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1.
Fourth branchial arch defects (4‐BAD) is a syndrome that consists of aplasia, or varying degrees of hypoplasia, of one or more of the cartilaginous or muscular structures derived from the fourth branchial arch, unilaterally or bilaterally. This case report describes the cases of 2 directly related siblings admitted with a complaint of abnormal respiratory noise at rest and complete exercise intolerance. Laryngeal palpation, resting upper airway (UA) endoscopy, lateral radiography of the larynx and cervical trachea, and laryngeal ultrasonography revealed multiple laryngeal and pharyngeal abnormalities. The clinical findings were compatible with the diagnosis of fourth branchial arch defects. A left partial arytenoidectomy and a unilateral ventriculocordectomy were performed in both cases. The follow‐up endoscopies revealed a functional airway aperture. The surgery enabled the horses to be used for riding. Considering the direct family relationship between the horses, these cases would support a genetic component of 4‐BAD. 相似文献
2.
A 5-year-old Oldenburg mare presented for poor performance, head-tossing and bucking when ridden. An abnormal respiratory noise was audible during exercise. Computed tomography (CT) revealed right laryngeal dysplasia; an absent cricothyroid articulation, abnormally shaped thyroid cartilage, underdeveloped cricopharyngeus muscle, rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch and an oesophageal air column. In this case, it was unlikely that the laryngeal pathology was related to the horse's clinical signs. This case report provides a reference CT examination of laryngeal dysplasia, corroborating previous findings using magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, ultrasonography and post-mortem examination. 相似文献
3.
Equine laryngeal dysplasia (ELD) is a congenital disorder caused by hypoplasia or aplasia of the structures derived from the fourth and possibly sixth branchial arches. The severity of the clinical signs varies widely, and depends on which structures are involved and the extent of the defect. In most cases, affected horses present with abnormal respiratory noise during exercise and poor performance. Manifestation of the disease in foals is very rare. This case report describes an unusual presentation of ELD in a neonatal foal. The foal presented with severe respiratory distress and weakness. Equine laryngeal dysplasia was suspected on endoscopy and later confirmed on post mortem examination of the larynx. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing ELD as a cause of respiratory distress in a neonatal foal. 相似文献
4.
K. S. Garrett 《Equine Veterinary Education》2012,24(1):17-18
Imaging of the larynx and pharynx has traditionally been limited to upper airway endoscopy and radiography. Recently, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become used more widely. These modalities have increased our diagnostic yield when investigating disorders of the upper airway. The Case Report in this issue ( Koenig et al. 2012 ) describes the diagnosis and biopsy of a laryngeal mass using ultrasonography illustrating one novel application of laryngeal ultrasonography. Increased use of laryngeal ultrasonography and advanced imaging of the larynx and pharynx will hopefully lead to a better understanding of conditions of the upper airway and improved treatment strategies. 相似文献
5.
Reasons for performing study: Assessment of arytenoid movement has traditionally been performed using upper airway (UA) endoscopy. However, recent work suggests that laryngeal ultrasonography may provide additional complementary information. Objective: To determine the value of laryngeal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the horse. Hypotheses: Horses with abnormal arytenoid movement (AM) during treadmill UA endoscopy would have increased echogenicity of the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle (CALM) and smaller left CALM and vocalis size while horses with normal AM during treadmill UA endoscopy would have normal echogenicity of the left CALM and similar left and right CALM and vocalis muscle size. Laryngeal ultrasonography would be more accurate than resting endoscopy at predicting abnormal AM. Methods: Medical records were examined to identify Thoroughbred racehorses aged ≥2 years that had undergone resting and treadmill UA endoscopy and laryngeal ultrasonography. Resting and treadmill AM was graded using accepted scales. The treadmill examination was used as the criterion standard for AM. Laryngeal ultrasonography was performed and the relative echogenicity of the left and right CALM and the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the CALM and vocalis muscle determined. Data analysis included Chi‐squared tests, paired t tests and one‐way ANOVA. Results: The presence of abnormal AM was associated with relative hyperechogenicity of the CALM while normal AM was not. Laryngeal ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98% and resting UA endoscopy had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 81% for diagnosis of abnormal AM. CSA of the left CALM and vocalis muscle was not different between groups. Conclusions: Laryngeal ultrasonography has high accuracy for diagnosing abnormal AM. Potential relevance: Ultrasonography is a valuable addition to the diagnostic evaluation of the equine UA. 相似文献
6.
