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1.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is characterized by difficulty or inability to open the mouth. The ankylosis may be articular ('true') or extra-articular ('false'). Clinical signs, radiographic studies, treatment and follow-up are presented in a retrospective study involving five cats and five dogs. The findings were compared with TMJ ankylosis in humans. CT imaging with three-dimensional reconstruction proved to be of great value in determining the extent of the abnormalities and helped with preoperative planning. Articular TMJ ankylosis occurred in six animals and extra-articular TMJ ankylosis was found in the other four cases. In three cats and in three dogs, the TMJ ankylosis was trauma related; the remaining patients were diagnosed with a tumour. Resection of ankylosing tissue in false ankylosis or gap arthroplasty in true ankylosis was successful in all of the trauma induced cases. In the two cats, with tumour related ankylosis, the ankylosis was caused by an osteoma and resection had a good prognosis, whereas the two dogs had to be euthanatized.  相似文献   

2.
Objective: To evaluate cause, location, treatment, and the clinical outcome of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lesions and TMJ ankylosis in cats. Methods: Cats with TMJ injuries were included in this study. Lesions were classified as luxations, fractures of the condylar process, and intra-articular temporal bone fractures. Signalment, cause and type of injuries, treatment methods, clinical outcome, complications and joint ankylosis were assessed and evaluated statistically. Results: Temporomandibular joint lesions were observed in 82 of 161 cats with maxillofacial injuries. One hundred forty-nine TMJ lesions were determined in 112 joints. Falling was the most common cause and fractures of the condylar process were the most common types of injuries. Isolated TMJ injuries and caudal TMJ luxations were mainly caused by falling. Condylectomy was used in ankylosis, chronic luxation, reluxation and in two cases with multiple TMJ lesions. Ankylosis was observed in 10.97% of cases and was generally observed in fracture combinations of condylar process and mandibular fossa (χ2 = 8.52; p <0.05). No significant relationship between age and development of ankylosis (χ2 = 3.995; p >0.05) was found. Conclusion: In contrast to previous studies, traumatic TMJ lesions were observed in a considerable amount of cats with maxillofacial injuries, and fractures of the condylar process were the most common type. Lesions caused by falling were mostly simple, whereas vehicular trauma caused more complicated lesions. Ankylosis did not appear as a rare condition. Any cat with TMJ injury is susceptible to the development of ankylosis.  相似文献   

3.
Five cats with Y-T fractures of the humeral condyle were reviewed. Breeds presented included domestic shorthair (four cats) and Maine Coon (one cat). Age ranged from two to 16 years. All the cats were neutered males. A road traffic accident was suspected in all cases. Four of the fractures were severely comminuted and one fracture had four fragments. The fractures were repaired via combined medial and lateral approaches. Fixation of the epicondylar ridges was performed using buttress plates in four cases and neutralisation plates in one case. The intracondylar fracture was stabilised using a 2.7 mm lag screw in four cases and a 3.5 mm lag screw in the other. A corticocancellous bone graft was applied in two cases. The intracondylar fracture was accurately reduced in all cases. Complete radiographic healing was documented in two cases 6 and 11 weeks following surgery. Failure of the fixation occurred in the most severely comminuted fracture five days postoperatively. Surgical revision was not performed, and the limb was amputated. Three cats were free of lameness and had resumed outdoor activities at follow-up (five to eight months after surgery). Marked lameness due to loss of elbow movement was observed in the other case.  相似文献   

4.
The surgical technique for removal of tentorial meningiomas is described on six cats using a unilateral temporal supracerebellar transtentorial approach. Complete gross tumour resection was achieved in four of six cats. In one cat, only subtotal resection was achieved. One cat died shortly after surgery because of extensive cerebral haemorrhage. The surgical approach, combined with cisternal or ventricular cerebrospinal fluid puncture and an open-window technique (tumour fenestration and enucleation) provided sufficient visibility and tumour accessibility without excessive manipulation of the brain parenchyma. In all patients, a postoperative transient worsening of the clinical signs was observed. The neurological signs resolved with time with the exception of blindness in two cats. All five surviving cats were monitored for a mean follow-up time of 19 months (median 20 months; range 6-30 months). All patients died or were euthanased because of tumour regrowth within the follow-up period. Although challenging, surgical treatment is a useful therapeutic measure in the treatment of cats presenting with tentorial meningiomas.  相似文献   

