mg/kg) 对AMF侵染率没有显著影响。施磷和接种AMF均可以显著促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收。低磷环境下,接种AMF可以扩大植物根系吸收范围,同时增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,促进根系分泌有机酸,特别是乙酸和柠檬酸,从而提高磷肥利用率。  相似文献   

施磷影响番茄磷吸收的根系及微生物动态过程          下载免费PDF全文

何怡  高伟  阮云泽  蔡树美  徐四新  诸海焘  张德闪 《中国土壤与肥料》2023,(10):209-216

探究不同供磷条件下蔬菜作物根系形态、根际生理属性和解磷微生物丰度的变化,有助于揭示蔬菜作物 高效利用磷的机制,为高投入蔬菜种植体系实现减磷增效提供理论基础。以番茄为供试作物进行田间试验,设 置 T0(不施化学磷肥)、T0.5P(施磷量 100 kg/hm²;减施化学磷肥 50%)、T0.8P(施磷量 160 kg/hm²;减施化学磷肥 20%)、TP(施磷量 200 kg/hm²;常规施磷)4 个处理,测定移栽后第 15、30 及 45 d 番茄地上部生物量和磷吸收 以及根系形态(根长密度、比根长)、根际生理属性(有机酸含量)和土壤解磷微生物(phoD、phoC 和 pqqC)基 因丰度,阐明降低磷肥施用量影响作物根系、微生物以及驱动番茄磷吸收的动态过程。与常规施肥相比,减施磷 肥 50%(施磷 100 kg/hm²)促进了移栽后 45 d 番茄根系比根长的增加,提高了移栽后 45 d 番茄根际有机酸的分泌, 同时刺激了移栽后 30 和 45 d 土壤编码 phoC 和 pqqC 基因解磷微生物的增生。解磷微生物 phoC 和 pqqC 基因丰度 与番茄根系比根长和根际有机酸的分泌呈显著正相关。减施磷肥 20%(施磷 160 kg/hm²)与常规施肥相比,对番 茄根系根长密度、比根长以及根际有机酸的分泌无显著影响,但显著促进了成熟期番茄地上部磷吸收。集约化蔬 菜种植体系具有较大的减施磷肥的空间,最大化发挥植物根系形态、生理可塑性以及协同解磷微生物活化磷的能 力是实现减磷增效的关键。  相似文献   

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

陈磊  云鹏  高翔  卢昌艾  刘荣乐  汪洪 《植物营养与肥料学报》2016,22(6):1548-1557

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。  相似文献   

尕海湿地区沼泽草甸生长季土壤碳氮组分对增温施氮的响应     

卢朝阳  马维伟  杜佳囝  常文华  贺万鹏  李淑卓 《水土保持学报》2024,38(2):316-325

[目的] 为探究高寒湿地土壤碳氮组分对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应特征。[方法] 以尕海湿地沼泽草甸为研究对象,采用开顶箱增温(OTC)和外源氮素(NH₄NO₃)添加模拟未来气候变暖及氮沉降试验,分别设置对照(CK)、增温(W)、施氮(N)和增温施氮(WN)4种处理。在试验进行1.5年后对土壤碳氮组分含量进行测定。[结果] (1)开顶箱增温装置提高0—20 cm土层平均温度1.126℃,显著降低0—10 cm土层土壤含水量(SMC)、pH、全氮(TN)、微生物量氮(MBN)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺—N)、有机碳(SOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,提高硝态氮(NO₃^-—N)含量。(2)施氮显著降低NH₄⁺—N、SOC和10—20 cm土层微生物生物量碳(MBC)及DOC含量,增加土壤TN、MBN和NO₃^-—N含量。(3)增温施氮显著增加土壤SMC、TN、NO₃^-—N和MBC含量,降低MBN、NH₄⁺—N和DOC含量。(4)相关分析显示,土壤水分与各理化因子均存在正相关性,土壤碳氮组分间均呈正相关性。[结论] 模拟增温施氮缓解尕海湿地植物生长的温度和氮的限制,促进TN的积累,对土壤微生物量碳氮影响较大,导致土壤微生物量碳氮及分布特征发生转换。  相似文献   

