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1.
Phytic acid consists of 65-80% of the total phosphorus (P) in cereal grains. Its salts are concentrated in the germ and aleurone layers, which are typically removed during milling. We hypothesize that concentrations of different types of P and minerals in milled products will be greatly altered in low phytic acid (lpa) barleys. Seeds of cv. Harrington (control) and four lpa isolines-lpa1-1, lpa2-1, lpa3-1, and M955-were abraded by a laboratory method into five surface layer and four remaining kernel fractions. Results show that phytic acid in the four lpa lines ranged from 75% to 5% of the control. The decrease in phytic acid P concentration was matched almost equally by an increase in inorganic P, so that the rest of P (the sum of all P-containing compounds other than phytic acid P and inorganic P) and total P levels remained relatively unchanged among the five genotypes. These trends were also observed for the processed fractions. The major mineral elements in barley seeds were P, K, Mg, S, and Ca, while minor ones were Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Ba. All types of P and other minerals measured were generally concentrated in the outer layers of the grain. Although there were substantial differences in mineral contents of bran fractions among genotypes, the level of phytic acid P had little effect on mineral contents in whole or abraded kernels. One major exception was Fe, which had the highest level in all tissues of M955 genotype. The above findings were all confirmed by analyzing another set of barley samples grown in a different environment. Thus, in general, breeding lpa barleys does not lead to reduced mineral contents in whole grains or elevated mineral levels in milled products. 相似文献
2.
Metabolite profiling of two low phytic acid (lpa) rice mutants 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Frank T Meuleye BS Miller A Shu QY Engel KH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(26):11011-11019
Two low phytic acid (lpa) rice mutant lines, Os-lpa-XS110-1 and Os-lpa-XS110-2, were grown together with their parent wild-type variety Xiushui 110 in four field trials. HPLC analysis of inositol phosphates in the seeds produced demonstrated that compared to the wild-type, the reduction in phytic acid content in Os-lpa-XS110-1 (-46%) was more pronounced than that in Os-lpa-XS110-2 (-23%). Lower inositol phosphates (InsP 3, InsP 4, InsP 5) were not detected in the mutants. The lpa mutants and the wild-type rice were subjected to comparative metabolite profiling by capillary gas chromatography. On average, 34% (Os-lpa-XS110-1) and 42% (Os-lpa-XS110-2) of the detected peaks were statistically significantly different between wild-type and mutants. However, only a few of these differences could be consistently observed for all field trials. Identification and quantification of the consistently different metabolites revealed that contents of myo-inositol and raffinose were increased in Os-lpa-XS110-1 but decreased in Os-lpa-XS110-2 compared to the wild-type. In addition, Os-lpa-XS110-1 exhibited increased levels of galactose and galactinol. Consideration of these metabolic changes in light of the routes involved in the biosynthesis of phytic acid indicated a disturbance in the early biosynthetic pathway of phytic acid in Os-lpa-XS110-2 (similar to the lpa-1 type mutation in maize) and a mutation event affecting phosphorylation of myo-inositol in Os-lpa-XS110-1 (similar to the lpa-3-type mutation). 相似文献
3.
Lönnerdal B Mendoza C Brown KH Rutger JN Raboy V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(9):4755-4762
Dietary phytic acid is a major causative factor for low Zn bioavailability in many cereal- and legume-based diets. The bioavailability of Zn in seed of low phytic acid (lpa) variants of maize ( Zea mays L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L.), and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) was evaluated using a suckling rat pup model. Suckling rat pups (14 days old, n = 6-8/treatment) were fasted for 6 h and intubated with (65)Zn-radiolabeled suspensions prepared using seed produced by either wild-type (normal phytic acid) or lpa genotypes of each cereal. Test solutions were radiolabeled overnight (all genotypes) or immediately prior to intubation (barley genotypes). Pups were killed 6 h postintubation and tissues removed and counted in a gamma counter. Zn absorption was low from wild-type genotypes of maize (21, 33%) and rice (26%), and phytic acid reduction resulted in significantly higher Zn absorption, 47-52 and 35-52%, respectively. Zn absorption from wild-type barley incubated overnight was high (86-91%), and phytate reduction did not improve Zn absorption (84-90%), which is likely due to endogenous phytase activity. When the wild-type barley solutions were prepared immediately before intubation, Zn absorption was significantly lower (63, 78%) than from the lpa cultivars (92, 96%). Variation in seed or flour phenolic acid levels did not affect Zn absorption. Differences in seed Zn levels did not substantially affect Zn absorption. Thus, when phytic acid is abundant in a diet, it has a larger effect on Zn absorption than the level of Zn. Therefore, reducing the phytic acid content of staple cereal grains may contribute to enhancing Zn nutrition of populations consuming these staple foods. 相似文献
4.
