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1.
L Castle H R Cloke J R Startin J Gilbert 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1988,71(3):499-502
A method for the quantitative determination of monoethylene glycol (MEG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) in chocolate is described. The procedure involves dissolving the chocolate in hot water, defatting with hexane, removing sugars by precipitation, and analyzing as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives by capillary gas chromatography. The use of butan-1,4-diol as an internal standard corrects for recovery, which is between 50 and 60%, to give a relative standard deviation of 10-11% for the determination of both glycols at the level of 50 mg/kg. The presence of MEG and DEG in chocolate is confirmed by full scanning gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the TMS derivatives. 相似文献
2.
氟对土壤理化性质和玉米生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用盆栽试验研究了外源氟对潮土、黄棕壤pH、容重、玉米干物重和吸钾量的影响,结果表明：氟可以提高土壤pH,使土壤结块,容重增加,孔隙度减少,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土pH分别比对照增加了0.77和0.52,土壤容重分别增加了26.98%和27.72%。氟对潮土过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,加入氟600 mg/kg,氟对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶活性产生明显抑制作用;氟对黄棕壤碱性磷酸酶活性无影响,氟400 mg/kg对潮土碱性磷酸酶活性产生明显抑制。加入氟600 mg/kg,土壤中性磷酸酶活性明显降低;氟对黄棕壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响较潮土小。脲酶活性对氟最为敏感,在黄棕壤和潮土中,分别加入氟200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg,土壤脲酶活性明显降低。玉米苗期,氟浓度在400 mg/kg以上,才会对玉米苗期干物质积累产生影响,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土玉米幼苗干物重比对照分别减少了20.1%和9.8%,氟对黄棕壤玉米苗期生长影响比潮土大;随着玉米生长,氟对玉米干物重产生明显影响的浓度越来越低,在玉米拔节期,氟浓度在200～400 mg/kg时,玉米地上和地下部干物重比对照明显减少,氟对玉米根的抑制作用超过玉米地上部。氟对玉米吸钾量影响很大,加入氟浓度高于400 mg/kg时,玉米吸钾量明显减少。加入氟1000 mg/kg,潮土玉米含钾量与对照相比减少了43.7%,黄棕壤玉米减少了41.9%。潮土玉米吸钾量与对照相比减少了59.7%,黄棕壤玉米吸钾量减少了50.9%。 相似文献
3.
草酸活化磷矿粉对砖红壤中外源铅的钝化效果 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
磷矿粉被广泛用于固定污染土壤中的重金属,然而施用草酸活化磷矿粉后对土壤中铅形态的研究非常有限。该文采用Tessier连续提取法分析砖红壤中施加未活化和经草酸活化的磷矿粉后,砖红壤中外源铅形态的变化。结果表明:随着磷矿粉施加量的增加,各处理中交换态铅质量分数比对照(64.1mg/kg)显著下降,未活化磷矿粉处理(PR)的交换态铅质量分数为0.1mg/kg,而草酸活化磷矿粉处理(APR)中未检出;醋酸盐提取态铅质量分数除草酸活化磷矿粉2000mg/kg处理为24.5mg/kg(APR3)减少外,其他处理均高于对照(27.2mg/kg),在未活化磷矿粉500mg/kg(PR2)处理时达到最大值41.8mg/kg;铁锰氧化物结合态除未活化磷矿粉50mg/kg(PR1)处理为69.5mg/kg低于对照(74.2mg/kg)外,其余均高于对照,在APR3处理时达最大值117.2mg/kg;有机物结合态铅质量分数除PR1处理为20.7mg/kg,其余均高于对照处理(21.8mg/kg),在APR3处理时达到最大值46.5mg/kg;PR处理残渣态铅与对照相比(44.2mg/kg)显著增加至60.6mg/kg,对APR处理其变化范围为42.7～43.5mg/kg,各处理稍低于对照,但差异不显著(p<0.05)。显然,磷矿粉的施加可有效降低砖红壤中交换态铅质量分数,增加稳定态铅质量分数,且草酸活化磷矿粉的效果更佳。同时,草酸活化后磷矿粉的释磷能力增加,除草酸活化磷矿粉最高施磷量处理外(5000mg/kg),施入磷矿粉和草酸活化磷矿粉后释放的磷对环境构成风险可能性极小。X-射线衍射光谱(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和扫描电镜(scaning electron microscope,SEM)结果分析也表明草酸活化磷矿粉的释磷能力增加,更有利于固定土壤中的铅。该研究可为草酸活化磷矿粉固定土壤中的铅提供参考依据。 相似文献
4.
