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森林乡村是生态文明建设的基本单元，是建设美丽中国和生态宜居乡村的重要载体，开展相关研究对推动乡村高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。基于全国7 586个森林乡村样本数据，采用非均衡指数、Moran''s I、热点分析和核密度估计工具识别森林乡村的空间分布特征，利用地理探测器测算主要影响因子对森林乡村空间分异的解释力。结果发现：1） 中国森林乡村呈现出"东部密中部散西部疏"的空间分异特征，分布方向为"东北-西南"走向，与胡焕庸线、气温和地形所形成的地理格局具有空间一致性。2）森林乡村呈集聚分布模式，空间溢出效应显著，热点区域范围北至沧州，南抵中山，西至商洛，东抵舟山（118°～126°E，24°～38°N）；极化现象突出，形成6个一级核心区和10个二级核心区。3） 公路密度、林业产值密度、乡村文化密度、年均气温、城镇化率、平均海拔和地形起伏度是森林乡村空间分异的主要影响因子，单因子空间分异解释力差异明显，双因子交互解释力强于单因子作用，公路密度、乡村文化密度和林业产值密度是交互解释力增强的关联主导因子。4）自然环境是影响森林乡村空间分异的基础性因素，并呈现出显著的气温和地形指向特征；城镇化率和林业产值密度是重塑其空间格局的主要动力，公路密度和乡村文化密度是其空间形态变化的引导力量，森林乡村空间格局是多因子长期交互作用的结果；研究还发现，随着公路密度、林业产值密度和城镇化率的增加，森林乡村数量和密度总体上呈现"先增后减"的阶段性变化特征。5）将森林乡村划分为都市型、交通型、产业型、文化型和综合型5大类，其中，都市型森林乡村主要分布在省会城市，区位优势显著，交通型、产业型和文化型森林乡村在不同区域形成集聚分布，单要素优势特征明显，而综合型森林乡村多要素作用相对均衡。未来，中国森林乡村建设与发展应根据其空间分布特征及其影响机制，按照因地制宜、分类推进和差异化发展原则，通过科学规划、合理布局和城乡统筹，有序推进森林乡村增量扩展和存量更新，有效解决乡村生态环境恶化和传统文化衰败问题。同时，不断提升主导因子的驱动能力，发挥不同类型森林乡村的比较优势，促进城乡融合发展，推动森林乡村全面振兴。 相似文献
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哈尼梯田传统农业发展现状及其存在的问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统是全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点之一。随着现代农业和旅游业的大力发展,哈尼梯田系统的保护受到诸多威胁,尤其是在农业生产方面。本文以位于云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统核心区域的红河县甲寅乡原生态保存最好的作夫村和受现代信息影响较大的咪田村为例,基于实地考察和入户问卷调查方式,对该地区的农业种植模式、管理情况等进行了分析和比较。结果显示:(1)作夫村和咪田村的水田种植面积约占一半,作夫村以种植传统水稻为主,咪田村以种植杂交水稻为主。(2)两个村化肥的使用强度属中等偏下水平,这与当地独特的生态环境和独特的冲肥管理有一定的关系;约30%的农户施用有机肥,作物秸秆还田强度较小。(3)作夫村和咪田村农药使用量在正常农业活动范围之内;除草剂的施用差别较大,这与其种植结构有一定的关系,传统种植模式下多样性的生物结构有抑制杂草生长的功能。同时,作夫村劳动力相对充足,人工除草也减少了对除草剂的依赖。哈尼梯田地区存在劳动力流失、传统水稻种植面积减少、化肥农药用量增加等问题,需要引起当地管理者的重视,采取有效措施,促进哈尼梯田的保护和当地农业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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以陕西淳化县的西坡村、延安市宝塔区的飞马河村和南沟村为例,选取了林草覆盖度、有机质含量、劳动生产率、人均纯收入、劳动力利用率、文化程度、粮食公顷产潜力实现率等19项生态、经济、社会指标对村落综合发展进行评价.结果表明,3村落的综合得分分别为西坡村0.874 5＞飞马河村0.414 3＞南沟村0.110 1,并在对比分析的基础上,提出了该地区农业生产的发展应是农果复合型生态农业的道路. 相似文献
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宁夏原州区生态移民村生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]分析生态移民土地利用过程中生境景观连接度变化及其驱动因素,为生态移民的生态风险管理及移民可持续性提供科学依据。[方法]以宁夏原州区"十二五"时期4个生态移民村(丰泽、金轮、和润及泉港)为例,基于2016年高分影像数据,同时参考移民前谷歌地球2010年数据和第二次全国土地调查数据(2010年),经野外GPS校验,通过计算障碍影响指数和生境景观连接度指数,分析生态移民村土地利用生境景观分异。[结果]丰泽村和金轮村的生境景观连接度呈下降态势,和润村和泉港村呈上升态势。4个生态移民村的变化趋势明显,但极高连接度和高连接度比例很小。生态移民村生境景观变化驱动力主要为人为因素,建设用地占用耕地、园地普遍,其中泉港村与和润村建设用地面积年均增长率分别高达27.49%和21.28%,同时金轮村、和润村、泉港村无后备土地资源,生态压力突出。[结论] 4个生态移民村人口密度增大导致建设用地占用耕地明显,生态用地被分割,移民的非农活动比重大造成耕地撂荒,景观破碎化和孤岛化现象明显,生境景观呈现出不稳定状态,生态压力增加。 相似文献
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After decades of drought in the Sahel, several studies have reported a ‘(re)greening’ of the area. However, most of these studies were based on large scale climatological or remotely sensed observations, with little or no ground truthing. The aim of this study was to assess the local perceptions of the distribution of socio‐economically important tree species in the Sub‐Sahel of Burkina Faso. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with 87 groups of informants from 20 villages belonging to three ethnic groups (Mossi, Fulani and Samo). Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to compare perceptions between the targeted ethnic groups. According to the locals, more than 80 per cent of the 90 listed species were declining, with over 40 per cent identified as threatened, including numerous plants of great economic value. Increasing species were mostly drought‐tolerant plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca. A few species were listed as locally extinct. Gender and age did not significantly affect local knowledge, whereas ethnicity did. The major causes of species decline were identified to be drought, deforestation and bushfires. In all ethnic groups, informants observed a southward shift in species distribution. Local perceptions suggest a general decline in woody vegetation. Thus, the alleged (re)greening in the Sahel might not have reversed the degradation of woody species in the area. Data derived from local ecological knowledge were consistent with that of many ecological studies, suggesting the reliability of people's knowledge for obtaining ecological data. Information from this study can be used as baseline for conservation of species identified as threatened. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Land Use and Soil Organic Carbon in China’s Village Landscapes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Village landscapes, which integrate small-scale agriculture with housing, forestry, and a host of other land use practices, cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China. Village lands tend to be managed at very fine spatial scales (≤ 30 m), with managers both adapting their practices to existing variation in soils and terrain (e.g., fertile plains vs. infertile slopes) and also altering soil fertility and even terrain by terracing, irrigation, fertilizing, and other land use practices. Relationships between fine-scale land management patterns and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 30 cm of village soils were studied by sampling soils within fine-scale landscape features using a regionally weighted landscape sampling design across five environmentally distinct sites in China. SOC stocks across China’s village regions (5 Pg C in the top 30 cm of 2 × 10 6 km 2 ) represent roughly 4% of the total SOC stocks in global croplands. Although macroclimate varied from temperate to tropical in this study, SOC density did not vary significantly with climate, though it was negatively correlated with regional mean elevation. The highest SOC densities within landscapes were found in agricultural lands, especially paddy, the lowest SOC densities were found in nonproductive lands, and forest lands tended toward moderate SOC densities. Due to the high SOC densities of agricultural lands and their predominance in village landscapes, most village SOC was found in agricultural land, except in the tropical hilly region, where forestry accounted for about 45% of the SOC stocks. A surprisingly large portion of village SOC was associated with built structures and with the disturbed lands surrounding these structures, ranging from 18% in the North China Plain to about 9% in the tropical hilly region. These results confirmed that local land use practices, combined with local and regional variation in terrain, were associated with most of the SOC variation within and across China’s village landscapes and may be an important cause of regional variation in SOC. 相似文献