氮添加对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地土壤无机磷形态的影响     

胡洋  丛孟菲  陈末  侯天钰  愚广灵  买迪努尔·阿不来孜  朱新萍  贾宏涛 《水土保持学报》2022,36(3):252-258

为探究在全球气候变化敏感区的干旱区高寒湿地上,氮添加对土壤无机磷形态的影响。在保护良好的巴音布鲁克高寒湿地沼泽(S)、沼泽草甸(SM)和草甸(M)布设野外原位试验,依据巴音布鲁克草原氮沉降量,设置0(CK),8(N1),16(N2) kg·N/(hm²·a)的施氮量,研究短期氮添加对高寒湿地土壤无机磷形态的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒湿地土壤全磷含量平均为1.09 g/kg,总无机磷平均为492.71 mg/kg,而总无机磷平均占全磷的45.67%。(2)3种湿地类型土壤无机磷主要以Ca—P形态存在,在Ca—P中以Ca₁₀—P为主,占无机磷含量的50.27%~64.69%。S区土壤Al—P、Fe—P含量显著高于SM和M区,SM区Ca₂—P、Ca₈—P、O—P含量显著高于S和M区,M区土壤Ca₁₀—P含量显著高于S和SM区。(3)氮添加显著影响高寒湿地土壤各形态无机磷的含量,氮添加下,S和SM区土壤Al—P含量较CK显著增加了9.92%~17.35%,而Ca₈—P含量显著降低3.18%~9.36%。[JP]S和M区土壤Fe—P含量显著降低了3.18%~9.36%,S区土壤Ca₂—P含量显著降低了10.31%。氮添加下3种湿地类型土壤O—P含量均显著增加,较CK显著增加21.83%~25.94%。(4)土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾均是影响无机磷形态的重要因子。不同湿地类型土壤无机磷形态含量存在显著差异,氮添加显著改变了土壤各无机磷形态含量,主要是通过增加土壤中难利用无机磷(O—P)含量,使高寒湿地土壤的供磷潜力降低。研究结果有助于预测未来氮沉降持续增加背景下全球高寒湿地土壤无机磷形态的变化趋势。  相似文献   

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作对红壤无机磷组分及有效磷的影响          下载免费PDF全文

骆妍妃  覃潇敏  农玉琴  陆金梅  覃宏宇  阳景阳  李金婷  韦锦坚 《土壤》2022,54(1):72-79

通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有...  相似文献   

长江中下游甘薯氮磷钾肥施用效果与区域土壤养分丰缺指标研究          下载免费PDF全文

张辉  谭诚  周晓月  马洪波  许仙菊  汪吉东  宁运旺  张永春 《土壤》2022,54(4):676-681

根据2009—2014年在长江中下游薯区实施的68个氮、磷、钾肥料用量田间试验结果，建立了基于养分丰缺指标法——肥料效应函数的甘薯氮、磷、钾施肥指标体系。结果表明：施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥均对甘薯具有极显著的增产效果(P<0.01)；植薯土壤水解性氮含量的“高”、“低”指标分别为170 mg/kg和100 mg/kg，有效磷含量的临界指标为17 mg/kg，土壤速效钾含量“高”、“低”的指标分别为110 mg/kg和30 mg/kg；高产田块甘薯的氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济推荐施用量分别为N 125 kg/hm²、P₂O₅160 kg/hm²和K₂O 182 kg/hm²，中低产田块的氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济推荐施用量分别为N 155 kg/hm²、P₂O₅120 kg/hm²和K₂O 220 kg/hm²。  相似文献   

长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷、锌有效性及其作物磷锌营养的影响   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11  

赵荣芳  邹春琴  张福锁 《植物营养与肥料学报》2007,13(3):368-372

以中国农业大学昌平试验站长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷锌有效性及其对作物磷锌营养的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥[P2O5,135.kg/(hm2.a)]导致土壤有效磷含量逐年提高;对根际和非根际土壤有效锌含量没有显著影响,但是根际土壤有效锌含量显著高于非根际土壤;长期施用磷肥冬小麦抽穗期植株锌含量显著低于不施磷处理;无论拔节期和抽穗期,植株含磷量和植株磷锌比(P/Zn)都随着施磷量的增加而显著增加。长期施用磷肥处理(P1和P2)在显著提高了冬小麦子粒含磷量的同时,显著降低了其含锌量;冬小麦子粒磷锌比(P/Zn)随着施磷量的增加也显著增加,子粒含磷量与含锌量呈极显著的负线性相关关系。  相似文献   

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments     

J.D. Berger  L.D. Robertson  P.S. Cocks 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(3):313-325

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.  相似文献   

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’     

V. Alfonse Amalraj  N. Balasundaram 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(1):35-41

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.  相似文献   

Collembolans as vectors of entomopathogenic fungi     

Karsten M. Dromph   《Pedobiologia》2003,47(3):245-256

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Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops     

M. Rodríguez-Quijano  M.T. Nieto-Taladriz  J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.  相似文献   

Morphological diversity and a germplasm survey of three wild Pistacia species in Turkey     

Salih Kafkas  Ebru Kafkas  Rafael Perl-Treves 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(3):261-270

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Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts     

B. T. Kang  F. K. Akinnifesi  J. L. Pleysier 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1994,18(3):193-199

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)     

Sofie E. De Meyer  Koenraad Van Hoorde  Bram Vekeman  Tamara Braeckman  Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.  相似文献   

Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alejandro Zamora  Cynthia Barboza  Jorge Lobo  Ana M. Espinoza 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(8):855-870

We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandi­glumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandi­glumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandi­glumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes     

Zican He  Xiaoyan Zhang  Yang Zhong  Li Ye 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2000,47(6):627-639

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.  相似文献   

Effect of passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) on the number of selected Gram-negative and total bacteria     

Jens Christian Pedersen  Niels Bohse Hendriksen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,16(3):227-232

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×10⁹) was higher than in soil (1.7×10⁸), but lower than in the dung (1.5×10¹⁰). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit.  相似文献