工业遗留场地复合型污染分层健康风险评估研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以某典型有机物-重金属复合型污染场地为研究对象,根据该场地水文地质特征将土层划分为回填土(0~4.1 m)、粉质黏土(4.1~6.5 m)、粉土(6.5~8.5 m)和粉砂(8.5~13.8 m)等4层,运用HERA软件分别进行健康风险评估,推算了土壤和地下水的风险值及修复目标值,并以此划分修复范围和确定修复技术。结果表明,土壤中存在严重的有机污染(苯和甲苯)和重金属(Cr(Ⅵ))污染,苯的最大致癌风险为0.000 155,甲苯的最大非致癌危害商为2.14;Cr(Ⅵ)在下层土壤中不存在暴露途径危害人体健康,而仅在表层回填土中存在致癌和非致癌危害商(0.014 2和97.6);地下水中关注污染物健康风险在可接受范围内;苯、甲苯在各土层中的修复目标值分别为:回填土层0.434、708 mg/kg;粉质黏土层0.807、2 460 mg/kg;粉土层1.42、4 440 mg/kg;粉砂层2.51、8 140 mg/kg;Cr(Ⅵ)仅在回填土层计算出修复目标值为0.251 mg/kg。苯、甲苯等挥发性有机物分层修复目标值随土层深度增加而变大,Cr(Ⅵ)等重金属修复目标值不遵循这个规律,因此,分层健康风险评估更适用于挥发性有机物健康风险评价。 相似文献
5.
石油烃类污染物降解动力学和微生物群落多样性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探讨不同初始浓度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复机制,以石油降解菌剂和腐熟鸡粪为调理剂,研究了初始浓度分别为5 000(T1)、10 000(T2)和50 000 mg/kg(T3)的石油污染土壤堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解动力学特征和微生物群落多样性。结果表明:堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解符合一级反应动力学,反应常数分别为0.012、0.094和0.050 d-1,半衰期分别为6.79、7.37和13.86 d。整个堆腐过程石油烃类污染物平均降解速率分别为112.08、230.05和887.93 mg/(kg·d)。3个处理的孔平均颜色变化率(average well color development)和碳源利用率(除芳香烃类化合物外)随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高,在堆腐中、后期达到最大,T3处理显著高于T1、T2处理。多聚物类和糖类代谢群是堆腐体系中的优势菌群。主成分分析表明3个处理的微生物群落差异显著(除第9天外),起分异作用的碳源主要是糖类和羧酸类。微生物群落的丰富度指数和均一度指数随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高并在堆腐后期达到最大,与T1处理相比,T3处理分别高了0.21%和17.64%,差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。微生物群落优势度指数在中期达到最大,T1处理分别比T2、T3处理高2.12%和9.44%,3个处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。堆肥结束时3个处理的种子发芽指数(seed germination index,SGI)分别比堆腐初期提高了18.26%、20.42%和36.41%。该研究结果为黄土高原不同程度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复的应用提供参考依据和理论基础。 相似文献
6.
Kristin Elgh-Dalgren Zandra Arwidsson Veronica Rib�� Sylvia Waara Thomas von Kronhelm Patrick A. W. van Hees 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,214(1-4):275-285
Two commercially available aerobic bioremediation methods (Daramend® and BioSan) were utilized to study the aerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the effect of the simultaneously present arsenic. The soil was collected at an old wood preservation site, and the initial PAH16-concentration was 46 mg/kg, with mainly high molecular weight congeners. The As concentration was 105 mg/kg with low availability as assessed with sequential extraction. To enhance the availability of PAH, the effect of a nonionic surfactant was evaluated. Degradation of both low and high molecular weight PAH was observed; however, after 30 weeks, the degradation was generally low and no treatment was significantly better than the others. The treatments had, on the other hand, an effect on As remobilization, with increased As concentration in the available fraction after treatment. This may be due to both the microbial activity and the presence of anoxic microsites in the soil. The overall efficiency of the biological treatment was further evaluated using the standardized ecotoxicity test utilizing Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®). The toxicity test demonstrated that the bioremediation led to an increase in toxicity, especially in treatments receiving surfactant. The surfactant implied an increase in contaminant availability but also a decrease in surface tension, which might have contributed to the overall toxicity increase. 相似文献
7.