5.
Hyperadrenocorticism in six cats   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The case records of six cats with hyperadrenocorticism presented to the Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, over an 11-year period were reviewed. Signalment and clinical signs were similar to previous reports but, in contrast to other reports, only three cats had diabetes mellitus on presentation. Abdominal radiographs revealed an adrenal mass in one case, obesity in all cases but no hepatomegaly. The adrenal glands were identified ultrasonographically in three out of six cases. Clinicopathological findings were non-specific. The diabetic cats had a significantly lower serum potassium concentration than the non-diabetic cats (P<0·05). Results of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests were supportive of a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the five cats in which they were performed. Five cats had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and one had an adrenal tumour. Differentiation between the two forms of hyperadrenocorticism was possible preoperatively in five out of six cats. Adrenal histopathology confirmed hyperplasia in four cats and adenocarcinoma in one cat. Three cats with PDH underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and two of these cats had low, flat ACTH stimulation tests postoperatively and survived for significant periods. The cat with an adrenal tumour underwent partial unilateral adrenalectomy, maintained a positive ACTH stimulation test postoperatively and was euthanased one week after surgery.  相似文献   

6.
Three immature cats with growth abnormalities of the distal radius secondary to trauma were presented between July 2001 and July 2003. Initial injuries included a Salter-Harris type II fracture of the distal radial physis in one cat, fractures of the styloid process of the ulna in two cats, and metacarpal fractures in one cat. The cats were between 3.5 and 4.5 months of age at the time of injury. Damage to the distal radial physis resulted in a variable degree of shortening of the radius in all cats. Asymmetrical closure caused widening of the lateral aspect of the radiocarpal joint space in two cats. Elbow incongruity was not observed. One cat was treated with osteotomies of the radius and ulna and realignment of the radius, stabilised with external skeletal fixation. Another was treated by ulnar ostectomy alone. Radius and ulna osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis of the radius were performed in the third cat. Clinical outcome was satisfactory in all three cases.  相似文献   

7.
Temporomandibular ankylosis was diagnosed in four cats which presented with difficulty in opening their mouths. Interincisor gaps of less than 15 mm were present in all four cases. Radiological changes included loss of joint space and proliferation of new bone around the joints. Resection of part of the zygoma, condyle and vertical ramus resulted in freeing of the joint and a return to normal function.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To better characterise the bone and joint problems which can develop in Scottish Fold cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study of cases seen in five veterinary clinics and radiographic survey of cats in a cattery. RESULTS: Six Scottish Fold cats (four castrated males, two spayed females) aged between 5 months and 6 years were presented for signs of skeletal disease including lameness, reluctance to jump, a stiff stilted gait, short misshapen distal limbs, swelling of plantar tarsometatarsal regions and short thick inflexible tails. A further four cases (one male, three females, 15 months to 11 years) were identified by radiographic screening of a cattery. A diagnosis of osteochondrodysplasia was based on characteristic radiological findings including irregularity in the size and shape of tarsal, carpal, metatarsal and metacarpal bones, phalanges and caudal vertebrae, narrowed joint spaces, and progressive new bone formation around joints of distal limbs with diffuse osteopenia of adjacent bone. A plantar exostosis caudal to the calcaneus was present in advanced cases. In all nine cases where pedigree information was available, affected cats allegedly originated from the mating of a Scottish Fold to a cat with normal ears. The severity and time of onset of physical signs, and rate of progression and extent of radiographic abnormalities, varied from case to case. Limited histological observations suggested the underlying problem may be an osteochondrodysplasia, related to inadequate cartilage maturation. Clinical signs were ameliorated by administration of pentosan subcutaneously in two of three cats in which it was trailed, and one of these also benefited from an oral glycosaminoglycan preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and radiological findings were ascribed to defective maturation and function of cartilage, particularly in the distal limbs, ears and tail. As all Scottish Fold cats suffered from osteochondrodysplasia of some degree, the best solution would be to avoid using fold-eared cats for breeding and instead use Scottish shorthairs.  相似文献   

9.
Orthopaedics     
Practice records from November 1994 to April 2000 were searched for cats with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA). Signalment, historical features and findings, treatment and response to treatment were recorded with the aim of planning prospective studies. Thirty-one cases were found. The average age at presentation was 13·8 years (range, nine to 17 years); 67 per cent were female and 33 per cent male. Clinical signs noted included chronic changes of stiff/abnormal gait (12), difficulty/reluctance in jumping (20) and reluctance to move (five). Eleven cases had acute or chronic lameness. Seven of the records indicated that the cat had been overweight. Physical findings included thickened joints (23), pain on joint manipulation (seven) and crepitus (four).Twenty cases had been radiographed. Findings included osteophytes (14), sclerosis (10), periosteal new bone (four) and remodelling (three). Routine blood tests were performed in 15 cats and showed single abnormalities in five cases. Concurrent diseases diagnosed included hyperthyroidism, dental diseases and chronic renal failure. The final diagnosis had been based on the history, examination, diagnostic tests and response to treatment. The joints thought to have been affected by OA were as follows: bilateral elbows (12), bilateral stifles (four), bilateral elbows and stifles (four), unilateral elbow (three), bilateral hips (two), other combinations of joints (six). Seventeen cats had both meloxicam treatment and a follow-up examination (they may have had concurrent treatments). The clinical notes recorded whether the owners considered there to have been an improvement: three showed marked improvement, 11 showed moderate improvement, one showed no improvement, one had an inconclusive response, and side effects stopped treatment in one. One cat showed a marked improvement after treatment with courses of pentosan polysulphate.  相似文献   

