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1.
Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest
management decision making in rural Honduras 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates
have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and
context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest
management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural
communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history,
and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop
losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from
action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall,
temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance
by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’
knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of
their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable
predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest
management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including
conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control
and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were
familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local
knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological
knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs
to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base.
Kris
A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota.
For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect
pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological
control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management.
Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control
in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an
invasive pest of soybeans in North America. 相似文献
2.
The conservation of rice plant genetic diversity is particularly important for resource-poor farmers in economically marginal
areas of the Philippines. This paper discusses the state of rice plant genetic diversity in the Philippines and the reasons
behind the decrease in diversity witnessed over the last 30 years. A case study describes the in situ management of rice plant genetic diversity by resource-poor farmers from the Philippine island of Bohol, throughout the traditional,
green revolution, and post-green revolution periods. This analysis demonstrates that farmers tend to favor genetically heterogeneous
varieties that adapt to varied environments. The case study also reviews an NGO-sponsored agricultural biodiversity project
that demonstrates that rice plant genetic diversity can be increased by empowering farmers – providing them with access to
varieties, knowledge of varietal trials, varietal selection, and varietal breeding, as well as increasing the linkages they
have with other farmers and institutions.
David Carpenter is a PhD candidate in the School of Resources, Environment and Society at the Australian National University. His current
research focuses on organic rice farming, social capital, and agricultural change in the Philippines. He recently published
an article in Agriculture and Human Values 20(2) on the transition from high input agriculture to organic agriculture by resource-poor
farmers from the Philippine Island of Bohol. 相似文献
3.
Kishor Atreya 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(3):399-409
The concept of community integrated pest management (IPM), which is well developed in Indonesia and Vietnam, was recently
introduced in Nepal. However, it has not been widely practiced, due mainly to lack of financial and technical support. This
study determined an individual’s willingness to pay (WTP) for community IPM training. Determinants of WTP were identified;
and sample average estimates, opportunity costs of training, and probability values were used to estimate WTP for a group
of households. Estimated WTP revealed that individuals were in favor of community IPM, hence it could be implemented with
the support of local villagers. Community IPM demand functions showed that individuals’ knowledge and awareness of pesticide
pollution are crucial for implementation. The annual welfare gained by providing five days community IPM training was calculated
to be US $25.23 per household.
Kishor
Atreya
has a Master’s degree in Environmental Science and is currently working at Alternative Development and Research Center (ADRC)
as Research Director. ADRC – Nepal is a national non-governmental organization dedicated to interdisciplinary research for
alternative development. His research interests are in development of agri-environmental indicators, land and water quality,
land use change and degradation, agricultural intensification and environment, and economic valuation of environmental pollution. 相似文献
4.
Our study in China of two Integrated Pest Management (IPM) training programs for farmers shows that one is more effective than the other in reducing pesticide applications as well as in imparting to farmers an understanding of the rice ecosystem. The two training programs are based upon two different paradigms of IPM. This article uses a triangulated method of measuring concept attainment among farmer trainees in China as one measure of the effectiveness of training. Concepts of insect ecology brought about by training, as well as persistence of concepts one year after training, are measured. This information is compared to farmer data on pesticide applications and yields in order to determine the comparative effectiveness of two models of IPM farmer training in Sichuan Province. Results indicate that the Farmer Field School (FFS) model of training, based upon a new Ecology-Based IPM paradigm, is more effective than the 3 Pests 3 Diseases (3P3D) model based upon an older Economic Threshold IPM paradigm. Crop yield results and pesticide applications by farmers after training are also used to indicate which of these paradigms of insect pest control is more effective, hence scientifically accurate. 相似文献
5.
Integrated pest management has emerged as an important means of managing agricultural pests. Since the mid-1980s, the emphasis in IPM has shifted toward biologically-intensive and participatory research and extension approaches. Finding better means for solving pest problems is high on the agenda for most farmers, and farmers often have significant pest management knowledge and interest in IPM experimentation. This paper describes an approach to participatory IPM research that is being implemented by the IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CSRP). The approach emphasizes on-farm research with an extrapolation domain beyond the single farm, and in some cases beyond the local region or country. It considers many factors beyond the farm and research station that influence the generation and adoption of IPM technologies and strategies. It emphasizes linkages among farmers, scientists, consumers, bankers, marketers/processors, and policy makers in IPM research priority setting, conduct, and evaluation. The interdisciplinary approach described in the paper is illustrated with a case study from the Philippines. Lessons and conclusions draw on its recent application in other sites as well. 相似文献
6.
