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1.
Minocycline is commonly used to treat bacterial and rickettsial infections in adult horses but limited information exists regarding the impact of feeding on its oral bioavailability. This study's objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics of minocycline after administration of a single oral dose in horses with feed withheld and with feed provided at the time of drug administration. Six healthy adult horses were administered intravenous (2.2 mg/kg) and oral minocycline (4 mg/kg) with access to hay at the time of oral drug administration (fed) and with access to hay delayed for 2 hr after oral drug administration (fasted), with a 7‐day washout between treatments. Plasma concentration versus time data was analyzed based on noncompartmental pharmacokinetics. Mean ± SD bioavailability (fasted: 38.6% ± 4.6; fed: 15.7% ± 2.3) and Cmax (fasted: 1.343 ± 0.418 μg/ml; fed: 0.281 ± 0.157 μg/ml) were greater in fasted horses compared to fed horses (p < .05 both). Median (range) Tmax (hr) in fasted horses was 2.0 (1.5–3.5) and in fed horses was 5.0 (1.0–8.0) and was not significantly different between groups. Overnight fasting and delaying feeding hay 2 hr after oral minocycline administration improve drug bioavailability and thus plasma concentrations.  相似文献   

2.
The aims of this study were to monitor electromyographic (EMG) activity of masseter muscle in healthy horses fed (i) different types of roughage and (ii) maize after different hay allocations. Four horses were offered the following three diets ad libitum: hay, haylage or straw/alfalfa chaff (SAC). In a second trial, four horses were fed cracked maize (CM) and hay in three different orders: (i) CM after a 12‐h overnight fast; (ii) CM immediately after restricted hay intake (0.6 kg hay/100 kg BW); or 3) CM after hay intake ad libitum. The activity of the masseter muscle was determined by EMG (IED®), and the following were measured: amplitude (muscle action potential = MAP, maximum voltage) and duration of MAP (s). The intake of hay or haylage was associated with intense masseter muscle activity (MAP: hay, 10 ± 1.7 V; haylage, 11 ± 3.3 V; and duration of MAP: hay, 0.31 ± 0.04 s; haylage, 0.30 ± 0.04 s). Similar intense chewing was measured for SAC (MAP 13 ± 3.8 V), although duration of the chewing cycle was relatively short (0.22 ± 0.03 s, diet p < 0.05), which is possibly related to the shorter fibre length. CM was consumed rapidly, with less intense masseter muscle activity (MAP 6.0 ± 1.5 V). Hay intake before CM did not affect chewing force of CM, but duration of chewing cycle was significantly prolonged by feeding hay ad libitum before CM was fed. The consumption of hay, haylage or SAC was associated with intensive masseter muscle activity that was likely to stimulate salivary flow rate. In contrast to roughage, concentrates like CM are consumed rapidly with less intensive masseter muscle activity. This situation is associated with a low salivary flow that may have an adverse effect on gastric function.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To identify feeding and management variables associated with variation in faecal pH within a population of intensively managed Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.

METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 16 racehorse trainers in the North Island of New Zealand. Interviews were conducted at the trainers' stables to obtain information on feeding and management of horses, and faecal samples were collected and faecal pH measured.

RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of the horses surveyed were confined in an area ≤5 × 5 m for ≥12 h/day. Trainer's age, number of years they had trained horses, age and gender of horses, weeks in race training, racing class, frequency of feeding, bedding type, and exercise workload had no effect on mean faecal pH. Acidic faecal pH (pH ≤6.32) was associated with stables with ≤12 horses, and trainers at stables with ≤12 horses offered more concentrate feed than those at stables with >12 horses. Acidic faecal pH was associated with trainers who offered 4 kg of grain as the only form of concentrate fed, or offered ≤2.25 kg hay/day. Horses that displayed stable vices had less acidic faecal pH than horses that did not display stable vices, viz pH 6.70 (standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.135) vs 6.43 (SEM 0.029) (p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Racehorse management in New Zealand is similar to that observed in other major racing countries. Trainers with ≤12 horses fed more concentrates and their horses had lower faecal pH than those of trainers with >12 horses. Irrespective of management system, it appears important to provide at least 2.25 kg of hay/day ad libitum, to buffer hindgut acidosis associated with diets high in soluble carbohydrate.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To measure pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and lactate concentrations in stomach contents and determine number and severity of gastric lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay-grain diets. ANIMALS: Six 7-year-old horses. PROCEDURE: A gastric cannula was inserted in each horse. Horses were fed each diet, using a randomized crossover design. Stomach contents were collected immediately after feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after feeding on day 14. The pH and VFA and lactate concentrations were measured in gastric juice Number and severity of gastric lesions were scored during endoscopic examinations. RESULTS: The alfalfa hay-grain diet caused significantly higher pH in gastric juice during the first 5 hours after feeding, compared with that for bromegrass hay. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in gastric juice, and number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. Valeric acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid concentrations and pH were useful in predicting severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain, whereas valeric acid concentrations and butyric acid were useful in predicting severity of those lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An alfalfa hay-grain diet induced significantly higher pH and VFA concentrations in gastric juice than did bromegrass hay. However, number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. An alfalfa hay-grain diet may buffer stomach acid in horses.  相似文献   