10.
O bjectives : The objective of this study was to describe initial and long-term results of open reduction and transarticular pinning for treatment of coxofemoral luxations in cats.
M ethods : Cats were treated by open reduction and transarticular pinning for coxofemoral luxation over a five year period at two institutions. Follow-up assessment included orthopaedic examination, radiography and owner questionnaires.
R esults : Twenty cats were included in the study (14 males and six females). One cat was affected bilaterally. Mean time to follow-up was 21 months. Seventeen joints were stabilised with a 1·6 mm pin, three with 2·0 mm pins and a 1·2 mm pin was used in the remaining joint. An Ehmer sling was not utilised in any case. All transarticular pins except one were removed (mean 3·5 weeks), with all hips still in reduction The overall success rate was 77 per cent, with two reluxations and one resorbed femoral head noted on radiographs of 13 joints followed long term. All 20 owners reported good to excellent long-term functional outcome for their cats.
C linical S ignificance : Results from this study indicate that transarticular pinning for stabilisation of coxofemoral luxation in cats can provide a good long-term outcome without sacrificing the integrity of the coxofemoral joint.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To report use of mandibular condylectomy for treatment of advanced degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) caused by sepsis. DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: Two-year-old Noriker filly. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) was used to confirm advanced degenerative joint disease of the left TMJ and for follow-up after mandibular condylectomy and removal of necrotic meniscus. RESULTS: Painful swelling (3 weeks duration) with drainage located just caudal to the left lateral canthus of the eye was associated with atrophy of the left masseter muscle, masticatory problems, and inappetence. There was incisor malocclusion with a 1.4 cm resting lateral mandibular deviation to the right and inability to open the mouth more than a few centimeters. Left mandibular condylectomy combined with meniscectomy and thorough debridement of the septic left TMJ resulted in resolution of clinical signs and complete return of function. Streptococcus zooepidemicus, intermediately resistant to penicillin and subsequently to enrofloxacin, was isolated from the wound. Regeneration of a mandibular "pseudocondyle" was evident on CT at 4 months. At 4 months and 1 year the filly had maximal mouth opening >10 cm and no malocclusion. CONCLUSION: Mandibular condylectomy can be used to facilitate management of septic TMJ arthritis. There was no radiologic or clinical evidence of TMJ ankylosis >1 year after meniscal removal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mandibular condylectomy, including meniscectomy, is an acceptable treatment option for advanced TMJ septic arthritis and allowed return of normal masticatory function.  相似文献   

12.
Arthroscopic treatment of temporomandibular joint sepsis in a horse   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
OBJECTIVE: To report arthroscopic debridement and lavage of a septic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a horse. DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare. METHODS: Arthroscopic investigation of the dorsal joint pouch of the right TMJ was made through a stab incision into the dorsocaudal compartment. Mechanized resection of synovium and fibrinous debris combined with copious lavage, and intra-articular and systemic antibiotic administration was used to treat the septic TMJ. RESULTS: Arthroscopic debridement and lavage of the TMJ, in combination with intra-articular and systemic antimicrobials resulted in resolution of sepsis. Eight months post-operatively, there was no clinical evidence of degenerative joint disease or ankylosis of the TMJ. CONCLUSION: TMJ sepsis is rare in horses, however, standard arthroscopic equipment can be used in the management of this condition with minimal complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Arthroscopic debridement and lavage should be considered for evaluation and initial treatment of TMJ sepsis in horses.  相似文献   

13.
Feline chronic progressive polyarthritis   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Twenty cats with a chronic progressive polyarthritis were studied. The disorder occurred exclusively in male cats, and all but six of the cats were between 1.5 and 5.0 years of age. There were two forms of the disease as determined by radiographic changes: joint instability and deformity, and clinical course. The most prevalent form of the disease was characterized by osteopenia and periosteal new bone formation surrounding affected joints. Marginal periarticular erosions and collapse of the joint spaces with fibrous ankylosis occurred with time, but joint instability and deformities were not seen. The second form of the disease was characterized by severe subchondral marginal erosions, joint instability, and deformities. The periosteal proliferative form resembled Reiter's arthritis of man, and the deforming type resembled human rheumatoid arthritis. The disease began as tenosynovitis and synovitis, with subsequent changes in the articular cartilage and periosteal bone. Histopathologic changes in these cats were similar to those occurring in both chronic Reiter's and rheumatoid arthritis of man. Chronic progressive polyarthritis of cats was not caused by identifiable bacteria or mycoplasma, but was etiologically linked to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline syncytia-forming virus (FeSFV) infections. The FeSFV was isolated from the blood or was detected by a serologic test in all of the cats with the disease, whereas FeLV was isolated or identified by immunofluorescence technique in 60% of the cats. The arthritis could not be reproduced by inoculation of cell-free cynovial tissue from diseased cats or with tissue culture fluid containing FeSFV and FeLV isolates. It was postulated that arthritis was an uncommon manifestation of FeSFV infection that occurred in predisposed male cats. Feline leukemia virus may not have been directly involved in the disease, but may have acted in some way to potentiate the pathogenic effects of FeSFV.  相似文献   

