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1.
青海省湟水河流域退耕还林地土壤可蚀性研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
以青海湟水河流域2000—2009年退耕还林地为研究对象,基于野外定点观测和室内实验分析,测定土壤理化性质,采用EPIC模型中的算法求算土壤可蚀性K值,研究不同退耕还林年限和不同植被类型土壤可蚀性的变化情况。结果表明:1)随着退耕年限的增加,土壤孔隙度逐渐增大;砂粒含量略微增加;粉粒含量略有减少;黏粒含量则基本不变;有机质在退耕7年内逐渐减少,之后又开始增加;土壤可蚀性有降低的趋势,退耕9年后对土壤可蚀性有较明显的改善。2)相同退耕年限,退耕植被类型改善土壤可蚀性能力为乔木混交林>乔灌混交林>乔木林>灌木林,且退耕年限越长变幅越大,差别越明显。  相似文献   

2.
Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO2). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter.  相似文献   

3.
The effects of experimental site preparation treatments on soil respiration were studied in a boreal mixedwood forest. The treatments were: (1) intact forest (uncut); (2) clearcut without site preparation (cut); (3) clearcut followed by mixing of organic matter with mineral horizons (mixed); and (4) plots from which all organic matter was removed (screefed). Soil respiration was measured as carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution from surface soil once a month from June to October, 1994 in the field using infra-red gas analyzer (IRGA). In addition, soil temperature and moisture content were determined once a month during the 1994 growing season and soil organic matter content was determined once in July 1994. Mixed plots had the highest soil respiration rates (0.86 to 0.98 g m−2 h−1), followed by the clearcut (0.68 to 0.84 g m−2 h−1) and uncut plots (0.56 to 0.82 g m−2 h−1), with screefed plots having the lowest respiration rates (0.24 to 0.52 g m−2 h−1) from June to September. Soil respiration of the cut plots was not significantly different from that of the uncut control. The site preparation treatments reduced soil moisture and soil organic matter contents significantly. Changes in soil temperature within treatment at 0, 5 and 10 cm depths and between the treatments were not significant. Observed soil respiration patterns were attributed to changes in soil moisture and organic matter content associated with the various treatments. A laboratory incubation experiment elucidated the effects of organic matter, soil moisture, and temperature on soil respiration rates. Site preparation treatments in boreal mixedwood forests affect soil respiration by modifying the moisture and organic matter content of the soil.  相似文献   

4.
Determining the physical and mechanical properties of soil and its behavior for engineering projects is essential for road construction operations. One of the most important principles in forest road construction, which is usually neglected, is to avoid mixing organic matter with road materials during excavation and embankment construction. The current study aimed to assess the influence of organic matter on the physical properties and mechanical behaviors of forest soil and to analyze the relation between the amount of organic matter and the behavior of forest soil as road material. A typical soil sample from the study area was collected beside a newly constructed roadbed. The soil was mixed with different percentages of organic matter(control treatment, 5, 10, and 15% by mass) and different tests including Atterberg limits, standard compaction, and California bearing ratio(CBR) tests were conducted on these different soil mixtures. The results showed that soil plasticity increased linearly with increasing organic matter.Increasing the organic matter from 0%(control) to 15%resulted in an increase of 11.64% of the plastic limit and 15.22% of the liquid limit after drying at 110 ℃. Also,increasing the organic matter content reduced the soil maximum dry density and increased the optimum moisture content. Increasing the organic matter from 0 to 15% resulted in an increase of 11.0% of the optimum moisture content and a decrease of 0.29 g/cm~3 of the maximum dry density. Organic matter decreased the CBR, which is used as the index of road strength. Adding 15% organic matter to the soil resulted in a decrease of the CBR from 15.72 to 4.75%. There was a significant difference between the two drying temperatures(60 and 110 ℃) for the same organic matter mixtures with lower water content values after drying at 60 ℃. The results revealed the adverse influence of organic matter on soil engineering properties and showed the importance of organic matter removal before excavation and fill construction.  相似文献   

5.
Monitoring soil CO2 efflux rates and identifying controlling factors, such as forest composition or soil texture, can help guide forest management and will likely gain relevance as atmospheric CO2 continues to increase. We examined soil CO2 efflux and potential controlling factors in managed mixed pine forests in southwestern Georgia. Soil CO2 efflux was monitored periodically in two stands that differed in soil texture in 2001 and 2002, and in six additional stands in 2003. We also monitored controlling factors: soil temperature, moisture, organic layer mass, and A layer depth. Soil moisture and CO2 efflux varied with soil texture differences among the stands. As expected, soil temperature had a strong influence on soil CO2 efflux. Soil moisture, organic layer mass, and A layer depth also were correlated with soil CO2 efflux during periods of water stress, but these relationships differed with soil texture. Forest management activities can alter components of soil CO2 efflux, including soil carbon pools, temperature, and moisture; understanding the underlying variation of these components and resultant CO2 efflux over soil types can help guide management toward desired forest carbon balance trends in southeastern mixed pine forests.  相似文献   