5.
1. Immunoresponsiveness and disease resistance were measured in broiler males maintained on ad libitum feeding throughout or on alternate‐day feeding. Alternate‐day restrictions were started 1 and 2 d after hatch so that on any one day there were chicks fed and fasted.

2. Severity of response to E. coli challenge as measured by lesion scores, and mortality was greater for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days. For chicks fed on alternate days, lesion scores were lower for those without access to feed for the 24‐h period immediately after challenge.

3. Spleen weights, the indicator of response to marble spleen disease virus challenge, were higher for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days.

4. Antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen was not affected by feeding regimen.

5. Ratios of heterophils to lymphocytes were higher for chicks given access to feed for the previous 24‐h period than for those fasted during the previous 24‐h or those that had been fed ad libitum.

6. Results of this experiment suggest that for alternate‐day feeding programs, vaccination be administered on the day that chicks are not fed.  相似文献   


6.
The present study evaluated the effects of two different methods of feed processing on growth and gastric ulceration in 16 weanling Standardbred horses. The two diets were composed of identical ingredients that were processed differently and fed at a rate of 3% body weight per day. The hay and grain diet (diet HG) consisted of 50% alfalfa hay cubes and 50% commercial texturized grain mix fed as is, without any further processing, with the cubes and grain fed in separate containers. The complete pelleted diet (diet CP) consisted of the same proportion of hay cubes and grain mix, which was ground, pelleted, and fed in a single container. The horses were divided into two groups and the study was divided into three periods of 30 days each. During period 1, all 16 horses consumed only free choice alfalfa hay (diet H). Group 1 was given diet CP during period 2 and diet HG during period 3. Group 2 was given diet HG during period 2 and diet CP during period 3. The horses were endoscopically examined for the baseline number and severity of stomach ulcers at the end of period 1, then again at the end of each treatment diet feeding period. Horses on diet CP in periods 2 and 3 had greater ulcer numbers (P = .0135) than diet HG. However, there was no significant difference (P = .30) in ulcer numbers when making a direct comparison between diets CP and HG. Despite the gastric ulceration found in horses on diet CP, the average daily gain was significantly greater (P = .016) for diet CP than for diet HG. Both diets containing grain were observed to cause gastric ulceration.  相似文献   

