首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Verminous bronchopneumonia caused by infection with Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus is an important cause of death during the rehabilitation of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). During the winter of 2000/01, 35 juvenile harbour seals with severe clinical signs of verminous bronchopneumonia were treated with either 0.2 mg/kg ivermectin orally or 0.2 mg/kg moxidectin subcutaneously, and monitored for 30 days. The efficacy of the anthelmintics was determined by the pattern of larval excretion (Baermannisation) and the progress of the clinical signs. Both anthelmintics had reduced larval excretion by at least 99 per cent after 10 days, but the seals' rapid breathing rate and and dyspnoea returned to normal more quickly in the animals treated with moxidectin. The pharmacokinetics of the anthelmintics were determined by solid-phase extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Moxidectin had a mean (sd) residence time of 9.04 (2.12) days compared with 4.83 (1.14) days for ivermectin.  相似文献   

2.
The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). The seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5-18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5-61.4 kg) for elephant seals. The median half-life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0-3.1) h. was not statistically different from that of elephant seals, 2.0 (1.4-3.8) h, nor were the differences between the terminal elimination rate constants between the two species. The only statistically significant differences between species were for area-under-the-curve (AUC), and total systemic clearance. The lack of statistical significance for differences in the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) may have been due to minor differences in the time frame of data collection and dose administered between the two groups. A true physiologic difference in drug handling, possibly related to renal perfusion or tubal secretory efficiency could affect amoxicillin kinetics in these species, and longer administration intervals may be appropriate for elephant seals as compared to harbor seals when administering multiple dose amoxicillin therapy at 20 mg/kg.  相似文献   

3.
This study evaluated the influence of exogenous estradiol-17 beta (E2) administration on LH concentrations and the number of animals returning to estrus after the termination of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy in gilts. Gilts were mated (pregnant; n = 11) on the 1st d of estrus or received 5 mg of estradiol valerate i.m. at d 11 to 15 after the onset of estrus (pseudopregnant; n = 9). Gilts were treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha, 15 and 10 mg) at 12-h intervals on d 44 of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. The day of abortion or luteolysis (progesterone less than .2 ng/mL) was considered d 0. Six pregnant and four pseudopregnant gilts received s.c. an E2 capsule (24 mg of E2) on d -20 and additional E2 capsules on d -13 and -6. The E2 capsules were removed on the day after PGF2 alpha administration. Blood samples were collected at 12-h intervals from d -21 to -3, at 6-h intervals from d -2 to 21 or the onset of estrus, and at 15-min intervals for 8 h on d -2, 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18. After each 8-h sampling period, gilts were treated i.v. with GnRH at .5 micrograms/kg of BW and blood samples collected at 10-min intervals for 3 h. A greater (P less than .05) proportion of sham-treated gilts than of E2-treated gilts exhibited a preovulatory-like LH surge after abortion/luteolysis. It was evident that E2 supplementation before luteolysis reduced the ability of pregnant and pseudopregnant gilts to return to estrus.  相似文献   

4.
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital was studied in 10 healthy dogs after single IV or oral administration. Phenobarbital sodium was administered IV to 5 dogs in group A (5.5 mg/kg of body weight) and 5 dogs in group B (15 mg/kg). Serial venous blood samples (n = 21) were collected from each dog before (base line) and after the administration of phenobarbital sodium for pharmacokinetic evaluation. After a 30-day resting period, 3 dogs in group A and 3 in group B were randomly selected and used for an IV crossover treatment. The IV treatment mean half-life of phenobarbital sodium was 92.6 +/- 23.7 and 72.3 +/- 15.5 hours, whereas mean total clearance was 5.60 +/- 2.31 and 6.66 +/- 0.78 ml/hr/kg for doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. The mean residence time was 124 +/- 34 hours and 106 +/- 23 hours for the 5.5 and 15 mg/kg, IV doses, respectively. Significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were not observed in pharmacokinetic parameters between the 2-dose study. After a 35-day resting period, dogs in groups A and B were treated as described for the single IV treatment, except that they were given a phenobarbital tablet orally. Serial venous blood samples (n = 24) were collected before (base line) and after the administration of phenobarbital. Mean bioavailability was 88.1 +/- 12.4% and 96.8 +/- 9.0%, half life of absorption was 0.263 +/- 0.185 and 0.353 +/- 0.443 hour, and lag time was 0.611 +/- 0.683 and 0.741 +/- 0.554 hour for groups A and B, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