High phytate content in staple food crops is a major barrier to successful iron biofortification. We have exploited the low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa1-1) mutant of maize to generate transgenic plants with up-to 70 μg/g seed iron through the endosperm-specific overexpression of soybean ferritin, resulting in more than 2-fold improvement in iron bioavailability. The levels of bioavailable seed iron achieved in this study greatly exceed any achieved thus far and closely approach values estimated to have a nutritional impact on target populations. Gene expression studies reveal a large induction of the YS1 transporter in leaves and severe repression of an iron acquisition gene DMAS1 in roots, suggesting significant alterations in the iron homeostatic mechanisms in transgenic lpa1-1. Furthermore, preliminary tests show that the high-iron lpa1-1 seeds have higher germination rates and seedling vigor when compared to those of the nontransgenic seeds, which may help improve their value to plant breeders. 相似文献
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Conversion of the seed phosphorus storage compound phytic acid, which is poorly digested by nonruminants, to available forms of phosphorus will have nutritional and environmental benefits. Low‐phytate (LP) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars are in development and their commercialization will be facilitated by understanding their phosphorus profiles and malting quality. To study these issues, LP and normal types derived from mutagenized populations of barley cultivar Harrington (sets of sib lines homozygous for the wild‐type [WT] allele, or for one of four low‐phytic acid mutations, lpa1‐1, lpa2‐1, lpa3‐1, or M955), were developed through backcrosses to Harrington. Grain was produced in irrigated and rain‐fed environments. WT phosphorus profiles were similar to those of Harrington, suggesting that the major variable was the presence or absence of mutant alleles. All mutations conferred increased inorganic phosphorus. Total P was reduced for lpa1‐1. Phosphorus profiles were relatively stable across environments, which will facilitate the inclusion of LP barley in animal rations. Utilization of LP cultivars for malting may be difficult, as the LP trait was associated with substantial reductions in diastatic power. All mutations, except for lpa2‐1, affected wort β‐glucan levels, which could not be attributed to altered grain β‐glucan levels. 相似文献
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摘要：以杂交石斛类原球茎为材料,硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside, SNP）为NO的供体,研究了60Co γ辐照和ＳＮＰ复合处理对石斛悬浮培养类原球茎的生长和生物碱合成的影响。结果表明,60Co γ和ＳＮＰ单独或复合处理都能促进类原球茎生物碱的合成,且复合处理对石斛类原球茎生物碱的合成有一定的累加效应, 但类原球茎生长减缓。适宜的复合处理组合为01mmol/L SNP+10Gy60Co γ辐照,此时类原球茎生物碱含量高达00676%,与各因素单独处理差异显著,单位培养基生物碱产量为对照组的635倍。NO抑制剂L NAME和cPTIO均能抑制各处理组合对类原球茎生物碱合成的促进作用。复合处理影响类原球茎抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT活性,从而调控石斛类原球茎生长和生物碱合成。 相似文献
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玉米低植酸突变体的营养品质分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对比研究了8个玉米低植酸(Low phytic acid,lpa)突变体及其相应野生型(Wild Type,WT)的主要营养品质及其营养组分,结果显示:与野生型相比,各突变体总磷含量基本不变,无机磷含量均成倍增加,总淀粉含量显著下降,直链淀粉和粗脂肪含量变化不显著,粗蛋白含量在部分突变体中显著上升;多数氨基酸含量在突变体中有所提高,赖氨酸含量除Q319-lpa和X178-lpa下降外均不同程度上升;铁、锰、铜、锌、硒等微量元素含量变化不显著。研究表明lpa突变对玉米营养品质的改良和生物学效价的提高具有有益的作用。 相似文献
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水稻低植酸突变基因和外源铁蛋白基因的聚合 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对所获得的2份低植酸突变系和2份铁蛋白(Fer)转基因富铁系稻米进行了无机磷、种子GUS、叶片PCR、稻米矿质元素含量检测和简单的遗传分析,表明这些材料作为低植酸突变种质和Fer富铁种质具有良好的实用价值。对所配杂种F1进行了花药培养,并对愈伤组织诱导、分化、生根和花培苗倍数性、成活率、结实性等性状进行考察,认为低植酸基因和铁蛋白外源基因对花培过程影响不明显。在大量的花培后代中筛选到31份低植酸基因和外源铁蛋白基因双重表达的花培纯系,经检测,该批材料富铁效果极为显著,是难得的低植酸富铁转基因优良新种质。 相似文献
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大豆低植酸突变体籽粒的抗氧化性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植酸具有较强的抗氧化能力,对作物籽粒的耐储性和活力均具有重要作用,但其作用机制尚不明确。为揭示大豆低植酸突变体和野生型亲本中抗氧化代谢产物的差异,本研究以低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M,以及野生型亲本浙春3号、台湾75为材料,分析大豆籽粒发育过程中植酸含量对抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,大豆籽粒发育过程中的总抗氧化能力受过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活力的影响较大,而非酶类氧化剂谷胱甘肽对总抗氧化能力影响较小。随着籽粒的成熟,脂质氧化物、丙二醛与蛋白羰基化产物的含量逐渐增加。低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M和亲本浙春3号、台湾75的总抗氧化能力较强,且籽粒活力也较高;而低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-TW-1的总抗氧化能力最弱,且籽粒活力也最弱,说明大豆籽粒抗氧化水平与籽粒活力呈正相关,但与植酸含量无相关关系。由此推测植酸并非影响大豆籽粒抗氧化能力和活力的直接因素。本研究结果为进一步探索低植酸作物的籽粒活力下降机制,培育高籽粒活力低植酸大豆品种提供了参考。 相似文献