7.
This study examined whether a product containing a pectinlecithin complex (Pronutrin) (1) could prevent gastric lesions induced in the equine gastric squamous epithelial mucosa using a protocol of intermittent feed deprivation that resulted in prolonged increased gastric acidity (Murray and Eichorn 1996). Eight ponies were used and served as their own controls in 2 trials in which there were 72 h cumulative deprivation (alternating 24 h with no feed, then 24 h free choice hay), with a 4-week interval between trials. Ponies were assigned randomly to receive either 250 g Pronutrin plus 200 g pelleted feed, or 450 g pelleted feed only. Ponies were conditioned to each treatment for 7 days and received Pronutrin and pellets or only pellets once daily during the feed deprivation protocol. Gastroscopy was performed at the beginning and conclusion of the feed deprivation protocol. The endoscopist (MJ.M.) was blinded as to treatments, and lesion severity was scored on a scale of 0-5. Gastroscopy revealed normal-appearing gastric mucosa at the beginning of feed deprivation, with the exception of 2 ponies which had focal squamous mucosal erosion and 1 pony with focal glandular mucosal erosion. After 72 h cumulative feed deprivation, each pony, except 1 pony in one of the trials, developed erosions or ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa. There was no difference (P = 0.6) in the presence or severity of gastric lesions between treatments. Lesions did not develop in the gastric glandular mucosa as a result of the intermittent feed deprivation with either treatment. In this study, the pectin-lecithin complex in Pronutrin failed to prevent lesions in the gastric squamous mucosa induced by intermittent feed deprivation.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of exercise on a treadmill with changes in gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. ANIMALS: 3 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: A polyester bag of approximately 1,600 mL was placed into the proximal portion of the stomach of each horse via a nasogastric tube. Changes in bag volume, determined by an electronic barostat, were recorded before, during, and after a training session on a treadmill with and without prior withholding of food. In separate experiments, pH in the proximal portion of the stomach was continuously recorded during exercise for fed and food-withheld conditions. Finally, changes in intra-abdominal and intragastric pressure were simultaneously recorded during a training session. RESULTS: Bag volume rapidly decreased to nearly zero during trotting and galloping. Conversely, a return to walking resulted in a sharp increase in volume and a return to pre-exercise values. Intragastric and intra-abdominal pressures increased almost in parallel with walking, trotting, galloping, and galloping on a slope. Gastric pH decreased rapidly to < 4 at the beginning of walking, continued to decrease during trotting and galloping, and remained low until a return to walking. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased intra-abdominal pressure during intense exercise in horses causes gastric compression, pushing acidic contents into the proximal, squamous-lined region of the stomach. Increased duration of acid exposure directly related to daily duration of exercise may be the reason that squamous lesions tend to develop or worsen when horses are in intensive training programs.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To assess gastric tone in the proximal portion of the stomach in horses during and after ingestion of 4 diets (2 diets of grain and 2 diets of hay). ANIMALS: 6 adult horses. PROCEDURE: A polyester bag with a volume of approximately 1,600 ml was inserted through a gastric cannula into the proximal portion of the stomach of each horse. Internal pressure of the bag was maintained at 2 mm Hg by use of an electronic barostat, and changes in bag volume were recorded before, during, and after horses consumed diets of grain or hay. Each horse was fed 0.5 and 1.0 g of grain/kg and 0.5 and 1.0 g of hay/kg. Changes in bag volume measured by use of the barostat were indirectly related to changes in tone of the gastric wall. RESULTS: Food intake caused a distinctly significant biphasic increase in volume. The first phase was during active ingestion, which was followed shortly by a second, more prolonged postprandial phase. The ingestion-related phase of the response to intake of a diet of 1 g of hay/kg was significantly greater than that for the other diets. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ingestion of a solid meal induces a biphasic relaxation response in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Magnitude of the ingestion-related phase may be determined by size of the meal.  相似文献   

10.
It was hypothesized that horses exhibiting crib-biting (CB) have a greater degree of gastric mucosal damage and higher serum gastrin response to concentrate feeding than non-crib-biting (NCB) horses. Eighteen mature horses, 9 CB and 9 NCB, were used to determine prevalence and severity of gastric mucosal damage and effect of concentrate feeding on circulating gastrin. Horses were maintained on pasture with free access to hay and fed a pelleted concentrate diet twice daily. Number of crib-bites and duration of cribbing bouts were recorded in a 24-hour period. Endoscopic examinations (EE) of the squamous mucosa were performed and gastric fluid sampled after 24 to 28 hour feed removal. Following EE, horses were returned to pasture for 72 hours. Blood was collected following 12-hour feed removal (0 minutes), and at 60 and 120 minutes after consuming 1 kg of concentrate. Mean number of crib bites in 24 hours was 1,558 ± 303 with CB peaking prior to and during the afternoon feeding (3:30 PM, P < .05). There were no differences in the number or severity of ulcers, prevalence of hyperkeratosis, or baseline gastric pH between CB and NCB. Serum gastrin concentration at 60 and 120 minutes was greater (P < .05) and tended to be greater (P < .06), respectively, in CB than in NCB horses following feeding of concentrate. Crib-biting behavior in horses maintained on pasture was not associated with gastric mucosal damage; however, consumption of concentrate feed resulted in greater serum gastrin concentration in CB horses.  相似文献   