A 7-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse developed loud exercise-related respiratory noises and exercise intolerance over a short period. Examination showed congenital cricopharyngeal-laryngeal dysplasia (rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch) and also left sided idiopathic laryngeal hemiparesis, the latter appearing to be of recent clinical onset. The animal developed colic some months after laryngeal surgery and a nephrosplenic entrapment was surgically corrected. Aerophagia and regurgitation worsened after surgery and, after developing inhalation pneumonia, the animal was destroyed. Post-mortem examination confirmed the presence of idiopathic laryngeal hemiparesis and of cricopharyngeal-laryngeal dysplasia which had some previously undescribed laryngeal muscle abnormalities. 相似文献
7.
A 7-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse developed loud exercise-related respiratory noises and exercise intolerance over a short period. Examination showed congenital cricopharyngeal-laryngeal dysplasia (rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch) and also left sided idiopathic laryngeal hemiparesis, the latter appearing to be of recent clinical onset. The animal developed colic some months after laryngeal surgery and a nephrosplenic entrapment was surgically corrected. Aerophagia and regurgitation worsened after surgery and, after developing inhalation pneumonia, the animal was destroyed. Post-mortem examination confirmed the presence of idiopathic laryngeal hemiparesis and of cricopharyngeal-laryngeal dysplasia which had some previously undescribed laryngeal muscle abnormalities. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of the study was to describe the prevalence of upper airway abnormalities and establish if any significant associations existed between study variables and the two most frequently identified disorders; axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds and dorsal displacement of the soft palate. The clinical records and video-recordings of all horses referred for upper respiratory tract evaluation during high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy between November 1997 and September 2003 were reviewed. Of 291 horses included in the study, 265 underwent resting endoscopy and 42% (112/265) had a recognised abnormality. More than one abnormality was identified in 49% of horses. In general, horses referred specifically for evaluation of a respiratory tract noise were more likely to have an abnormality detected during exercise than those referred for high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy for poor performance (82% versus 49%). Axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (105/192, 55%) was the most common abnormality identified, followed by dorsal displacement of the soft palate (74/192, 39%) and idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia (65/192, 34%). Other abnormalities identified included arytenoid collapse, vocal fold collapse, dynamic pharyngeal collapse, epiglottic fold entrapment, epiglottic retroversion, rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch and right laryngeal hemiplegia. In horses with axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds there was a significant association between the increasing severity of the deviation and the increasing number of abnormalities detected. There were no other associations found. High-speed treadmill videoendoscopy is an important component of the evaluation of poor performance, particularly in horses with a history of respiratory noise. The occurrence of multiple abnormalities in a large proportion of horses suggests that high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy should be recommended, where possible, to make an accurate diagnosis, advise on appropriate treatment options and provide a prognosis for affected horses. 相似文献
9.
OBJECTIVE: To report dynamic collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process under the right corniculate process into the airway at the dorsal apposition of the paired arytenoid cartilages during exercise as a cause of upper airway dysfunction in horses. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Fifteen horses with a history of poor performance and/or upper respiratory tract noise during exercise. METHODS: Video recordings of all horses referred for upper airway evaluation using high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy (HSTV) between January 1998 and December 2003 were reviewed. Records of horses that developed dynamic collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process into the airway were included. Clinical history, age, gender, breed, and use of the horse were retrieved. RESULTS: Of 309 horses referred for examination for poor performance and/or upper respiratory tract noise during exercise, 15 (4.9%) had collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process under the right and into the airway at the dorsal apposition between the paired arytenoid cartilages during HSTV. There were 3 females and 13 males, aged from 2 to 5 years. Five horses had previous surgery for left recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN): 2 had nerve muscle pedicle graft and 3 had laryngeal prosthesis. During HSTV, all 15 horses had progressive collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process under the right at the dorsal apposition of the 2 arytenoid cartilages, and into the dorsal aspect of the rima glottidis. Review of video recordings revealed that collapse of the apex of the corniculate process was followed by progressive collapse of the left aryepiglottic fold and left vocal fold. The ventral aspect of the left corniculate cartilage maintained abduction in all horses. Two horses also had progressive collapse of the right vocal fold, 1 had rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch, and another had dorsal displacement of the soft palate. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage under the right is an uncommon cause of upper airway dysfunction in horses and the pathogenesis is unclear. We speculate that the left arytenoideus transversus muscle is unable to support the dorsal apposition between the arytenoid cartilages. This loss of support allows the elastic cartilage of the left corniculate process to collapse under the right and into the airway, as inspiratory pressure increases during exercise. This condition may be associated with an unusually advanced neuropathy of the adductor components of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and may be an unusual manifestation of RLN; however, this is speculative and further investigation is required to determine its cause. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dynamic collapse of the apex of the left corniculate process and into the airway at the dorsal apposition between the paired arytenoid cartilages can only be diagnosed during HSTV. It is an uncommon cause of upper airway dysfunction but may affect the athletic potential of racing Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. 相似文献
10.