Christa Cornelis Johan Bierkens Ingeborg Joris Peter Nielsen Stany Pensaert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(3):156-162
Background, Aim and Scope
The use of organotin compounds as antifouling agents on ships is prohibited at EU level since 1 July 2003. Because of its
persistence, the presence of organotin compounds in harbour sediment will however remain a problem for years. Dumping of dredged
sediment in sea is subject to very strict quality criteria, stimulating the exploration of re-use alternatives, such as re-use
on land.
Within the TBT Clean project (EU LIFE Project 02/ENV/B/341) an assessment framework for re-use of organotin containing treated
sediment on land as secondary granular building material was developed. Three scenarios were considered: free re-use on land,
re-use above groundwater level with cover layer, and re-use under groundwater level (the latter two scenarios are referred
to as restricted re-use). Receptors considered were humans, ecosystem and groundwater. Generic upper concentration limits
and sediment leaching limits were calculated.
Materials and Methods:
Upper concentration limits were calculated with the Vlier-Humaan model. This model allows to calculate soil remediation values
according to the Flemish legal framework. The focus of the methodology is the protection of human health, although a check
for ecotoxicity was included in the project. The soil remediation value for residential land-use was selected within the scenario
for free re-use; for restricted re-use (no direct contact possible), the soil remediation value for industrial land-use was
selected. Leaching values were calculated with an analytical soil and groundwater transport model. The reference scenario
behind the leaching criteria of the European Landfill Directive was modified to fit the project objectives. Default values
for application height and length were used. The point-of-compliance was situated at 20 m distance in the groundwater. Physicochemical
properties were taken from literature; sorption characteristics were taken from literature and were measured on 6 treated
sediment samples during the project. Plant-uptake values were taken from the literature. Toxicological criteria were taken
from EFSA.
Results:
The assessment framework provided an upper limit (SedUL) and an leaching value (SedLV) for each scenario, expressed as mg/kg
dm in the sediment. Criteria were calculated for tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT); too few data were available for monobutyltin
(MBT). The SedUL equalled 0.51 mg TBT/kg dm and 0.07 mg DBT/kg dm for free re-use and 195 mg TBT/kg dm and 205 mg DBT/kg dm
for restricted re-use (two scenarios). For free re-use the SedLV was only limiting for TBT at Kd of < 2000 l/kg in the sediment.
Under re-use above groundwater level with coverage SedLV values ranged from 6.9 – 29 mg TBT/kg dm and from 12 – 33.3 mg DBT/kg
dm (Kd ranging from 100 – 10000 l/kg); under re-use below groundwater level SedLV values ranged from 0.007 – 0.77 mg TBT or
DBT/kg dm (Kd ranging from 100 – 10000 l/kg).
Discussion:
Results are subject to large uncertainties because of variation in input data; the model output is sensitive to variation
in plant uptake (SedUL for free re-use), Koc or Kd (SedUL for restricted re-use, SedLV for re-use with coverage), Henry's
law coefficient (SedUL for restricted re-use); all these parameters show orders of magnitude variation.
Conclusions:
A feasible and consistent framework for evaluation of the re-use of treated organotin containing sediment was developed. However,
the resulting quality criteria are still subject to large uncertainties, due to uncertainties in input data.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
High-quality data on plant uptake and soil sorption of organotin compounds, the influence of soil properties on these processes,
and long-term terrestrial toxicity data are needed to refine the calculations. The quality criteria should be reviewed when
these data become available. 相似文献
8.