11.
Two trials were conducted to determine the influence of realimentation diet energy, protein, B-vitamin (BV) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC) content on recovery of rumen activity and feed consumption in beef steers. In trial 1, ruminal-fistulated steers were fasted and refed 1) prairie hay, 2) 10% protein (LCP), 3) 12.5% protein (MCP), 4) LCP + BV or 5) LCP + LAC. In trial 2, calves were fasted and refed 1) 60% cottonseed hulls-40% alfalfa dehy (high roughage), 2) LCP, 3) 15% protein (HCP), 4) LCP + BV or 5) LCP + LAC. Rumen fermentative capacity declined 74% (P less than .05) during feed and water deprivation, but returned to control levels by d 7 of realimentation. On d 3 of realimentation, steers fed the LCP and MCP diets had molar proportions of ruminal butyrate in excess of 35%. Steers fed the hay, LAC and BV diets did not have a high butyrate fermentation. In trial 2, calves lost about 15% of their body weight during feed and water deprivation. Calves fed the high roughage diet appeared to return to prefast feed and energy intakes more slowly than steers fed the medium roughage diets. Results of this study indicate that rumen fermentative capacity is a factor limiting feed intake in fasted calves for 7 to 14 after the reintroduction of feed and water.  相似文献   

12.
When fed to horses, high-starch diets elevate plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as soon as 1 hour posteating. This increase in IL-β is possibly because of changes in intestinal pH that result from rapid bacterial fermentation of starches and sugars in the digestive tract. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of feeding 0.9 kg of grass hay 30 minutes before feeding a concentrate meal on the postprandial rise in IL-1β, compared with control horses receiving the same concentrate without hay first. Six mature geldings were used in a switchback design. Horses were fasted overnight before being offered a concentrate feed that provided 1.2 g/kg bodyweight of nonstructural carbohydrates. Plasma was harvested 30 minutes before hay feeding and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours postfeeding. Concentrations of IL-1β and d-lactate were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The hay-first treatment reduced (P = .034) postprandial concentrations of IL-1β at all time points compared with the control horses. An interaction between hour and treatment was detected for mean d-lactate concentrations (P = .037), with lower concentrations in hay-first fed horses at postfeeding hours 1, 2, and 4, compared with control horses. Given these findings, we believe that feeding a small amount of hay before feeding a meal of moderate starch and sugar content reduced the negative effects of rapid starch and sugar fermentation in the equine digestive tract, evidenced by reduced postprandial d-lactate and IL-1β concentrations.  相似文献   

13.
Both quantity and quality of forages are important in dry season feeding. Eight Thai native beef bulls were arranged in a Completely randomized design to evaluate dwarf Napier namely Sweet grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham) preserved as silage or hay on feed intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation. The animals were fed with forage ad libitum supplemented with concentrate mixture at 1.0% of BW for 21 days; data were collected during the last 7 days. The results showed that there were differences (P?<?0.05) between treatments in dry matter (DM) intake, DM digestibility, and ruminal pH, in which hay feeding gave enhanced feed intake and more favorable ruminal pH. Nevertheless, mean ruminal ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs), proportion of VFAs, bacterial and protozoal population, and blood urea nitrogen were similar (P?>?0.05) in animals fed silage and hay. Sweet grass is better preserved as hay rather than silage.  相似文献   

14.
Fifteen Boer goat bucks, (6–8 months old), were allocated into two groups and fed ad libitum for a period of 29 days. The WH group (winter hay; n = 8) received a chopped diet consisting of grass hay, predominantly Themeda trianda grass (cut during the winter) from a natural pasture (veld). The WH+S group (winter hay plus supplement; n = 7) received a chopped diet consisting of Themeda trianda veld hay, supplemented with maize meal, molasses meal and urea. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded. Animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics (weight and percentages of selected carcass cuts) and the carcass chemical composition were determined. The WH+S animals showed a higher live weight and cumulated feed intake. Carcass cuts from WH animals represented a higher percentage of the total carcass, especially cuts where muscle depots are higher (legs, best end chops and prime cuts). There is an attempt by non-supplemented animals to preserve the body's nitrogen reserves under prolonged nutritional stress conditions, and there is consequently a necessity to supplement feeding of small ruminants fed winter veld hay, especially if the animals are to be used in subsequent breeding seasons.  相似文献   