5.
Carfentanil was used to anaesthetise 46 adult grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) on 78 occasions during two breeding seasons. The mean dose was 9.92 micrograms/kg bodyweight during the first season and 10.22 micrograms/kg during the second. Naloxone hydrochloride was used as the antagonist, averaging 0.53 mg/kg and 1.73 mg/kg over the two periods although the latter is probably unnecessarily high. Ketamine and xylazine at a ratio of 5:1 were also used during the same two seasons, 57 seals being anaesthetised on 104 occasions. The average dose of ketamine was 4.96 mg/kg and 5.15 mg/kg with xylazine in proportion. Complications arose on a number of occasions and these are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
Oxfendazole, formulated into a 22.5% suspension, was administered by intraruminal injection to cattle at the rates of 0, 1.125, 2.25, 4.50, and 6.75 mg/kg of body weight. In total, 50 naturally infected calves were used, with 10 animals being allocated to each of the 5 treatment groups on the basis of pretreatment counts of nematode eggs per gram of feces. All animals were necropsied 7 days after treatment. The trial was done between December 1983 and January 1984, with the animals kept on concrete for a minimum of 35 days immediately before necropsy. For all nematodes and stages combined, efficacies were 97.4%, 98.8%, 99.5%, and 99.8% for oxfendazole at dosages of 1.125, 2.25, 4.50, and 6.75 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Early 4th-stage larvae of Ostertagia and Nematodirus helvetianus adults were eliminated at rates greater than 93% only at the dosages of 4.50 mg/kg and above. Local or systemic adverse reactions were not observed in any of the animals.  相似文献   

7.
Ketamine and xylazine were given to 55 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) for stomach lavaging, and to three leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx). The elephant seals showed prolonged apnoea and two of them died owing to aspiration of stomach contents. Two of the leopard seals died from unknown causes. Tiletamine and zolazepam were given to five elephant seals and one leopard seal. Two of the elephant seals and the leopard seal died from unknown causes. Xylazine alone was administered to 34 leopard seals. Sedation was poor at low dose rates (less than 1.7 mg/kg) but four of the seals given higher dose rates died owing to the aspiration of stomach contents.  相似文献   

8.
A mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam at a combined dose of 1 mg/kg was a reliable and safe agent for immobilising wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and southern elephant seals (Mirouga leonina). The agent had a number of advantages over all the other agents used previously.  相似文献   

9.
The long-term effects of a single dose of meloxicam (Metacam 20 mg/ml; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) in conjunction with antibiotic therapy in cattle with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated in a blind, controlled, randomised study. Two hundred animals with clinical signs of brd received a single subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg oxytetracycline; 100 of them also received a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam, and the other 100 received an injection of isotonic saline. The animals were weighed before they were treated and seven, 35, 70 and 105 days later, and finally before they were slaughtered. The mean bodyweight of the meloxicam-treated animals was significantly higher from day 70 until slaughter, and the mean average daily weight gain until slaughter and the mean carcase weight of the animals treated with meloxicam were significantly higher. In the animals with lung lesions, significantly less lung tissue was affected in those that had been treated with meloxicam.  相似文献   

10.
Southern elephant seals (Miroungo leonina) were immobilised with a mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam administered intravenously at a mean (sd) dose rate of 0.46 (0.08) mg/kg. This dose provided a satisfactory degree of anaesthesia with no side effects, and the induction, duration and recovery times were short. The mean (sd) induction time was 26 (9) seconds and the mean level of anaesthesia was 4.4 units on an eight-point scale. Male seals were given less drug than female seals, remained immobilised for shorter periods and recovered sooner. The mean (sd) dose of drug administered to males was 0.44 (0.06) mg/kg and to females 0.48 (0.08) mg/kg, and the mean (sd) duration times were 14.9 (4.5) minutes and 16.1 (5.3) minutes. The mean (sd) time taken to recover from immobilisation was 14.5 (4.6) minutes for males and 15.7 (5.3) minutes for females. Physiological condition and size significantly affected the duration of anaesthesia. Thin seals remained immobilised for 18 (7) minutes whereas fatter seals remained immobilised for 15 (4) minutes (P<0.0001).  相似文献   