Heather J. Chalmers Amy E. Yeager Jonathan Cheetham Norm Ducharme 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(6):660-666
Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is the most common cause of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses and causes neurogenic atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, including the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy results in paresis to paralysis of the vocal fold and arytenoid cartilage, which limits performance through respiratory compromise. Ultrasound has previously been reported to be a useful diagnostic technique in horses with RLN. In this report, the diagnostic sensitivity of subjective and quantitative laryngeal ultrasonography was evaluated in 154 horses presented for poor performance due to suspected upper airway disease. Ultrasonographic parameters recorded were: cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity (subjective and quantitative), cricoarytenoideus lateralis thickness, vocal fold movement, and arytenoid cartilage movement. Ultrasonographic parameters were then compared with laryngeal grades based on resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy. Subjectively increased left cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity yielded a sensitivity of 94.59% and specificity of 94.54% for detecting RLN, based on the reference standard of exercising laryngeal endoscopy. Quantitative left cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity values differed among resting laryngeal grades I–IV. Findings from this study support previously published findings and the utility of subjective and quantitative laryngeal ultrasound as diagnostic tools for horses with poor performance. 相似文献
11.
E. L. Deane C. L. Fielding D. M. Rhodes E. J. Howard 《Equine Veterinary Education》2021,33(3):e58-e61
An adult Quarter Horse gelding (Case 1) was evaluated for tachypnoea and acute dysphagia. A 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding (Case 2) was evaluated for respiratory stertor and severe, acute swelling of the head in the submandibular region. A physical examination, complete blood count, blood chemistry, upper airway endoscopy, and peripheral blood Anaplasma phagocytophilum polymerase chain reaction were completed for both horses. Both horses tested positive for A. phagocytophilum. The upper airway endoscopy for Case 1 revealed a feed contaminated pharynx, absent swallowing reflex, and left laryngeal hemiplagia. The upper airway endoscopy for Case 2 revealed severe diffuse pharyngeal swelling occluding the airway. Due to increased respiratory effort in Case 2, a tracheotomy was performed. In both horses, treatment consisted of intravenous oxytetracycline 6.6 mg/kg bwt i.v. q. 24 h for 2–3 days followed by minocycline 4 mg/kg bwt per os q. 12 h for 10–14 days. Both horses made full recoveries. 相似文献
12.
M. PLOEG V. SAEY C. M. de BRUIJN A. GRÖNE K. CHIERS G. van LOON R. DUCATELLE P. R. van WEEREN W. BACK C. DELESALLE 《Equine veterinary journal》2013,45(1):101-106
Reasons for performing study: In horses, aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysms or tears in the aortic root are well‐recognised conditions in breeding stallions, often leading to sudden death. A more uncommon form of aortic rupture, located proximal to the ligamentum arteriosum has been reported in 3 Friesian horses. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to phenotypically characterise aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in Friesian horses in terms of clinical and post mortem data based on 24 cases. Methods: Friesian horses that were diagnosed with aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation over a period of 13 years (1997–2010) at the Department of Equine Sciences of Utrecht University (n = 15) and Wolvega Equine Hospital (n = 9), were included in this study. Case history, results of clinical examination and gross post mortem findings were screened and analysed. Results: Some cases were found dead without prior symptoms, but in several cases signs such as recurrent colic, peripheral oedema and sustained tachycardia were present for several weeks prior to cardiac failure. Clinical examination during hospitalisation revealed increased rectal temperature, peripheral oedema and increased jugular pulse with a bounding arterial pulse. In the majority of horses an aortic rupture of the aortic arch near the ligamentum arteriosum, concurrent with a circumferential cuff of perivascular haemorrhage and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation, was found at post mortem examination. Conclusions: Aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in conjunction with aortic rupture is more common in Friesians than previously estimated. In some cases findings demonstrate a progressive pathology rather than acute cardiac failure and sudden death. An appropriate approach is necessary during post mortem examination of the heart in order not to overlook the diagnosis. Potential relevance: Equine practitioners should realise that in Friesian horses presented with a history of recurrent false colic, coughing, sustained tachycardia and/or peripheral oedema, aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation should be included in the differential diagnosis. 相似文献
13.