15.
AIM: To identify feeding and management variables associated with variation in faecal pH within a population of intensively managed Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 16 racehorse trainers in the North Island of New Zealand. Interviews were conducted at the trainers' stables to obtain information on feeding and management of horses, and faecal samples were collected and faecal pH measured. RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of the horses surveyed were confined in an area or=12 h/day. Trainer's age, number of years they had trained horses, age and gender of horses, weeks in race training, racing class, frequency of feeding, bedding type, and exercise workload had no effect on mean faecal pH. Acidic faecal pH (pH 12 horses. Acidic faecal pH was associated with trainers who offered 4 kg of grain as the only form of concentrate fed, or offered 12 horses. Irrespective of management system, it appears important to provide at least 2.25 kg of hay/day ad libitum, to buffer hindgut acidosis associated with diets high in soluble carbohydrate.  相似文献   

16.
The influence of forage conservation method on microbial and chemical composition in forage and on colon content and faeces in horses fed with the forages was investigated. Hay (815 g DM/kg), haylage (548 g DM/kg) and silage (343 g DM/kg) was produced from the same grass crop and fed to four fistulated horses in a crossover study. Horses were sampled in right ventral colon and of faeces after a feeding period of 21 days (for each forage). Fermentation kinetics of right ventral colon was also studied on two subsequent days in each period, with sampling times immediately before and 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after the morning meal. Forage conservation method influenced microbial and chemical composition of the forages. Silage differed from haylage and hay in more variables than haylage differed from hay. However, the different forage types had similar influence on microbial and chemical composition of right ventral colon content and faeces in horses at Day 21, with the exception of counts of Streptococci which were highest when horses were fed with hay. However, interaction among forage types and sampling locations (right ventral colon and faeces) was also present for Streptococci as well as for pH. In general, pH was lower and counts of lactate utilizing and lactate producing bacteria were higher in faeces compared to right ventral colon. Fermentation kinetics in colon varied little among forage types and sampling times, and no interaction between forage types and sampling times were found, indicating that silage, haylage and hay had very similar fermentation kinetics in right ventral colon of horses. In conclusion, silage, haylage and hay produced from the same grass crop tended to produce similar responses in microbial and chemical composition in right ventral colon and faeces in horses fed with the forages.  相似文献   

17.
We investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) as a dietary supplement on growth performance, gastrointestinal (GIT) morphometry and liver function using weanling Sprague Dawley rats to model humans under ad libitum and restricted feeding. An MOLP‐based diet was generated by supplementing normal rat feed with the leaf powder at 20%. Four dietary regimens included normal rat feed fed at 20% of body mass (NRF: ad libitum), NRF fed at 14% of body mass (NRFR, restricted), Moringa‐supplemented feeds fed at 20% and 14% of body mass (MOF: ad libitum and MOFR: restrictedly) respectively. Thirty‐two pups were randomly assigned to the diets and fed for 5 weeks, after which they were fasted, euthanased and GIT viscera masses, lengths and histology were assessed. Blood was collected for metabolite and markers of liver function assays. Tibiae and femora lengths were used to determine linear growth. Rats fed the restricted diets had lower weekly body mass gains (p = 0.0001) than those on ad libitum feeding; however, they showed compensatory growth by 5 weeks. Terminally, the rats fed MOFR had shorter (p < 0.05) femora and tibiae than their counterparts on the other diets. Except on the caeca, diet had no effect on the absolute masses and lengths of GIT viscera. Relative to tibia length, rats on the MOF had significantly heavier stomachs and caeca and longer small and large intestines than their counterparts on NRF, but this was not supported histologically. Level of feeding and supplementation did not affect blood metabolite concentration, liver glycogen and lipid storage nor the plasma activities AST and ALP in the rats. Supplementing diets with MOLP under restricted access to feed (low calorific supply) might compromise linear growth.  相似文献   