Two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity study of methyleugenol in F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Johnson JD Ryan MJ Toft JD II Graves SW Hejtmancik MR Cunningham ML Herbert R Abdo KM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(8):3620-3632
Methyleugenol (MEG) was tested for toxicity/carcinogenicity in a 2-yr carcinogenesis bioassay because of its widespread use in a variety of foods, beverages, and cosmetics as well as its structural resemblance to the known carcinogen safrole. F344/N rats and B6C3F(1) mice (50 animals/sex/dose group) were given MEG suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose by gavage at doses of 37, 75, or 150 mg/kg/day for 2 yr. Control groups (60 rats/sex and 50 mice/sex) received only the vehicle. A stop-exposure group of 60 rats/sex received 300 mg/kg/day by gavage for 53 weeks followed by the vehicle only for the remaining 52 weeks of the study. A special study group (10 animals/sex/species/dose group) were used for toxicokinetic studies. All male rats given 150 and 300 mg/kg/day died before the end of the study; survival of female rats given 150 mg/kg/day and all treated female mice was decreased. Mean body weights of treated male and female rats and mice were decreased when compared to control. Area under the curve results indicated that greater than dose proportional increases in plasma MEG occurred for male 150 and 300 mg/kg/day group rats (6 and 12 month) and male 150 mg/kg/day mice (12 month). Target organs included the liver, glandular stomach, forestomach (female rats) and kidney, mammary gland, and subcutaneous tissue (male rats). Liver neoplasms occurred in all dose groups of rats and mice and included hepatoadenoma, hepatocarcinoma, hepatocholangioma (rats only), hepatocholangiocarcinoma, and hepatoblastoma (mice only). Nonneoplastic liver lesions included eosinophilic and mixed cell foci (rats only), hypertrophy, oval cell hyperplasia, cystic degeneration (rats only), and bile duct hyperplasia. Mice also exhibited necrosis, hematopoietic cell proliferation, and hemosiderin pigmentation. Glandular stomach lesions in rats and mice included benign and malignant neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, and atrophy and in mice included glandular ectasia/chronic active inflammation. In female rats, the forestomach showed a positive trend in the incidences of squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma (combined). Male rats also exhibited kidney (renal tubule hyperplasia, nephropathy, and adenomacarcinoma), mammary gland (fibroadenoma), and subcutaneous tissue (fibroma, fibrosarcoma) lesions. Male rats also exhibited malignant mesotheliomas and splenic fibrosis. These data demonstrate that MEG is a multisite, multispecies carcinogen. 相似文献
9.
磷在稻田土壤中的淋溶和迁移模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
稻田土壤磷(P)的淋溶和迁移受到人们的普遍关注。对水稻土施P后立即进行高强度淋洗的研究表明,施P对各处理淋出液的P浓度没有明显影响,各种形态的P淋溶到60cm土层以下的浓度不超过0.1mg/kg,折合每公顷损失P量分别为可溶活性P约1.2~1.4kg,非活性P为1.2~1.6kg,全P为2.5~2.8kg,对地下水影响小。施P量低于400kg/hm2时,施入的P没有移出上层土壤;当施P量高于800kg/hm2时,P从上层向下移动现象明显;施P量超过1600kg/hm2后,移动距离可达10cm。并预测出上层土壤可能发生P的移动和淋溶的土壤Olsen-P阈值为74.1mg/kg,超过该值发生P移动和淋溶的可能性增加。 相似文献
10.
增值磷肥对潮土无机磷形态及其变化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在实验室条件下制备了海藻酸磷肥、腐植酸磷肥和氨基酸磷肥3种增值磷肥,利用室内土壤培养试验研究增值磷肥对潮土无机磷组分及其变化的影响。结果表明, 1）培养180 d后,普通磷肥（磷酸一铵,下同）和增值磷肥均显著提高了土壤速效磷含量,并降低了土壤pH; 施用增值磷肥提高土壤速效磷的幅度为34.6～41.92 mg/kg,高于普通磷肥; 施用增值磷肥降低土壤pH的幅度为0.23～0.36个单位,高于普通磷肥。2) 与普通磷肥相比,增值磷肥明显降低土壤对磷的固定,腐植酸、海藻酸和谷氨酸增值磷肥处理的固定率分别比普通磷肥降低7.32%、7.13%和11.99%。3）培养180 d后,与普通磷肥处理相比,增值磷肥均提高土壤Ca2-P、 Ca8-P 和 Al-P含量,减缓Al-P 向 Fe-P 的转化。 相似文献
11.