6.
Factors affecting the infiltration capacity in bamboo groves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To determine the effects of the characteristics of litter and surface soil on the infiltration capacity in bamboo groves, infiltration rates were measured on a plot-scale using an oscillating-nozzle rainfall simulator at seven Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) sites and one Madake (P. bambusoides) site in Japan. The maximum final infiltration rate (FIRmax), which was defined in this study as the infiltration capacity, was calculated, and the correlation between FIRmax and earth surface properties was analyzed. The FIRmax ranged from 9 to 308?mm?h?1, showing little correlation with litter as surface cover, and a weak correlation with bulk density (0.3–0.9?g?cm?3) and organic matter content (10.4–45.9%). These results suggest that the bulk density and organic matter content of surface soil, rather than surface cover, can be the controlling factors of infiltration capacity in bamboo groves. The bulk density of surface soil correlated significantly with the soil organic matter content, represented by bamboo rhizomes, suggesting that the infiltration capacity can increase with the amount of root networks present, related to macropore formation. The stand density showed a weak positive correlation, although not significant, with the soil organic matter content and a positive correlation with FIRmax. Thus, the infiltration capacity of bamboo groves can increase as the stand density of culms and bamboo rhizomes increase.  相似文献   

7.
文峪河上游河岸林与相邻高地林土壤属性比较分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以文峪河上游河岸林为例,分析了河岸林与相邻高地林林下土壤的理化性质。研究结果显示,河岸林土壤含水量、速效磷和速效钾含量均高于相邻高地林;河岸林土壤有机质和全氮含量低于相邻高地林。不同类型河岸林和相邻高地林土壤含水量差异均达到极显著,土壤有机质含量均差异显著,土壤酸碱度差异均不显著。河岸林与相邻高地林土壤全氮和有机质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.946 4)。土壤含水量、速效磷和速效钾含量在不同林型河岸林和高地林下的分布格局不同。  相似文献   

8.
Moso bamboo plantations (Phyllostachys pubescens) are one of the most important forest types in southern China, but there is little information on the effects of their establishment and silvicultural practices on soil CO2 efflux. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of land use change from a natural broadleaf evergreen forest to Moso bamboo plantations and their management practices on soil CO2 efflux in a subtropical region of China using static closed chamber method. Regardless of the land uses or management practices, the effluxes over a 12-month period had a seasonal pattern, with the maximum effluxes observed in summer and the minimum in winter. Whereas there was no significant difference in the total annual soil CO2 efflux between the natural broadleaf evergreen forest (BL) and the conventionally managed bamboo forests (CM), soil CO2 efflux in the intensively managed bamboo forest (IM) was significantly higher. Soil temperature was the most important environmental factor affecting soil CO2 efflux rates for all three land uses. Soil moisture also had a significant positive correlation with soil CO2 efflux rates. Soil temperature and moisture had greater influence on soil CO2 efflux rate in the IM than the CM and BL forests. Soil dissolved organic C had a positive correlation with soil CO2 efflux rate in the CM, but had no significant correlation with that in the IM or the BL forests. Our study for the first time demonstrated that conversion of the natural subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest to Moso bamboo does not increase soil CO2 efflux. However, when bamboo forests are under intensive management with regular tillage, fertiliser application and weeding, significantly more soil CO2 emission occurs. Therefore, best management practices should be developed to reduce soil CO2 efflux in Moso bamboo plantations in the subtropical regions of China.  相似文献   

9.
Soil surface CO2 flux (Sflux) is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux, and may be affected by forest harvest. The effects of clearcutting on Sflux have been studied, but little is known about the effect of alternative harvesting methods such as selective tree harvest on Sflux. We measured Sflux before and after (i) the creation of forest canopy gaps (simulating group tree selection harvests) and (ii) mechanized winter harvest but no tree removal (simulating ground disturbance associated with logging). The experiment was carried out in a sugar maple dominated forest in the Flambeau River State Forest, Wisconsin. Pre-treatment measurements of soil moisture, temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season of 2006. In January–February 2007, a harvester created the canopy gaps (200–380 m2). The mechanization treatment consisted of the harvester traveling through the plots for a similar amount of time as the gap plots, but no trees were cut. Soil moisture and temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season for 1 year prior to harvest and for 2 years after harvest. Soil moisture and temperature were significantly greater in the gap than mechanized and control treatments. Instantaneous Sflux was positively correlated to soil moisture and soil temperature at 2 and 10 cm, but temperature at 10 cm was the single best predictor. Annual Sflux was not significantly different among treatments prior to winter 2007 harvest, and was not significantly different among treatments after harvest. Annual (+1 std. err.) Sflux averaged 967 + 72, 1011 + 72, and 1012 + 72 g C m−2 year−1 in the control, mechanized and gap treatments, respectively, for the 2-year post-treatment period. The results from this study suggest selective group tree harvest significantly increases soil moisture and temperature but does not significantly influence Sflux.  相似文献   