11.
10 kg unbred Beagle and mongrel bitches were used in each of 4 experiments (exp). 6 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP or medroxyprogesterone acetate) was prepared as a sterile aqueous suspension (50 mg/ml) and was used in exps 1, 2 and 3. Tritiated MAP was used in exp 4. In exp 1, 7 bitches were given 500 mg and 7 were given 50 mg subcutaneously (sc). 6 controls were used. In exp 2, 50, 100 or 250 mg were given sc, intramuscular (im) or intraperitoneal (ip) to 4 dogs at each dose level and route of administration. In exp 3, 12.5 or 25 mg was given either sc or im in 4 groups of 8 bitches each. In exp 4, a single 50 mg mixture of MAP and tritiated MAP was given to each of 3 dogs: 1 sc, 1 im, and 1 ip. Results of exp 1 showed those on 500 mg had first posttreatment estrus an average of 504 days (range of 247-730) after injection. Those on 50 mg averaged 329 days (range of 205-429). Breeding resulted in 6 live pups/litter for the controls 5.2 for those on 50 mg, and 4 for those on 500 mg. In exp 2, results showed prolonged cycling in those injected sc (295 days to estrus), while those injected im reached estrous in 225 days and those injected ip in 148 days. In exp 3, 3 on 25 mg sc had a 6 month estrous delay while 4 did when injected im. 3 of 16 given 12.5 mg sc and im had a 6 month delay in cycling. Exp 4 showed ip treated dogs had estrus 148 days after treatment, 225 days for im, and 295 days for sc. Ip treated dogs whelped 5 pups; im 7 pups; and sc, 5 pups. 7 months lapsed before nearly all of the 50 mg sc administered dose was excreted. An additional 2.5 months lapsed before estrus occurred in this dog.  相似文献   

12.
Ketamine was used as an immobilizing agent to obtain biological specimens from northern elephant seals in their natural habitat. Effective immobilization was achieved with dosages of 1.4 to 6.9 mg/kg of body weight.  相似文献   