14.
A unilateral arytenoid lateralisation procedure was successfully performed in four cats with either unilateral or bilateral laryngeal paralysis. All of the cats were presented for the investigation of signs of exercise-related respiratory embarrassment and stridor. Other clinical signs seen included altered vocalisation, an inability to purr, coughing and lethargy. A diagnosis of either bilateral or left or right unilateral laryngeal paralysis was made in each case following visual inspection of the vocal folds with the aid of a laryngoscope under a light plane of anaesthesia. In two cases the paralysis was bilateral and the condition was considered to be either congenital or idiopathic. In the other two cases the condition was unilateral and was considered to be iatrogenic as a result of previous surgical procedures. The results of this technique were considered excellent in all cases.  相似文献   

15.
Reports of cystic thyroid and parathyroid masses in cats are uncommon. Herein, the authors describe a series of four cats with cystic ventral cervical lesions, among them thyroid cyst (n=1), thyroid cystadenoma (n=2), and parathyroid adenocarcinoma (n=1). Presentations ranged from completely asymptomatic cervical swellings to signs related to local compression of adjacent structures (e.g., trachea). Ultrasonographic evaluation was helpful in localization of the mass in two cases. Hormone analysis and concentration of cystic fluid were performed in one cat. Surgical excision was performed successfully in three cases. Histopathological examination was performed in all four cases. Long-term prognosis was excellent for those cases in which follow-up was available.  相似文献   

16.
Two cats with temporomandibular joint ankylosis were examined. Difficulty in opening the mouth and malocclusion were associated with trauma and fracture around the zygomatic arch and the condyle of the mandible after an automobile accident. Unilateral condylectomy or aggressive caudal mandibulectomy was performed to improve quality of life. Excision arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint improved mandibular function and appearance. Some malocclusion remained but had no clinical significance.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The medical records of five cats that were diagnosed with otitis media and soft palate abnormalities, three of which had concurrent otitis interna, were reviewed retrospectively. The animals presented with unilateral or bilateral otitis media or otitis interna associated with soft palate hypoplasia (four cases) or unilateral soft palate cleft (one case). Otitis media was confirmed by radiography, CT or MRI. The soft palate abnormalities present were discovered on oropharyngeal examination at induction of anaesthesia. These five cases provide additional support of a link between otitis media and soft palate abnormalities in cats, as reported in humans and dogs.  相似文献   

19.
A retrospective analysis was conducted of all feline necropsies performed during a nine year period to identify cases of sever, acute, centrilobular (periacinar), hepatic necrosis (ACHN). After exclusion of cats with anemia, a series of seven cases of ACHN was identified. In addition, two similar cases were identified from tissue submitted for histopathology following, and eight had bile duct hyperplasia. Seven of the nine cats received diazepam prior to dath, and one received zolazepam. Of the seven cats that received diazepam, five were healthy prior to treatment and received oral diazepam for the treatment of inappropriate urination, intercat aggression, or skin disease. Two cats which received diazepam exhibited other clinical signs: one had chronic vomiting, and the other received diazepam after biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis was present. Onset of clinical sings in cats receiving oral diazepam occurred 7–13 days following the initiation of treatment. Clinical signs and clinical biochemical analysis were compatible with severe hepatocellular necrosis and acute liver failure. All cats had lesions in other organs: five had pancreatic disease, five had cardiac disease, and five had renal disease. All cats died, or were euthanized, within 4 dyas of the onset of clinical signs and 2 days after presentation to a veterinarian. Fatal, acute, centrilobular hepatic necrosis appears to be a serious adverse reaction to diazepam therapy in certain cats.  相似文献   

20.
Seven cats with rupture of the cranial pubic tendon (CPT) were presented to the authors between 1992 and 2001. The causal aetiology was unclear in each case. Diagnosis was made on physical examination (five animals) or surgical exploration (two animals). Concurrent injuries were present in four cats, including injury to the urinary tract and musculoskeletal system. All ruptures were surgically explored and primary repair of the CPT rupture was performed in five cats. Repair was not possible in two cats, and follow-up examination showed that scar tissue had apparently formed to support the deficit. All cats were asymptomatic at follow-up examination. The prognosis for CPT rupture in the cat is favourable.  相似文献   

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