10.
Soil carbon (C) pools are not only important to governing soil properties and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems, but also play a critical role in global C cycling. Mulch and weed control treatments may alter soil C pools by changing organic matter inputs to the forest ecosystem. We studied the 12-month mulch and weed control responses on the chemical composition of soil organic C and the seasonal dynamics of water extractable organic C (WEOC), hot water extractable organic C (HWEOC), chloroform-released organic C (CHCl3-released C), and acid hydrolysed organic C (acid hydrolysable C) in a hardwood plantation of subtropical Australia. The results showed that compared with the non-mulch treatment, the mulch treatment significantly increased soil WEOC, HWEOC, and CHCl3-released C over the four sampling months. The weed control treatment significantly reduced the amount of HWEOC and CHCl3-released C compared with the no weed control treatment. Neither the mulch nor weed control treatment significantly affected soil acid hydrolysed organic C. There were no significant seasonal variations in soil WEOC, HWEOC, CHCl3-released C, and acid hydrolysed organic C in the hardwood plantation. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the structural chemistry of soil C pools in hydrofluoric acid (HF) treated soils collected 12 months after the mulch and weed control treatments were applied. Overall, O-alkyl C was the dominant C fraction, accounting for 33–43% of the total NMR signal intensity. The mulch treatment led to higher signal intensity in the alkyl C spectral region and A/O-A ratio (the ratio of alkyl C region intensity to O-alkyl C region intensity), but lower signal intensity in the aryl C and aromaticity. Compared with the no weed control treatment, the weed control treatment reduced signal intensity in the aryl C and aromaticity. Together, shifts in the amount and nature of soil C following the mulch and weed control treatments may be due to the changes in organic matter input and soil physical environment.  相似文献   

11.
The ‘road-effect zone’ is a concept developed to describe the impact of road construction on the surrounding area. Although many aspects of the road-effect zone have been investigated, the road-effect zone on soil properties (pH, bulk density, soil moisture, electrical conductivity, organic matter (%), C (%), total N (%), available Na, Ca, Mg, P, and K), light regimes (leaf area index and canopy cover), and a Raunkiaer’s life-form classification of plants remains poorly understood, especially in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests. Hence, the main aims of this research were to estimate the extent of the road-effect zone and to identify the main environmental changes due to forest roads. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate road-effects on: (1) the composition of herbaceous species and tree regeneration (up to 100 m distance from the forest road); (2) the light regime; and (3) soil properties, potentially related to changes in ecosystem functions and composition. We observed that forest roads can have significant impacts on soil, stand characteristics, and vegetation composition. The estimated road-effect zone extended up to 30 m from the road edge. Landscape planners should be aware that road-effect zones can potentially influence the ecology and environmental conditions of an area up to 30 m from the road edge.  相似文献   

12.
采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了茂兰退化喀斯特森林自然恢复中凋落物现存量及其碳库特征.结果表明:随群落恢复凋落物现存量呈减少趋势,早期减幅大,中后期减幅小;随群落恢复凋落物现存量演化受地貌因子、群落生活史、土壤微生物的影响较大,受水热条件的影响较小;凋落物现存量生物量与其分解失重率、表层土壤微生物量碳有较强的负相关关系;凋落物分解失重率与表层土壤微生物量碳呈极强的正相关关系;随群落恢复凋落物现存量含碳率变化不显著,凋落物现存量碳密度变化规律与凋落物现存量变化规律一致,单位面积凋落物碳储量表现为碳源效应,且早期碳源效应较强、固碳能力不稳定,中后期碳源效应较弱、固碳能力稳定;凋落物碳密度(Y)与其现存生物量(x)的关系:Y=b.+b1x(b0、b1为常数).  相似文献   