13.
Beef cattle were treated to synchronize estrus using one of three procedures, and effects on subsequent endocrine responses and fertility were studied. Procedures were 1) feeding .5 mg.head-1.d-1 of melengestrol acetate (MGA) for 21 d (M), 2) feeding .5 mg.head-1.d-1 of melengestrol acetate for 21 d followed 14 d later by a single injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (M + P) and 3) two injections of prostaglandin (PGF) 14 d apart (P). In Exp. 1, 94 beef cows were assigned to be artificially inseminated 12 h after detection of estrus. Procedures for synchronizing estrus did not affect the proportion of cows observed in estrus within 7 d (mean = 70.2%). However, conception rate of cows treated with MGA alone was lower (P less than .01) than that of cows treated with PGF alone (31.8 vs 78.3%). The conception rate of cows in the M + P group was intermediate (57.1%) but greater than that of cows treated with MGA alone (P less than .10). In Exp. 2, 18 heifers were observed for estrus four times daily and bled daily from 1 wk before predicted estrus until second estrus or 35 d post-treatment. Heifers treated with MGA alone maintained lower concentrations of progesterone and higher concentrations of estradiol-17 beta before first estrus than heifers treated with MGA and PGF or PGF alone (P less than .01). Conception rate following insemination was lower after long-term feeding of MGA than after two injections of PGF. Delaying insemination until after a PGF-shortened cycle 14 d after MGA resulted in an intermediate conception rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a dose of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by na?ve averaged, na?ve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. DESIGN: Original study. Animals-33 male and 22 female juvenile seals being treated for various conditions. PROCEDURES: Blood collection was limited to < or = 3 samples/seal. Plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. RESULTS: Mean +/- SE dose of marbofloxacin administered was 5.3 +/- 0.1 mg/kg (2.4 +/- 0.05 mg/lb). The terminal half-life, volume of distribution (per bioavailability), and clearance (per bioavailability) were approximately 5 hours, approximately 1.4 L/kg, and approximately 3 mL/min/kg, respectively (values varied slightly with the method of calculation). Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 microg/mL and 30 h x microg/mL, respectively. Na?ve averaged and na?ve pooled analysis appeared to yield a better fit to the population, but nonlinear mixed-effects modeling yielded a better fit for individual seals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used. Pharmacokinetic variability can be assessed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, but not with na?ve averaged or na?ve pooled analysis. Visual observation by experienced trainers revealed no adverse effects in treated seals. Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa).  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo provide reliable, effective immobilization for Weddell seals under extreme field conditions using an injectable ketamine/midazolam combination.Study designObservational study.AnimalsThirty adult Weddell seals (12 male, 18 female) in Erebus Bay, Antarctica, body mass (mean ± SD) 412 ± 47 kg, aged 9–27 years.MethodsSeals were immobilized with a target dose of 2 mg kg?1 ketamine hydrochloride and 0.1 mg kg?1 midazolam hydrochloride (IM), based on visually estimated body mass. When required, maintenance doses were administered at a target of 0.5 mg kg?1 ketamine hydrochloride and 0.025 mg kg?1 midazolam hydrochloride (IV).ResultsComplete immobilization was achieved in 33 of 40 injections (14 of which were repeat events on the same individual). Time to immobilization averaged 12 ± 4 minutes, with a duration of initial immobility of 38 ± 19 minutes. Total immobilization time varied by handling protocol, including condition assessment and muscle biopsy (Protocol 1, 60 ± 13 minutes), condition assessment and instrument attachment (Protocol 2, 154 ± 13 minutes), and condition assessment, muscle biopsy and instrument retrieval (Protocol 3, 48 ± 8 minutes). Overall, a total immobilization time of 114 ± 60 minutes was accomplished with 4 ± 4 maintenance doses, and an average recovery time of 36 ± 17 minutes. Most effects of the anesthetic combination were unrelated to mass, age, sex or total body fat. However, leaner seals had longer duration of initial immobility (% and kg total body fat) and recovery times (kg fat). Apnea events were uncommon and treated effectively with doxapram. No animals died.Conclusions and clinical relevanceReliable and effective field immobilization of Weddell seals was accomplished with a low dose of ketamine hydrochloride and midazolam hydrochloride, utilizing IM injection initially and IV maintenance methods.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of dexamethasone administration, isolation stress, or transportation stress on the ability of exogenous estradiol to induce estrus in progesterone-primed, ovariectomized ewes was evaluated in this study. Dexamethasone administered twice daily over a 6-d period, or a single injection at either 2 h before estradiol administration or 8 h after estradiol treatment, delayed or blocked the expression of estrous behavior. In those animals in which dexamethasone did not block the onset of estrus, the average length of estrus was reduced. Isolation stress, which induced significant increases in the plasma concentration of corticosteroids, failed to significantly alter the number of ewes expressing estrous behavior, although the expression of estrus was blocked in three of the nine treated animals. These nine animals all expressed estrus during the nonstress phase. In contrast to isolation stress, 8 h of transportation not only increased the average plasma concentration of corticosteroids, but also significantly (P less than .05) blocked the expression of estrus in five of eight ewes and delayed the expression of estrus in one other. During the nonstressed control phase, all eight expressed estrus. These findings indicate that management-related stress can block estrogen from inducing estrous behavior, however, the role of the adrenal axis response to stress in blocking estrus remains to be clarified.  相似文献   

17.
Tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in ponies, were inoculated with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The animals received either no antibiotics or one of the following treatments: pivampicillin per os (19.9 mg/kg, equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin, every 12 h) for 7 or 21 days (7 and 5 ponies, respectively), procaine penicillin G intramuscularly (12 mg/kg = 12,000 IU/kg, every 24 h) for 7 days (7 ponies), or ampicillin sodium intravenously (equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin, every 8 h) for 1 day (5 ponies). Only intravenous administration was started before infection (prophylactically), the other treatments were started 20 h after infection (curatively). A total of 7 ponies received no antibiotics. In untreated controls, the infection led to abscessation of the tissue chamber in 4 to 10 days. Curative treatment with either pivampicillin or procaine penicillin G for 7 days resulted in a reduction of viable bacteria in the tissue chamber but did not eliminate the infection, resulting in abscessation in 5 to 14 days. However, administration of pivampicillin for 21 days eliminated the streptococci in five out of five ponies and prophylactic administration of ampicillin was successful in three out of five ponies.  相似文献   