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甘薯肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)新品系农大603是从感茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)病品种徐薯18的辐照后代中获得的一个抗茎线虫病的突变体。以农大603和徐薯18块根的mRNA为模板，根据植物抗线虫病基因NBS保守氨基酸序列设计引物，进行 RT-PCR分析，发现农大603的肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶(Myo inositol-1-phosphate synthase , MIPS)基因的表达量高于徐薯18。采用3'RACE技术扩增出MIPS基因的3'末端cDNA。根据植物MIPS基因 5'端一段保守的氨基酸序列设计兼并引物，并与3'端的特异引物组合，扩增出该基因的5'端cDNA序列。DNA序列比对表明，甘薯MIPS基因与大豆(Glycine max)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum )的MIPS基因同源性较高，分别达83.63 %和83.89 %。甘薯MIPS基因全长cDNA的克隆，有利于进一步研究该基因与抗甘薯茎线虫病的关系。 相似文献
12.
Phytic acid (myo‐inositol‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakisphosphate) is the most abundant form of phosphorus (P) in cereal grains and is important to grain nutritional quality. In mature rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, the bulk of phytic acid P is found in the germ and aleurone layer, deposited primarily as a mixed K/Mg salt. Phosphorus components and minerals were measured in whole grain produced by either the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kaybonnet (the nonmutant control) or the low phytic acid 1‐1 (lpa1‐1) mutant, and in these grains when milled to different degrees (10, 12, 17, 20, 22, and 25%, w/w). Phytic acid P is reduced by 42–45% in lpa1‐1 whole grain as compared with Kaybonnet, but these whole grains had similar levels of total P, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn. In both genotypes, the concentration of phytic acid P, total P, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Mn in the milled products was reduced by 60–90%, as compared with whole grain. However, a trend was observed for higher (25–40%) total P, K, and Mg concentrations in lpa1‐1 milled products as compared with Kaybonnet milled products. The reduction in whole grain phytic acid P in rice lpa1‐1 is accompanied by a 5‐ to 10‐fold increase in grain inorganic P, and this increase was observed in both whole grain and milled products. Phytic acid P was also reduced by 45% in bran obtained from lpa1‐1 grain, and this was accompanied by a 10‐fold increase in inorganic P. Milling had no apparent effect on Zn concentration. Therefore, while the block in the accumulation of phytic acid in lpa1‐1 seed has little effect on whole grain total P and mineral concentration, it greatly alters the chemistry of these seed constituents, and to a lesser but detectable extent, alters their distribution between germ, central endosperm, and aleurone. These studies suggest that development of a low phytate rice might improve the nutritional quality of whole grain, milled rice and the bran produced during milling. 相似文献
13.
Bressani R Turcios JC Colmenares de Ruiz AS de Palomo PP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(5):1157-1162
Tortillas are made by cooking maize in a lime solution during variable times and temperatures, steeping the grain for up to 12 h, washing and grinding it to a fine dough, and cooking portions as flat cakes for up to 6 min. The effects of the main processing steps on the chemical composition, nutritive value, and functional and physicochemical characteristics have been areas of research. The present work evaluates the effect of lime concentration (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6%) and cooking times (45, 60, and 75 min) on phytic acid retention of whole maize, its endosperm, and germ, as well as on the content of calcium, iron, and zinc on the same samples. The effects of steeping time and temperature and steeping medium on the phytic acid of lime-cooked maize were also studied. Finally, phytic acid changes from raw maize to tortilla were also measured. The results indicated that lime concentration and cooking time reduce phytic acid content in whole grain (17.4%), in endosperm (45.8%), and in germ (17.0%). Statistical analyses suggested higher phytic acid loss with 1.2% lime and 75 min of cooking. Cooking with the lime solution is more effective in reducing phytic acid than cooking with water. Steeping maize in lime solution at 50 degrees C during 8 h reduced phytic acid an additional 8%. The total loss of phytic acid from maize to tortilla was 22%. Calcium content increased in whole maize, endosperm, and germ with lime concentration and cooking and steeping times. The increase was higher in the germ than in the endosperm. The level, however, can be controlled if steeping of the cooked grain is conducted in water. Iron and zinc contents were not affected by nixtamalization processing variables but were affected in steeping. 相似文献
14.