Lan Anh Hoang Jean-Christophe Castella Paul Novosad 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(4):513-527
Village communities are not homogeneous entities but a combination of complex networks of social relationships. Many factors such as ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, and power relations determine one’s access to information and resources. Development workers’ inadequate understanding of local social networks, norms, and power relations may further the interests of better-off farmers and marginalize the poor. This paper explores how social networks function as assets for individuals and households in the rural areas of developing countries and influence access to information and benefits from research and development. A case study of such networks in Phieng Lieng village, in the northern mountains of Vietnam, provides evidence for the need for the efficient delivery of extension services and research and development interventions at the micro level.
Lan Anh Hoang
is a social scientist with a special interest in social networks and gender and power relations in rural areas. She is currently working on her PhD at the School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia (UK) on “Gender relations, household power hierarchies, and social norms in migration decision-making in rural Vietnam.” She was involved in the Mountain Agrarian Systems Program in Bac Kan Province from 1999 to 2002.
Jean
-Christophe Castella
is a production systems agronomist from the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France). Between 1998 and 2003, he coordinated a joint research program on “comprehensive study of land use changes in northern Vietnam uplands” in partnership with the Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute (VASI, Hanoi, Vietnam) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI, Philippines).
Paul
Novosad
was involved with the Mountain Agrarian Systems program from January to July 2002. He helped to synthesize the results of field research and also was involved in analyzing data related to social networks. Since fall 2002 he studies Public Administration and International Development at the Kennedy School of Government in the United States (Cambridge, Massachusetts). 相似文献
7.
Kristen C. Nelson 《Agriculture and Human Values》1994,11(2-3):109-125
The heated debate over the limited impact of integrated pest management (IPM) in Central American agriculture suggests that we need to investigate the mechanisms of IPM technology generation. CATIE/MAG-IPM Nicaragua initiated a comparative study of two prototypic models with tomato farmers in the Sébaco Valley, in 1990–91. I created two ideal types from the literature: the scientist-led and farmer-led models. Each model was represented by three different communities. The study focused on the: 1) technology generation process, 2) IPM technologies and farmer opinion of IPM, 3) forms of participation and empowerment by farmers and scientists, and 4) institutionalization of the two models. The investigation methodology consisted of intensive pre- and post-program interviews, participant observation, and statistical analysis of experimental insect and production variables. This paper focuses on farmer participation, empowerment, and evaluation of the two models. In the farmer-led model, farmer participation was greater than in the scientist-led model in number of farmers and farm units involved. They achieved five forms of influence, and six out of eight levels of empowerment in the farmer-led model. In the scientistled model, farmers achieved two forms of influence and two out of eight levels of empowerment. Farmer evaluations were varied and complex. In general, farmers in the scientist-led model encouraged CATIE/MAG-IPM to host more meetings and expand farmer involvement. In the farmer-led model the farmers enjoyed the biological information, new technologies, and discussion. They suggested changes for future meetings. 相似文献
8.
Farmers’ decisions to conserve natural resources generally and soil and water particularly are largely determined by their
knowledge of the problems and perceived benefits of conservation. In Ethiopia, however, farmer perceptions of erosion problems
and farmer conservation practices have received little analysis or use in conservation planning. This research examines farmers’
views of erosion problems and their conservation knowledge and practices in the Beressa watershed in the central highlands
of Ethiopia. Data were obtained from a survey of 147 farm households managing 713 fields during the 2002/2003 cropping season.
In-depth interviews and group discussions were also held with the farmers to obtain additional information. The results show
that 72% of the farmers reported erosion problems, and they recognized that conservation was necessary. However, they considered
erosion to be severe mostly when visible signs – rills and gullies – appeared on their fields. The majority of the farmers
believe that erosion could be halted, and they use a range of practices for erosion control and fertility improvement. These
include contour plowing (83%), drainage ditches (82%), and stone terraces/bunds (73%). Nevertheless, despite decades of conservation
intervention in the area, it appears that most farmers have developed negative attitudes towards externally recommended measures.
The research concludes that under the conditions present in the Ethiopian central highlands, soil and water conservation interventions
should consider farmers’ conservation knowledge and practices to improve acceptance and adoption of the recommendations.
Aklilu Amsalu is a lecturer in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He
is currently doing his PhD research on best land management practices in highland watershed management in Ethiopia in the
Department of Environmental Sciences of Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Jan de Graaff is a senior lecturer and researcher in the Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation Group of Wageningen University, Wageningen,
The Netherlands. His expertise is on impact assessment and economic evaluation of soil and water conservation. 相似文献
9.