13.
Agroforestry systems are widely practiced in tropical forests to recover degraded and deforested areas and also to balance the global carbon budget. However, our understanding of difference in soil respiration rates between agroforestry and natural forest systems is very limited. This study compared the seasonal variations in soil respiration rates in relation to fine root biomass, microbial biomass, and soil organic carbon between a secondary forest and two agroforestry systems dominated by Gmelina arborea and Dipterocarps in the Philippines during the dry and the wet seasons. The secondary forest had significantly higher (p < 0.05) soil respiration rate, fine root biomass and soil organic matter than the agroforestry systems in the dry season. However, in the wet season, soil respiration and soil organic matter in the G. arborea dominated agroforestry system were as high as in the secondary forest. Whereas soil respiration was generally higher in the wet than in the dry season, there were no differences in fine root biomass, microbial biomass and soil organic matter between the two seasons. Soil respiration rate correlated positively and significantly with fine root biomass, microbial biomass, and soil organic C in all three sites. The results of this study indicate, to some degree, that different land use management practices have different effects on fine root biomass, microbial biomass and soil organic C which may affect soil respiration as well. Therefore, when introducing agroforestry system, a proper choice of species and management techniques which are similar to natural forest is recommended.  相似文献   

14.
We compared soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and stability under two widely distributed tree species in the Mediterranean region: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) at their ecotone. We hypothesised that soils under Scots pine store more SOC and that tree species composition controls the amount and biochemical composition of organic matter inputs, but does not influence physico-chemical stabilization of SOC. At three locations in Central Spain, we assessed SOC stocks in the forest floor and down to 50 cm in the mineral in pure and mixed stands of Pyrenean oak and Scots pine, as well as litterfall inputs over approximately 3 years at two sites. The relative SOC stability in the topsoil (0-10 cm) was determined through size-fractionation (53 μm) into mineral-associated and particulate organic matter and through KMnO4-reactive C and soil C:N ratio.Scots pine soils stored 95-140 Mg ha−1 of C (forest floor plus 50 cm mineral soil), roughly the double than Pyrenean oak soils (40-80 Mg ha−1 of C), with stocks closely correlated to litterfall rates. Differences were most pronounced in the forest floor and uppermost 10 cm of the mineral soil, but remained evident in the deeper layers. Biochemical indicators of soil organic matter suggested that biochemical recalcitrance of soil organic matter was higher under pine than under oak, contributing as well to a greater SOC storage under pine. Differences in SOC stocks between tree species were mainly due to the particulate organic matter (not associated to mineral particles). Forest conversion from Pyrenean oak to Scots pine may contribute to enhance soil C sequestration, but only in form of mineral-unprotected soil organic matter.  相似文献   

15.
  • ? The short-term effect of organic residue management on the growth and nutrition of Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings, and on nutrient leaching and chemical properties of an acid soil was assessed through a lysimeter experiment. Treatments included absence, placement on the soil surface, and incorporation into the soil (with and without legume cover cropping) of organic residues (forest floor litter or forest floor litter plus harvest residues).
  • ? Residues placed on the soil surface enhanced seedling growth. Organic residues reduced nutrient losses (NO 3 ? , Ca and Mg) and resulted in nutrient accumulation in the soil. Harvest residues positively affected K seedling nutrition status and enhanced K soil accumulation.
  • ? Legume cover cropping reduced soil nutrient losses (N, Ca, Mg and K) during the early stage of seedling growth; it also improved seedling nutrition status (N and P), but without any effect on growth.
  • ? Harvest residues plus forest floor litter placed on the soil surface was the most appropriate management to both reduce nutrient losses through leaching and increase height of seedlings at the end of the experimental period (two years).
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    16.
    自然因子对中国森林土壤碳储量的影响分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
    文中分析了森林植被、土壤属性、立地条件、气候条件以及凋落物和根系输入等自然因素对中国森林土壤碳储量的影响。森林植物种类组成决定了进入土壤的植物残体量和分解速率,导致土壤有机碳的含量及分布有很大差异。随着林龄的增加,土壤碳储量会呈现增加或产生波动2种情况。土壤理化性质影响土壤有机碳的含量,而土壤碳储量又影响着土壤结构、根系深度、土层特性、有效水分保持能力、土壤生物多样性等; 海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等立地条件对森林土壤有机碳储量的影响各不相同; 温度、水分、CO2浓度等气候因子在森林土壤有机碳的蓄积过程中起着至关重要的作用; 凋落物和根系对土壤的输入也可以改变土壤碳库。  相似文献   