沼液灌溉对紫色土菜地土壤特性的影响 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
三峡库区山地城镇重肥效的沼液灌溉,既需做到能够充分利用粪污资源,又要不破坏植物的生长与土壤环境。试验采用某大型奶牛养殖场粪污处理站不同阶段的废水进行灌溉,其中包括:沉砂池污水(grit chamber wastewater,GCW)、集水池污水(collection basin wastewater,CBW)、厌氧池沼液(anaerobic tank wastewater,ATW)、好氧池出水(aerobic effluent,AE),并以清水(clean water,CW)作为对照组,5组试验平行同步对紫色土试验样地进行灌溉。土壤剖面铵态氮含量在0～5cm土层ATW为最大860mg/kg,5～10cm土层5个试验组含量略有升高,10～20cm土层试验组GCW、CBW、ATW、AE呈下降趋势。硝态氮含量在0～5cm土层仍是ATW最大为23.95mg/kg。有效磷在0～5cm土层5组试验都低于100mg/kg,5～10cm土层试验组CBW和CW含量上升较大分别为10%和11%,5个试验组总体磷吸收能力都为弱。在沼灌土壤自身承载量的试验中,土壤承载铵态氮最大值为1355mg/kg,硝态氮24.65mg/kg,有效磷为163.66mg/kg,磷吸收系数在第5～9d高于500。通过前期不同阶段污水灌溉研究氮、磷积累吸附及土壤自身承载力的试验,确定沼液灌溉能提供较多有效氮、磷的优良可行性,并为进一步提出合理灌溉量和实际操作提供指导。 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(14):1769-1778
Microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate may impose dangers to ecosystem functioning through soil and atmosphere contamination with end products or intermediate gases. A wide range of chemicals can inhibit nitrification under soil and laboratory conditions. In the present study, the effectiveness of chloride compared to 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as a standard nitrification inhibitor was evaluated. The results showed that DMPP (especially with double concentrations) inhibited nitrification for a longer time, until the end of incubation period. Chloride in the form of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) or potassium chloride (KCl) also significantly inhibited nitrification compared to the control during the 7-week incubation period. This inhibition was positively correlated with applied chloride concentrations in soil. During a 5-week incubation period, the strongest concentration (500 mg/kg soil) showed more inhibition than concentrations of 250 or 100 mg/kg soil, particularly when compared to control. The results suggest that beside commercial nitrification inhibitors, chloride can significantly inhibit microbial nitrification in soil. Therefore, when chloride is not a soil problem, the chloride form of nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., ammonium chloride) could be a proper nitrogen fertilizer. 相似文献
13.
Vulnerability of Coastal Aquifers Due to Nutrient Pollution from Agriculture: Kalpitiya, Sri Lanka 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pathmakumara Jayasingha A. Pitawala H. A. Dharmagunawardhane 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):563-577
This study focuses on spatial and temporal nutrient pollution of groundwater in the unconfined sandy aquifers of Kalpitiya peninsula, Sri Lanka, where agricultural activities are intense. The study covers two consecutive dry and rainy seasons during the period from 2008 to 2010. Nitrate is the dominant nutrient pollutant in groundwater. The values of Nitrate-N contents ranged from 0.60 to 212.40 mg/L in the dry seasons and 0.20?C148.50 mg/L in rainy seasons. Phosphate in groundwater ranged from 0.20 to 5.70 mg/L in dry seasons and 0.04?C10.35 mg/L with few exceptions in rainy seasons. About 50% of the studied water samples had Nitrate-N concentrations above WHO drinking water guideline values both in dry and rainy periods. These high concentrations were recorded from wells in agricultural lands. Although there is a slight decrease in the Nitrate-N concentrations at random in rainy seasons, an increasing trend of average concentrations became evident over the study period as a whole, probably indicating building up of Nitrate-N in groundwater in the vegetable growing areas. The spatial distribution of Nitrate-N too shows a good match of high Nitrate-N bearing zones with vegetable cultivated areas indicating intensive leaching from application of excessive chemical fertilizers. High Nitrate-N zones also showed fairly steady lateral distribution indicating slow lateral mobility of Nitrate-rich groundwater probably due to low hydraulic gradients. Low phosphate concentrations in both groundwater and surface soils either indicates their less use in the area or that the available phosphate is leached and removed from the aquifer water and (sandy) soil solutions and probably adsorbed in clayey deeper horizons. Low concentrations of major cations (especially K, Ca, and Na) indicate less impact on cation concentrations in groundwater by the fertilizer application or sea water intrusions/up-coning. 相似文献
14.