Recent literature describing the process and pathways of the agrarian transition in Southeast Asia suggests that the rise
of agricultural intensification and the growth of commodity markets will lead to the demise of swidden agriculture. This paper
offers a longitudinal overview of the conditions that drive the agrarian transition amongst indigenous swidden cultivators
and migrant paddy farmers in central Palawan Island, the Philippines. In line with regional agrarian change, we describe how
a history of conservation policies has criminalized and pressured swidden farmers to adopt more intensive “modern” agricultural
practices. We examine how indigenous swidden cultivators adjust their practice in response to recent changes in policies,
security of harvests, and socio-cultural values vis-à-vis intensification. Rather than suggest that this transition will lead
to the demise of swidden, results reveal that farmers instead negotiate a shifting ground in which they lean on and value
swidden as a means of negotiating agrarian change. 相似文献
10.
Socio-cultural processes behind the differential distribution of organic farming in Denmark: a case study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marie-Louise Risgaard Pia Frederiksen Pernille Kaltoft 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(4):445-459
Conversion to organic farming, along with its associated driving forces and barriers, has been explored intensively over the
past decade, while studies on the distribution and impacts of local socio-cultural processes in relation to conversion to
and diffusion of organic farming have been scarce. The concentration of organic farms in Denmark differs according to county
and, moreover, there appears to be large within-county variation in the density of organic farms. The present study explores
local aspects of conversion to organic farming and the factors that may help explain variation in density and concentration
of organic farms within smaller areas. The study is based on nine qualitative interviews with organic farmers from two neighboring
areas, referred to as “mainland” and “island,” respectively. Three farms were situated in the high-density area (mainland)
and the remaining six in the low-density area (island). Furthermore, five advisors with connections to the area provided information
with regard to their local experience and perceptions. Three main, and to some extent interacting, issues are discussed. The
first is the price of land related to local scarcity of land, in the context of structural development and the effects of
agricultural policies. The second is distance – both physical and social. Cooperation and exchange of experience among organic
farmers was frequent on the mainland side, while isolation and lack of interaction was more common for the island farmers.
Third, the role of the agricultural advisory service and the existence of champion farmers are important: pioneer farmers
on the mainland have been supported by committed agricultural advisors, while lack of organic champion farmers and low priority
granted to organic farming among agricultural advisors were found on the island.
Marie-Louise Risgaard
has an MSc within the field of organic agriculture. Her research interests are organic farming and rural development with
the present occupation as innovative partner at a small-scale organic enterprise. In this capacity she is responsible for
creating links between the organic enterprise, the gastronomic sector and organic markets, locally as well as nationally.
Pia Frederiksen, PhD, is a geographer and senior scientist with research skills in rural development, sustainability, landscape analysis, and
agri-environmental indicators.
Pernille Kaltoft, PhD, is an environmental sociologist and senior scientist whose work focuses on organic farming and farmers’ perceptions.
Dr. Kaltoft’s general research interests include values, perceptions, and views of nature related to agricultural and environmental
issues. 相似文献
11.
12.
From burgers to biodiversity? The McDonaldization of on-farm nature conservation in the UK 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper uses George Ritzer’s account of McDonaldization – the socially transformative process of rationalization – to undertake
a critical analysis of agri-environment schemes, the dominant form of on-farm nature conservation in England. Drawing on a
wide range of evidence, including social surveys of the participants and non-participants of agri-environment schemes, government
files, and interviews with government officials, the four key dimensions of McDonaldization – efficiency, calculability, predictability,
and control (through non-human technologies) – are applied to the analysis of agri-environment schemes. The irrationalities
emerging from a McDonaldized approach to nature conservation are discussed together with their implications for farmers, nature,
and society. In conclusion, the paper points to the emergence of alternative models of on-farm nature conservation that may
offer ways of resisting and displacing the McDonaldized version.
Carol
Morris
is Professor of Geography at the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Her research is broadly concerned with the application
of social scientific approaches to the critical analysis of issues and problems affecting the rural environment and agro-food
system in British and European contexts.
Matt Reed
is Research Fellow in the ESRC Centre for the Study of Genomics in Society (EGENIS), University of Exeter, UK and a visiting
Fellow in the Centre for Rural Research at the University of Exeter, UK. The main focus of his research has been the organic
food and farming movement, but he also has conducted research on family farming, rural protest movements, and the local food
economy. 相似文献
13.