S. Z. Barakzai 《Equine Veterinary Education》2016,28(5):276-283
Equine 4th and 6th branchial arch defects are not uncommon in the equine population at large but can be challenging to diagnose and treat. An understanding of the anatomical structures that can be involved and how structural abnormalities may affect laryngeal function is important for clinicians faced with such cases. Diagnosis is often made using resting endoscopic examination alone but, in many cases, laryngeal ultrasound, radiography and 3‐dimensional (3D) imaging techniques can be useful in confirming a diagnosis and for detecting which structures are abnormal. Exercising endoscopy is an important tool when ascertaining whether treatment is an option, for guiding treatment choice and making a prognosis for athletic function. 相似文献
14.
H. J. CHALMERS J. CHEETHAM A. E. YEAGER N. G. DUCHARME 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2006,47(5):476-481
Nasopharyngeal and laryngeal evaluation is important when examining horses with upper airway signs for poor performance. Currently endoscopy is the most common method to evaluate the equine upper airway. Ultrasonography of the equine larynx has not previously been described. Using six cadaveric specimens and four standing horses, the ultrasonographic appearance of the equine larynx was established. A scanning technique, including useful acoustic windows and the normal ultrasonographic appearance at each site, is described. Ultrasound allowed visualization of portions of the hyoid apparatus, laryngeal cartilages, associated soft tissues, and intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal musculature, that are not seen using endoscopy. Additionally, real-time ultrasound allowed observation of the movement of the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages during respiration. In three horses with arytenoid chondritis, ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis and localization of arytenoid abcessation and perilaryngeal inflammation. The establishment of this technique will serve as the basis for future investigations in the evaluation of clinical patients with upper airway abnormalities. 相似文献
15.
The normal radiographic anatomy of the equine larynx was determine by use of xeroradiography and dissection. The body and laminae of the thyroid cartilage, the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilages, and the dorsal lamina and arch of the cricoid cartilage had radiographic evidence of mineralization (calcification) and/or ossification in clinically normal horses. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the degree of mineralization of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages with advancing age. Horses with diagnosis of arytenoid chondrosis (arytenoid chondral dysplasia, arytenoid chondropathy) by use of endoscopy had radiographic changes that included: enlargement with increased density of the arytenoid cartilage region, abnormal patterns of mineralization (dystrophic mineralization or osseous metaplasia), abnormal contour of the corniculate process(es) and laryngeal masses, sometimes obliterating part or all of the lateral laryngeal ventricles. 相似文献
16.
Reasons for performing study: Although well documented in racehorses, there is paucity in the literature regarding the prevalence of dynamic upper airway abnormalities in nonracing performance horses. Objective: To describe upper airway function of nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance via exercising upper airway videoendoscopy. Methods: Medical records of nonracing performance horses admitted for exercising evaluation with a chief complaint of abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance were reviewed. All horses had video recordings of resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy. Relationships between horse demographics, resting endoscopic findings, treadmill intensity and implementation of head and neck flexion during exercise with exercising endoscopic findings were examined. Results: Dynamic upper airway obstructions were observed in 72% of examinations. Head and neck flexion was necessary to obtain a diagnosis in 21 horses. Pharyngeal wall collapse was the most prevalent upper airway abnormality, observed in 31% of the examinations. Complex abnormalities were noted in 27% of the examinations. Resting laryngeal dysfunction was significantly associated with dynamic arytenoid collapse and the odds of detecting intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during exercise in horses with resting DDSP was only 7.7%. Exercising endoscopic observations were different from the resting observations in 54% of examinations. Conclusions: Dynamic upper airway obstructions were common in nonracing performance horses with respiratory noise and/or poor performance. Resting endoscopy was only helpful in determining exercising abnormalities with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Potential relevance: This study emphasises the importance of exercising endoscopic evaluation in nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance for accurate assessment of dynamic upper airway function. 相似文献
17.
