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1.
采用NCII遗传交配设计,以黑龙江省5份常用骨干自交系为测验种,与20份欧洲玉米种质选系配制100个组合,在黑龙江省3种不同生态环境下,分析20份欧洲玉米种质选系主要性状的配合力及杂种优势。结果表明,被测系之间的一般配合力效应差异达极显著,T04、T16-2、TF32和T218-4的产量及相关性状一般配合力表现优良,在玉米育种中具有较大的利用潜力;TF32×四-444在产量特殊配合力和杂种优势上均为最大值。与对照比较,杂种优势大于10%的组合大多为欧洲玉米种质选系×塘四平头类群自交系,说明欧洲玉米种质与塘四平头类群种质之间具有较强的杂种优势。 相似文献
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玉米自交系XZ966-14的利用潜势研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以美国玉米种质为基础材料创制出自交系XZ966-14,经改良后育成WZ049、WZ0714、WZ126、WZ1422和WZ1423共5个衍生系,采用NCⅡ交配设计测定XZ966-14及其衍生系的配合力,应用全基因组SNP芯片技术检测XZ966-14及其衍生系的遗传潜势。结果表明,XZ966-14产量配合力高,与Reid、旅大红骨种质衍生系杂交有较强杂交优势。该自交系的衍生系产量配合力好,与旅大红骨种质衍生系、PN(PA和PB)种质衍生系杂交有较强杂交优势。全基因组SNP芯片检测结果显示,WZ049、WZ0714、WZ126在第1~10染色体上均遗传了XZ966-14基因组片段,其长度占整条染色体总长的比例最大为100%,最小为3.04%;XZ966-14第4、6、7染色体上具有较强的遗传传递能力,能将其大部分甚至全部遗传信息稳定传递给所有衍生系;第2、3染色体也有较强的遗传传递能力,能将其大量遗传信息传递给大部分衍生系。在产量配合力育种方面,XZ966-14还有较大的育种潜力。 相似文献
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欧洲玉米种质BRC选系主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势分析 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,以分属于5个杂种优势群的自交系昌7-2、DH34、Mo17、郑58和丹988为测验种,与5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系组配25个杂交组合,分析5个欧洲玉米种质BRC选系的主要农艺性状的配合力及杂种优势。结果表明,自交系BRC-1和BRC-5单株产量及相关性状一般配合力表现较好,在玉米育种中有较大的利用潜力;组合BRC-5×Mo17、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×丹988是产量及相关性状特殊配合力综合表现优良的组合;BRC-5×DH34、BRC-1×DH34、BRC-1×丹988、BRC-6×DH34和BRC-1×昌7-2是单株产量总配合力和杂种优势表现突出的组合。BRC种质选系或BRC改良自交系可与旅大红骨、塘四平头、PN78599类群的玉米自交系杂交组配出强优势玉米杂交种。 相似文献
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为了认知外来玉米群体PF6J155选系的配合力差异以及配合力与杂种优势的关系,以12个外来玉米群体选系为母本、5个分属于不同杂优类群的代表系为父本,按照NCⅡ设计配成60个杂交组合,在辽宁省4个不同生态区裂区试验,分析自交系的一般配合力以及60个杂交种主要性状的特殊配合力和杂种优势。结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155选系之间的一般配合力(GCA)效应差别明显,单株产量GCA效应值高的自交系为ZL2116、ZL2436、ZL8344,其部分产量构成因子(穗长、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率)的GCA效应也较高,是表现比较理想的自交系;不同组合单株产量的特殊配合力(SCA)效应也不同,ZL8344×昌7-2在单株产量SCA和对照杂种优势方面都表现出较好的水平,可对其生产应用价值进一步试验鉴定。聚类分析结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155偏属于Reid种质,与塘四平头、旅大红骨和Lancaster具有较好的杂种优势,可形成一定的杂优模式。 相似文献
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以14个加拿大早熟玉米群体获得的45个改良系为材料,与黑龙江省部分早熟玉米种质的5个自交系按照NCⅡ设计组配测交组合,经多点鉴定研究加拿大早熟群体改良系的配合力及杂种优势关系。结果表明,群体EP6、EP7、EP8、EP14和EP15的改良系SW1030、SW1052、SW1271、SW1274、SW1183、SW1072、SW1054、SW1069单株产量等综合性状一般配合力(GCA)效应表现较好;45个改良系分属于兰卡斯特、瑞德、塘四平头、PA和大黄种质群;群体改良系多与Lancaster类群、Reid类群具有较好的杂种优势。 相似文献
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10个玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的单株产量等7个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明:交51、7922、丹340、自330有较高的一般配合力,黄早四×7922、自330×木4、Mo17×5331、丹340×095、32×7922、自330×交51和丹340×交51有较高的特殊配合力。在所有杂交组合中,丹340×交51的产量最高,丹340×095、自330×交51的产量次之,这3个组合可作为潜势组合进一步试验。在选择性状时,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和单株产量宜早代选择,行粒数、出籽率、百粒重宜晚代选择。 相似文献
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采用不完全双列杂交设计，以3个近年来在吉林省玉米生产中主要应用杂交种的6个亲本自交系为测验种，对4份旅大红骨骨干自交系进行潜力分析。共组配24个杂交组合，以先玉335为对照，分析旅大红骨种质在产量、果穗、农艺性状及综合抗性方面的配合力和杂种优势。结果表明，E28、LD61和丹340的一般配合力可降低株高和穗位高，4个旅系均增加弯孢菌叶斑病、大斑病、灰斑病和茎腐病抗性。丹340和丹598的一般配合力表现为增产，特殊配合力表现为延长生育期，增加收获期绿叶数；E28和LD61表现相反。对产量配合力分析发现，产量与总配合力和母本一般配合力极显著相关，与总配合力的相关系数更大。杂种优势分析发现，丹598的杂种优势最好，3个父本系PH4CV、昌7-2和PD752B与被测系旅大红骨的亲缘关系更近。 相似文献
9.
热带、温带玉米自交系和贵州地方种选系的配合力及杂交组合组配方式的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
对来自热带、温带和贵州地方种的各5个自交系,按Griffing双列杂交方法4组配成105个杂交组合,进行自交系配合力分析及杂交组合组配方式的研究,结果表明,无论热带、温带和贵州地方种选系,都有一般配合力较高的自交系,其中表现较好的有黔3502、Fm9、53和独紫.热带自交系、温带自交系和地方种选系间组配杂交组合,有较强的杂种优势,而同类自交系间杂交,杂种优势相对较弱,较难选出特殊配合力较高的组合. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
18.
Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
20.
Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献