    17.
    The physical properties of soil on two hill slopes of 35% and 55% in orange orchard cultivated by the Mro tribe of Chittagong Hill Tracts （CHTs） were evaluated and compared with those of bushy hill forests. Soil samples were collected from three different depths （0-5 cm, 5-15 cm and 15-30 cm）, digging three profiles in each land use for determining moisture content, organic matter content and particle density. Maximum water holding capacity, field capacity, dry and moist bulk density and porosity were determined only for the surface soils. Moisture content at all the soil depths was significantly higher （p≤ 0.05） in orange orchard than in forest on both the slopes. Orange orchard contained lower mean soil organic matter than forest on 55% slope, while it contained higher values on 35% slope compared to forest. The highest value of the above two properties was found at surface soil in both the land uses on both the slopes, decreasing with the increase of soil depth. On both the slopes maximum water holding capacity and porosity of surface soil and particle density at all soil depths were lower in orange orchard compared to those in forest. Field capacity values of surface soil did not show consistency in trend for the differences between the two land uses on both the slopes. Bulk density value of moist and dry surface soil was higher in orange orchard than in forest on both the hill slopes.  相似文献   

    18.
    Understory vegetation is an important component in forest ecosystems. However, the effects of understory on soil properties in subtropical forests are not fully understood. We thus conducted an experimental manipulative study in two young fast-growing plantations—Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia crassicarpa—in southern China, by removing understory vegetation in both plantations, to estimate the effects of understory vegetation on microclimate, soil properties and N mineralization. Our data showed that, after 6 months, understory removal (UR) in both plantations had greatly increased soil surface luminous intensity (90–500 cd) and temperature (0.5–0.8 °C); soil moisture was reduced in the Eucalyptus plantation but not in the Acacia plantation. Understory removal also reduced soil organic matter (SOM), but had little impact on other soil chemical properties, including total phosphorus, C/N, pH, exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg), available P, ande extractable NH4–N and NO3–N. We found a significant decline of soil N mineralization and nitrification rates in the 0–5 cm soils of UR in both plantations. The decline of SOM in UR may contribute to the lower N transformations rates. This study indicates that a better understanding of understory vegetation effects on soil N cycling would be beneficial to forest management decisions and could provide a critical foundation for advancing management practices.  相似文献   

    19.

    Aims

    Globally, extensive areas of native forest have been almost replaced by plantations to meet the demands for timber, fuel material and other forest products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forest conversion on labile soil organic C (SOC), soil respiration, and enzyme activity, and to quantify their relationship in subtropical forest ecosystems.

    Methods

    Surface mineral soil (0–20 cm) was collected from a Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook. plantation, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantation, Michelia macclurei Dandy plantation, and an undisturbed native broadleaf forest. Soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C, permanganate-oxidizable C, basal respiration, and six enzyme activities were investigated.

    Results

    Soil microbial biomass C was higher by 45.9 % in native broadleaf forest than that in M. macclurei Dandy plantation. The ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total SOC was 27.6 % higher in the M. macclurei Dandy plantation than in the native broadleaf forest. The soil respiration increased by 25.2 % and 21.7 % after conversion from native broadleaf forest to P. massoniana Lamb. and M. macclurei Dandy plantations respectively. The effects of forest conversion on the soil enzyme activities differed among the tree species. Soil microbial biomass C had higher correlation with soil respiration than with the other SOC fractions. Moreover, soil microbial biomass C was positively correlated with urease and negatively correlated with cellulase activity. Soil respiration had higher correlation with soil microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C and permanganate-oxidizable C.

    Conclusion

    Forest conversion affected the soil microbial biomass C, soil respiration, invertase, cellulase, urease, catalase, acid phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, but their response depended on tree species. Soil respiration was mainly controlled by labile SOC, not by total SOC.  相似文献   

    20.
    为探究计划烧除对云南松林土壤水文特征的影响,为计划烧除后森林生态系统服务功能评价提供依据,以云南省新平县实施多年计划烧除的云南松纯林为研究对象,设立20 m×20 m计划烧除样地和不进行计划烧除的自然对照样地各3块。2019年2月实施计划烧除作业,进行样地调查、火烧强度和枯落物储量调查,2020年6月采集土样,测定土壤物理、化学性质和土壤入渗性能。结果表明,计划烧除后土壤容重增加且在0~10 cm土层差异显著;毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度减少但差异不显著;有机质减少并在0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除后土壤自然含水率、饱和持水率、毛管持水率和田间持水量减少但差异不显著;吸湿水量减少并且在0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除后土壤初渗速率、土壤平均入渗速率和土壤稳定入渗率减少;土壤初渗速率和平均入渗速率在不同样地0~20 cm土层差异显著。计划烧除对土壤稳定入渗率的显著影响因素为土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质和饱和持水率。说明计划烧除后云南松林土壤持水性能下降,入渗性能下降,对于入渗性能的影响主要是源于土壤理化性质的改变。  相似文献   

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