In view of the ubiquitous co-existence of methamidophos, acetochlor and copper (Cu) in agricultural soils, ecological detoxification of methamidophos in phaiozem by earthworms was examined using the detoxic incubation experiments with illumination. It was validated that the earthworm Eisenia fetida is a useful soil animal in the process of methamidophos detoxification as the assistance of soil microbes and enzymes. Due to the action of earthworms, the half life of methamidophos with concentration of 15 mg/kg in phaiozem could decrease from 5.61 days to 5.08 days. Dynamics of methamidophos detoxification by earthworms could conform to the logistic model. Under the condition of multiple pollution combined with acetochlor (20 mg/kg) and Cu (300 mg/kg), ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms became complicated. Acetochlor played a promoting role in the biodegradation of methamidophos to some extent, while it was basically inhibited by Cu. 相似文献
15.
适量施磷有效提高苋菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
16.
5种草本植物对土壤重金属铅的吸收、富集及转运 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以临汾西山煤矿周边的5种优势种植物苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）、灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum）、早熟禾（Poa annua）为试验材料,研究植物修复土壤重金属铅的污染,分析比较其对铅的吸收、转运和富集的能力。结果表明:在铅处理下早熟禾的生物量最大;5种植物地上部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时均达到1 000 mg/kg以上,其中夏至草的吸收量最高,达5 447.25 mg/kg;地下部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时也达到1 000 mg/kg以上,以苍耳最高,达13 448.5 mg/kg。夏至草的转运系数和富集系数最高,为铅超富集植物,其余4种植物对重金属铅也有很好的吸收富集作用。 相似文献
17.
武汉市城郊区集约化露天菜地生产系统硝态氮淋溶迁移规律研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以武汉市及其周边区域的典型露天菜地为研究对象,对菜地土壤、土壤溶液及菜地附近井水中硝态氮（NO3--N）含量进行了周年监测分析。结果表明:菜地土壤100 cm内各土层NO3--N平均含量为11.2 mg/kg,其中0~20 cm土壤剖面NO3--N含量为21.1 mg/kg;60 cm深度处土壤溶液中NO3--N含量为27.5 mg/L;井水中NO3--N含量为19.6~39.8 mg/L,其含量达到了饮用水安全标准的2~4倍。由此说明:武汉城郊菜地土壤NO3--N淋失量较大,已造成地下水NO3--N污染;且硝酸盐淋失量随着氮肥施用量和水分输入量的增加而增大,同时与种植蔬菜的种类有一定相关关系;由于土壤理化性质不同,土壤硝酸盐含量在正常范围内并且尚能够安全种植作物时,地下水可能已受到严重的污染,这种情况在砂性土壤中表现更为明显。本文的研究为科学评价露天菜地土壤和地下水NO3--N污染提供了科学理论依据。 相似文献
18.
Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol 
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下载免费PDF全文 L. A. Camargo J. Marques Jr. G. T. Pereira L. R. F. Alleoni A. S. R. de S. Bahia D. De B. Teixeira 《Soil Use and Management》2016,32(2):172-182
Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (Pads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict Pads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10?6 m3/kg) and Pads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors. 相似文献
19.
Effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus availability to flooded and nonflooded rice in a P‐deficient tropical soil: a greenhouse study 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 T. Rakotoson L. Six M. P. Razafimanantsoa L. Rabeharisoa E. Smolders 《Soil Use and Management》2015,31(1):10-18
Addition of organic matter (OM) to flooded soils stimulates reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, thereby mobilizing associated phosphate (P). Hence, OM management has the potential to overcome P deficiency. This study assessed if OM applications increases soil or mineral fertilizer P availability to rice under anaerobic (flooded) condition and if that effect is different relative to that in aerobic (nonflooded) soils. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 26 mg P/kg), OM (0, ~9 g OM/kg as rice straw + cattle manure) and water treatments (flooded vs nonflooded) in a factorial pot experiment. The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; blanket N and K was added in all treatments. Fresh addition of OM promoted reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals in flooded soils, whereas no such effect was found when OM had been incubated for 6 months before flooding. Yield and shoot P uptake largely increased with mineral P addition in all soils, whereas OM addition increased yield and P uptake only in flooded soils following fresh OM addition. The combination of mineral P and OM gave the largest yield and P uptake. Addition of OM just prior to soil flooding increased P uptake but was insufficient to overcome P deficiency in the absence of mineral P. Larger applications of OM are unlikely to be more successful in flooded soils due to side effects, such as Fe toxicity. 相似文献
20.
Antonio Hernández-Espriú Emilio Sánchez-León Pedro Martínez-Santos Luis G. Torres 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(1):152-165