【目的】磷饥饿响应因子PHR (phosphate starvation response)在植物根系发育和磷养分吸收中起重要作用,本研究主要阐明毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因生物学功能,为培育磷高效型绿肥作物提供理论依据。【方法】通过转录组测序获得毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因序列。采用酵母单杂交方法验证VvPHR1基因的转录激活功能,构建其过表达载体,利用花粉管通道法分别遗传转化野生型和突变体(Atphr1)拟南芥,获得超量表达VvPHR1基因和突变体功能回补转基因材料。对正常磷(1 mmol/L Pi)和低磷(1μmol/L Pi)的培养基中生长30天的拟南芥取样,采用实时荧光定量PCR对野生型和转基因拟南芥中VvPHR1及下游磷转运基因的表达进行分析,并对转基因材料进行表型分析,测定其主根长、鲜重、总磷及无机磷(phosphate,Pi)含量。【结果】毛叶苕子转录组中有13个PHR基因,转录本129590、96227、120424与拟南芥的PHR1相似度最高,其中转录本120424在低磷诱导下表达量最高,将该转录本命名为VvPHR1基因。该基因cDNA全长1008 bp,编码335个氨基酸... 相似文献
15.
Despite recent progress, several aspects of lignin biosynthesis, including variation in lignin composition between species and between tissues within a given species, are still poorly understood. The analysis of mutants affected in cell wall biosynthesis may help increase the understanding of these processes. We have analyzed the maize brown midrib2 (bm2) mutant, one of the four bm mutants of maize, using pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). Vascular tissues from the leaf blade and leaf sheath from different parts of the plant were investigated and compared to the corresponding samples from a wild-type plant of the same genetic background (inbred line A619). Multivariate analysis revealed that the bm2 mutant had reduced amounts of di- and trimeric lignin derivatives, notably species with m/z 272 and m/z 330, and that the ratio of guaiacyl residues to polysaccharides was reduced in the bm2 mutant. In addition, differences in cell wall composition between different parts of the plant (blade versus sheath, young versus old tissue) were much less pronounced in the bm2 mutant. These changes suggest that the functional Bm2 gene is important for the establishment of tissue-specific cell wall composition. 相似文献
16.
高无机磷低植酸含量玉米突变体筛选初报 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
利用200GY的60COΓ射线诱变处理干种子,从主栽玉米杂交种农大108的双亲黄C和X178中分别筛选了4个和2个高无机磷、低植酸含量突变体。以株系计突变频率分别为8.04×10-4和10.48×10-4。与野生型相比,6个突变体HL-PA1、HL-PA2、HL-PA3、HL-PA4、XL-PA1、XL-PA2的TP含量基本未变,PAP分别下降了79.09%,66.06%,47.58%,43.94%,70.00%,48.28%,IP分别增加了11.22,9.91,7.04,6.43,6.43,4.33倍。 相似文献
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《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2391-2401
Abstract Availability of phosphorus (P) in soil and its acquisition by plants is affected by the release of high and low molecular weight root exudates. A study was carried out to ascertain the qualitative and quantitative differences in root exudation among the genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) under P‐stress. Results showed that both inter‐ and intra‐species differences do exist among maize and green gram in terms of root exudation, P uptake, and shoot and root P content. In general, green gram, a legume crop, had greater root exudation compared to maize. However, the amino acid content of the total root exudates in maize was two‐fold as compared to green gram. The maize and green gram genotypes possessed genetic variability in root exudation. Irrespective of the species or genotypes, a positive relationship was found among P uptake rates, total root exudation, and shoot and root 32P content. The amount of sugars and amino acid present in the root exudates of P‐starved seedlings also add to the variation in P uptake efficiency of genotypes. 相似文献
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Dai F Qiu L Xu Y Cai S Qiu B Zhang G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11821-11824
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China is considered to be one of the original centers of cultivated barley. At present, little is known about the phytase activity (Phy) or phytic acid content (PA) in grains of Tibetan annual wild barley. Phy and PA were determined in grains of 135 wild and 72 cultivated barleys. Phy ranged from 171.3 to 1299.2 U kg(-1) and from 219.9 to 998.2 U kg(-1) for wild and cultivated barleys, respectively. PA and protein contents were much higher in wild barley than in cultivated barley. Tibetan annual wild barley showed a larger genetic diversity in phytase activity and phytic acid and protein contents and is of value for barley breeding. There is no significant correlation between phytase activity and phytic acid or protein content in barley grains, indicating that endogenous phytase activity had little effect on the accumulation of phytic acid. 相似文献