18.
The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, E.G. 1.11.1.9.) was determined in heparinized whole blood, blood plasma and washed erythrocytes from goats before and up to 4 weeks after the administration of selenium (0.4 mg/10 kg BW) and vitamin E (20 mg/10 kg BW) or only vit. E (20 mg/10 kg BW). It was found that Se administration caused a significant increase in enzyme activity in whole blood and washed erythrocytes first detected 2 weeks after the intramuscular injection of Se. No changes were observed in plasma from the treated animals. Minor and insignificant changes were seen in the vit. E treated control animals. It is concluded that GSH-Px activity in blood plasma or serum is of no value as a short-term indicator of the selenium status of goats but whole blood is a good indicator of the long-term status.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of carprofen (C) administration before banding or burdizzo castration of bulls on cortisol, in vitro interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, acute-phase proteins, feed intake, and growth. Fifty Holstein Friesian bulls (5.5 mo old; 191 +/- 3.7 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments (n = 10/treatment): 1) untreated control (2) banding castration at 0 min (Band); 3) Band following an i.v. injection of 1.4 mg/kg of BW of C at -20 min (Band+C); 4) Burdizzo castration at 0 min (Burd); or 5) Burd following 1.4 mg/kg of BW of C at -20 min (Burd+C). Castration acutely increased plasma cortisol concentrations compared with control; no significant differences occurred in peak and interval to peak cortisol responses between Band and Band+C or Burd and Burd+C groups. The administration of C in Band+C reduced (P < 0.05) the cortisol concentration between 6 and 12 h postcastration compared with Band animals. Overall, the integrated cortisol response was greater (P < 0.05) in the castrates than in control, whereas C treatments tended to reduce this response compared with Band (P = 0.08) and Burd (P = 0.07), respectively. Plasma fibrinogen was elevated in Band animals on d 14 and in Burd animals on d 3 and 14. Carprofen administration reduced Band- and Burd-induced fibrinogen production on d 14 and 3, respectively. Plasma haptoglobin was elevated in Band animals on d 3 and 35 compared with control, and C administration was effective in reducing the haptoglobin elevation on d 35 in Band+C compared with Band. There were no differences among treatments in in vitro IFN-gamma production induced by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin on d 1 and 2. Overall from d -1 to 16, there were no DMI differences among treatments. From d -1 to 35, there were no ADG differences among treatments. In conclusion, banding and burdizzo castration increased plasma cortisol with no change in in vitro IFN-gamma production. Carprofen (1.4 mg/kg of BW) tended to reduce the integrated cortisol response, and it reduced cortisol secretion in banded animals between 6 and 12 h postcastration. There was an increased acute-phase protein production following castration; this response was effectively moderated by the administration of C before castration.  相似文献   

20.
Two trials evaluated bovine corpus luteum (CL) regression and estrous response following treatment with alfaprostol (AP), a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue. Expression of at least one estrous cycle (16 to 26 d) and a palpable mid-cycle CL were required prior to random assignment of females to receive 0, .38, .75, 1.50 or 2.25 mg AP/100 kg body weight. Alfaprostol was evaluated in Brahman cows and heifers that were treated on d 11 to 13 (trial 1) and in Simmental X Brahman-Hereford (crossbred) heifers that were treated on d 8 to 10 or d 11 to 13 of the estrous cycle (trial 2). In trial 1, Brahman heifers appeared to require a higher AP dose (greater than .38 mg/100 kg body weight) to elicit luteolysis and expression of estrus than Brahman cows. Alfaprostol treatment (greater than or equal to .75 mg/100 kg body weight) induced (P less than .0001) luteolysis followed by estrus in Brahman cows and heifers. In trial 2, crossbred heifers that received AP on d 8 to 10 appeared to require a higher dose of AP (greater than .38 mg/100 kg body weight) to elicit luteolysis and estrus than heifers that received AP on d 11 to 13 of the estrous cycle. Alfaprostol treatment greater than or equal to .75 mg/100 kg body weight on d 8 to 10 and d 11 to 13 of the estrous cycle induced (P less than .0001) luteolysis followed by estrus in crossbred heifers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号