18.
Reasons for performing study: The use of computer tomography (CT) and contrast‐enhanced CT (CCT) to image the head is common. However, the validity of CT as a neurodiagnostic indicator of intracranial diseases in horses is unknown. Objective: To define the validity of CT and CCT in horses with suspected intracranial disorders. Methods: The validity of CT imaging was estimated by comparing clinical, clinicopathological and histopathological findings to CT findings in 15 horses presented for intracranial disorders, for which pre‐ and post contrast CT images and post mortem examination of the brain and skull were reviewed. Post mortem examination (gross and histopathological examination) was considered as the gold standard; and sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and pre‐ and post test probabilities were calculated. Results: All horses had abnormal neurological examinations on admission. Computer tomography imaging identified intracranial lesions in 8 horses, and included masses (oligodendroglioma, adenocarcinoma and cholesterinic granulomas), acute haemorrhage and skull fractures. Computer tomography imaging failed to identify intracranial lesions in 6 cases, which included meningitis, meningoencephalitis and nonacute haemorrhage. Lesions not recognised by CT were also not evident on gross examination but were identified by histopathological examination of the brain. Post mortem examination of the brain and skull was unremarkable in one horse, for which cranial CT imaging was normal (specificity, 100%). Therefore, the odds of having an intracranial lesion after an abnormal CT were very high. In contrast, there was a moderate sensitivity (57.1%, 95% confidence interval: 29.6–81.2). Conclusions and potential relevance: CT was an excellent neurodiagnostic tool in identifying skull fractures, intracranial space‐occupying lesions (e.g. neoplasia) and acute haemorrhage and allows to rule in intracranial disorders. However, CT showed limited sensitivity in identifying inflammatory disorders and small parenchymal lesions in the equine brain, which was not further detectable after contrast administration. 相似文献
19.
Reasons for performing study: To correlate resting and exercising endoscopic grades of laryngeal function in horses undergoing high‐speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE) using the Havemeyer grading system. To correlate dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) seen at rest with palatal function during exercise. Methods: Records of horses that underwent HSTE examination (1999–2009) were reviewed. Resting laryngeal function score and other abnormalities noted on resting endoscopy were recorded as were results of HSTE. Results of resting and exercising endoscopic findings were correlated. Results: 281 horses underwent HSTE. There was significant correlation between grade of laryngeal function at rest (grades 1–4) and exercise (ρ= 0.53, P<0.001) and between resting subgrades 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 and exercising grades of laryngeal function (ρ= 0.43, P = 0.0017). DDSP was observed at rest significantly more often in horses that developed DDSP during HSTE than those without DDSP during HSTE (RR = 4.1, P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of DDSP seen during resting endoscopy as a test for DDSP occurring during exercise were 25.5 and 95.1% respectively (positive predictive value 0.57, negative predictive value 0.83). Conclusions and potential relevance: The results of the current study support the use of the Havemeyer system for grading laryngeal function in the resting horse, and corroborate findings of previous studies correlating resting and exercising palatal abnormalities. Studies that use the presence of spontaneous DDSP during resting endoscopic examination as an inclusion criterion for investigating efficacy of treatments for DDSP are likely to have a low proportion of horses with false positive diagnoses. 相似文献
20.
A newborn Thoroughbred foal was presented to the clinic with ambiguous neurological deficits, spinal anomalies and a soft tissue swelling dorsal to the lumbar vertebral column. The foal was alert but unable to rise and stand. With radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a lumbar dysraphic anomaly, cerebellar herniation and coincidental skeletal abnormalities were documented. Finally, a meningomyelocele was defined and, in context with the cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum, the foal was diagnosed to have a Chiari malformation. The MRI examination corresponded best with the post mortem findings. Although 3‐dimensional imaging methods have been considered superior regarding full and detailed assessment of the congenital malformation, radiography and ultrasonography also provide essential information to diagnose dysraphic lesions at reduced costs and efforts. A Chiari malformation should be considered as a differential diagnosis in foals with neurological deficits. 相似文献