All farmers have their own version of what it means to be a good farmer. For many US farmers a large portion of their identity is defined by the high input, high output production systems they manage to produce food, fiber or fuel. However, the unintended consequences of highly productivist systems are often increased soil erosion and the pollution of ground and surface water. A large number of farmers have conservationist identities within their good farmer identity, however their conservation goals often need to be activated to rebalance the production-conservation meanings they give to their roles in society. In this paper we analyze US Cornbelt farmer interviews and surveys to trace how the performance-based environmental management process can be used to influence the farmer social identity and shift the overall good farmer identity towards a stronger conservationist standard. We find the continuous feedback loop in performance-based environmental management mimics the hierarchically organized feedback control processes of identity verification and can be used to help farmers activate their conservationist farmer identities at the person, role, and social levels to establish new norms for the practice of more sustainable agriculture. 相似文献
14.
Yunita T. Winarto 《Agriculture and Human Values》1995,12(4):47-57
The 1989 National Integrated Pest Management Program in Indonesia is a case of a breakthrough in national policy to enhance the ecological balance by conserving natural enemies and diminishing the indiscriminate use of pesticides in the protection of food crops. The Program provided training to agricultural officials and farmers to shift their perspectives in pesticide use through “knowledge transmission” rather than the transferal of “technological packages.” This paper examines how farmers, with the novel understanding they had, responded to the persisting top-down policy of the “complete credit packages” from the government rice intensification agencies and the recurrent outbreak of pests in 1990–1992. IPM knowledge and training provided initial understanding of, and the stimulus to discover, unknown phenomena on the basis of which farmers improved their knowledge and learning capacity. Constraints largely came from the inflexibility of the subsidized scheme of inputs and the inadequate explanation and extension services provided to farmers 相似文献
15.
农民田间学校培训对农民环境友好型技术采用的影响研究——以北京市设施番茄生产为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】研究农民田间学校培训对农民环境友好型技术采用的影响。【方法】以北京市农户设施番茄生产为例,通过对农民田间学校农户的随机抽样调查,采用probit模型估计农民田间学校培训对农民环境意识影响的净效果。【结果】目前条件下,北京市农民在番茄生产上采用环境友好型技术的比例还不足20%。在控制其它因素的条件下,农民田间学校培训使田间学校学员采用环境友好灌溉技术的比例比非田间学校村农户高14.7%,而采用环境友好施肥技术农户的比例比非田间学校村农户高8.3%。【结论】农民田间学校培训显著提高了农民的环境保护意识,使其在生产上较多地采用了环境友好型灌溉和施肥技术。 相似文献
16.
Michael S. Carolan 《Agriculture and Human Values》2006,23(3):325-339
This paper examines sustainable agriculture’s steady rise as a legitimate farm management system. In doing this, it offers an account of social change that centers on trust and its intersection with networks of knowledge. The argument to follow is informed by the works of Foucault and Latour but moves beyond this literature in important ways. Guided by and building upon earlier conceptual framework first forwarded by Carolan and Bell (2003, Environmental Values 12: 225–245), sustainable agriculture is examined through the lens of a “phenomenological challenge.” In doing this, analytic emphasis centers on the interpretative resources of everyday life and the artful act of practice – in other words, on “the local.” Research data involving Iowa farmers and agriculture professionals are examined to understand how social relations of trust and knowledge are contested and shaped within and between agricultural social networks and organizational configurations. All of this is meant to further our understanding of what “sustainable agriculture” is and is not, who it is, and how these boundaries change over time.
Michael
S. Carolan
is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Colorado State University. His areas of specialization included environmental sociology, sociology of science and knowledge, sociology of food systems and agriculture, and the sociology of risk. Some of his recent writings have focused on the theorizing of nature–society relations, epistemological issues related to agriculture (and sustainable agriculture in particular), and the processes by which knowledge claims are constructed and contested in response to environmental threats. 相似文献
17.
农民田间学校推广农业技术的效果评估——以北京市设施番茄种植户为例 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
农民田间学校近年来在京郊农村得到了迅速发展。本研究以设施番茄农民田间学校为例,采用随机抽样的方法,调查分析了农民田间学校的培训效果。结果表明：农民田间学校学员户分别和同村非学员、对照村农户相比,设施番茄生产知识与技能方面,测试成绩分别提高13.7%和21.8%;正确施用农药的比率分别提高20.5%和2.5%。生产投入方... 相似文献
18.