18.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa is commonly associated with intensive training programmes in horses, but only one compound ('Gastrogard') has been subjected to controlled scrutiny as to therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVES: To compare the gastric acid inhibitory efficacy of one manufactured ('GastroGard') and 3 generic pharmacy-compounded preparations of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (OME) in the mature horse. HYPOTHESIS: All OME preparations tested would induce a clinically acceptable effect. METHODS: Six healthy mature gastrically cannulated horses of various breeds, 3 mares and 3 geldings, were used. Each product was administered per os once daily (0730 h) at an equivalent dose of 4 mg OME/kg bwt, in a randomised complete repeated measures design for sequence of individual preparation treatment per horse. There was a minimum of 14 days between treatment regimens. A portable unit that recorded pH continuously was attached to a recording electrode fixed within the gastric lumen via the gastric cannula. Three 24 h recordings were made one day before and during Days 2 and 7 after commencement of a 7 day treatment with each of the 4 individual preparations. The horses were fed as usual throughout the study. RESULTS: Only the GastroGard and one other preparation induced a significant increase over baseline in mean percentage of time that the pH was > 4.0 and mean median intragastric pH, during the first 14 and 12 h post treatment respectively, for both Days 2 and 7 post treatment. Both these products had a vehicle pH > 8.0, in contrast to the 2 less effective products, where the vehicle pH was < 6.0. CONCLUSIONS: OME at 4 mg/kg per os s.i.d. can effectively maintain intragastric pH at an accepted anti-ulcerogenic level for at least 12 h post administration in mature horses. In contrast to GastroGard, it should not be expected that all compounded preparations of OME are equally effective in achieving this performance. It appears that vehicle pH might play an important part in determining preparation efficacy. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Optimal timing for daily dosing of athletic horses with an effective OME preparation, in order to suppress gastric squamous ulceration, might be 4-8 h prior to a training session.  相似文献   

19.
Eight weanling Standardbred horses were used to evaluate the effects on growth and plasma glucose of two differently processed diets with identical ingredients fed at a rate of 3% of body weight, as fed, daily. The daily ration was divided into two equal feedings at 7:00 am and 7:00 pm. The hay and grain diet (diet HG) consisted of 50% alfalfa hay cubes and 50% of a commercial growing horse texturized grain mix fed as is, without any further processing, with each part fed in separate containers. The completely pelleted diet (diet P) consisted of the same proportions of the hay cubes and grain mix that was ground, pelleted, and fed in a single container. Two groups of four horses were fed either diet P or diet HG for two 21-day periods such that each horse consumed each diet for 21 days. On the last day of each feeding period, 7-mL blood samples were drawn into heparinized evacuated blood tubes for determination of plasma glucose concentration. Blood samples were drawn 30 minutes before the afternoon feeding, immediately before, and every 30 minutes thereafter for 5 hours. Analysis of variance found greater (P = .027) average daily gain for horses fed diet P versus diet HG. A nonsignificant difference was seen in feed efficiency (P = .057) for horses fed diet P versus diet HG. Plasma glucose changes were compared across treatments using area under the curve analysis. No difference (P > .05) was found in the postprandial plasma glucose changes between diet treatments.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Aims: To compare urine urinary pH, blood pH and concentration of electrolytes in blood of healthy horses fed an anionic salt supplement to achieve diets with a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of ?40 or 0?mEq/kg DM, with horses a fed a diet with a DCAD of 85?mEq/kg DM.

Methods: Eight healthy horses received each of three diets in a randomised crossover design. Diets consisted of grass hay and concentrate feed, with a varying amount of an anionic supplement to achieve a DCAD of 85 (control), 0 or ?40?mEq/kg DM. They were fed for 14 days each with a washout period of 7 days between. Urine pH was measured daily and blood samples were collected on Days 0, 7 and 14 of each study period for the measurement of pH and concentration of electrolytes.

Results: Four horses voluntarily consumed the anionic supplement with their feed, but four horses required oral supplement administration via dose syringe. During the study period mean urine pH was lower in horses fed diets with a DCAD of 0 (6.91; SD 0.04) and ?40 (6.83; SD 0.04) mEq/kg DM compared to the control diet (7.30; SD 0.04). Compared with horses fed the control diet, mean urine pH was lower in horses fed the 0 and ?40?mEq/kg DM diets on Days 1–12 and 14 (p?<?0.05) of the study period. On Day 13 it was only lower in horses fed the ?40?mEq/kg DM diet (p?<?0.01). Urine pH was similar for horses fed the 0 and ?40?mEq/kg DM diets (p?=?0.151). The DCAD of the diet had no effect on blood pH, ionised Ca or anion gap. Mean concentrations of bicarbonate in blood were affected by diet (p?=?0.049); they were lower when horses were fed the 0?mEq/kg diet relative to the control diet on Day 14.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: The anionic supplement reduced urine pH in horses fed diets with a DCAD of 0 or ?40?mEq/kg DM compared with 85?mEq/kg DM. However as urinary pH did not fall below pH 6.5, the pH below which calcium carbonate uroliths do not form, this reduction in urine pH is unlikely to be clinically significant. The supplement was variably palatable and showed minimal promise as an effective urinary acidifier at the doses administered in this study.  相似文献   

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