The study was conducted in East Shewa, central Ethiopia, where durum wheat landraces were once popular, but were displaced
and re-introduced. Combinations of survey techniques are employed to document the different home uses of durum wheat landraces
and to assess whether these serve as an incentive to on-farm conservation. The findings reveal that wheat landraces have multiple
dietary and sociocultural uses that contribute to the maintenance of landraces on-farm. Temporal analysis of historical information
showed that (1) richness in food traditions is associated with a high level of landrace diversity on-farm; (2) food traditions
in East Shewa did not change radically as a result of the integration of farmers into the market economy; and (3) farm households
still have an appreciation of, and a preference for, the home-use related qualities of the landraces, this despite their long
term disappearance and the subsequent availability of several improved wheat varieties. The study illustrates the relationship
between the local availability of landrace wheats and their on-farm survival. The home uses of landraces plays an instrumental
role in the promotion of on-farm (in situ) conservation. Augmenting conservation activities with non-breeding approaches (e.g., awareness-creation) would support the
survival of wheat landraces for the foreseeable future.
Bayush
Tsegaye
(PhD) is a graduate from Noragric – the Department of International Environment and Development Studies, of the Norwegian
University of Life Sciences. Prior to joining the University, she was engaged in various development programs in Ethiopia
affiliated with government institutions as well as national and international non-governmental organizations. Her research
interests include community management of plant genetic resources, food security, and gender issues.
Trygve Berg
is an Associate Professor at Noragric – the Department of International Environment and Development Studies, of the Norwegian
University of Life Sciences. His research interests focus on the management of plant genetic resources and participatory plant
breeding. 相似文献
19.
Donors, scientists and farmers all benefit when research and development projects have high impact. However, potential benefits
are sometimes not realized. Our objective in this study is to determine why resource-poor farmers in Togo (declined to) adopt
recommended practices that were promoted through a multi-organizational project on soil fertility management. We examine the
processes and outcomes related to the adoption process. The project was undertaken in three villages in the Central Region
of Togo in West Africa. The development and research processes that took place during the implementation of the project were
critically analyzed using a conceptual framework that may be useful for improving the impact of future participatory projects.
At the macro level, opportunities for innovation were not deliberately explored with participating farmers and other village
members; consequently “pre-analytical choices” made during the planning phase resulted in practices that resource-poor farmers
were, for a variety of reasons, unable or unwilling to adopt. From the outset, donors and scientists focused on soil fertility
management, but failed to take into account the wider economic context within which soil fertility management took place.
This was a major obstacle to the subsequent adoption of recommended management strategies. Scientists and donor partners measured
the success of the Project in terms of crop productivity, but farmers’ choices were influenced by a complex mix of socio-economic,
political and technical factors. We also illustrate the importance of selecting appropriate categories of farmers for a particular
experiment. We conclude that for participatory research and development projects to be successful, it is not enough to develop
technologies that “work” in a technical sense. In order to be scaled up and widely implemented, such technologies must also
meet a variety of needs of resource-poor farmers and be acceptable from a socio-cultural point of view.
Suzanne
Nederlof
holds a PhD in Communication and Innovation Studies from Wageningen University in the Netherlands. After finishing her MSc.
degree in Development Sociology at the same university she worked at a research project in Burkina Faso and at the International
Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development (IFDC) in Togo. Subsequently, she was based at the FAO regional office
for Africa in Ghana, assigned to the Convergence of Sciences Program. She conducted the fieldwork for this article during
that period. She completed her PhD research on agricultural research with a scholarship from the Netherlands Organization
for Scientific Research. She is currently employed as an advisor in rural innovation at the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)
in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Constant Dangbégnon
worked for several years (1990–1998) on Inter-University Cooperation (Benin, the Netherlands and Israel) in the area of indigenous
knowledge and the soft side of natural resource management. This work constituted the basis of his PhD from Wageningen University
in The Netherlands. He joined IFDC – Africa Division in Lomé (Togo) in June 1999 as a socio-economic extension specialist
in the Input Accessibility Program (IAP). 相似文献
20.
我国实施IPM的影响因素及对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分析影响我国有害生物综合治理(Integrated pest management,IPM)实施的各种问题,如农户对IPM技术的需求、IPM推广服务体系、IPM应用基础理论及技术研究、农药市场和社会环境等问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策.认为IPM不仅是一个应用生物学、生态学问题,其实施过程涉及社会各相关领域,为了全面推进IPM在生产中的应用,必须进一步加强IPM应用基础理论的研究,开发符合IPM要求的新技术,完善推广服务体系,加强农药生产、销售与使用的管理,创造有利于IPM实施的社会环境等. 相似文献