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Land‐use dynamics in drylands are complex processes. In the context of a typical agropastoral village in northwestern Syria Im Mial, the effects of demographic and social changes, reduced soil productivity, changes in agricultural technologies and historical events on land use and land productivity are examined. Decreasing yields, mainly the result of reduced fallow periods and low investments in the land, and the deterioration of the grazing resources are the two main signs of the loss of land productivity in the area. The growing population forces the villagers to practise continuous rainfed barley cultivation with no or only occasional fallow, and without any application of plant nutrients. Also, technological changes, from the use of donkey ploughs and hand harvesting to less labour‐intensive and time‐consuming cultivation practices with tractors and combine harvesters, and the increased importance of stubble in the livestock diet have contributed to the reduction of the fallow periods. The villagers attribute the yield decreases mainly to the low rainfall in the area. The high rainfall variability discourages the fallowing of fields because continuous cultivation maximizes the chances for good harvests in years with high rainfall. There is also an expansion of cultivation into the less fertile and sloping traditional grazing areas. Population growth, increased numbers of livestock and the expansion of cultivated land into grazing areas has also put pressure on the grazing resources of the village. The possession of livestock is seen as a sign of wealth and the villagers aim to have large flocks of animals. For them, livestock is also an important means for investment of cash earned from off‐farm work, which is the main source of income for most of the households in the village. There is a recent trend of increasing levels of crop‐livestock integration with less free grazing that produces higher return to the land users. This may also have a positive effect on the restoration and conservation of the degraded natural traditional grazing grounds. The stabilization and productive use of the land resources in this dry environment requires the combined and interdisciplinary effort from both the land‐users and the policy‐makers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于田间调查数据分析漳河灌区水稻灌溉水生产力分布异质性及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在漳河灌区农田尺度的基础上,基于农户调研结果和文献调研的大田数据,分析当地水稻灌溉水生产力及其影响因素的空间异质性,利用相关性分析和偏最小二乘回归分析进行灌溉水生产力关键影响因子的筛选。结果表明：（1）漳河灌区总、四干渠控制村组水稻产量最小,灌溉水生产力则表现为三干渠控制村组最大而总干渠控制村组最小;（2）灌溉水生产力与单位面积灌水量、生育期日平均太阳辐射和土壤粉砂粒含量呈现极显著负相关,与日平均气温和土壤黏粒含量呈现极显著正相关;（3）灌溉水生产力受单位面积灌水量、施氮量、生育期内日平均气温、日平均太阳辐射和土壤黏粒含量的影响较大。因此,管理措施和气象因素是改善漳河灌区水稻灌溉水生产力的关键因素。研究结果可以为改善当地水稻管理水平、提高灌溉水生产力提供数据支持。 相似文献
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基于区位势理论的农村居民点用地整治分区与模式 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
农村居民点整治是农村土地整治的重要抓手,也是新农村建设的必然选择.该文引入经济地理学的区位势理论,从区位角度对农村居民点开展定量研究,提出农村居民点区位势的概念,分析影响区位势的因素,构建农村居民点区位势模型,计算农村居民点的区位势和区位势能.以居民点区位势和区位势能为表征量,采用 GIS技术对农村居民点进行分区,并对居民点采用不同整治模式.以河北省曲周县为例,运用该技术方法对居民点用地进行整治,研究结果体现了影响农居点用地发展的各项因素和现势性,符合当地实际,在土地整治规划应用中取得良好的效果,验证了理论的可行和实用.该研究为实现农村居民点多元化和因地制宜的整治和发展模式,为农村居民点整治规划开辟了一条途径. 相似文献
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密云水库作为北京市重要的水源地,水质状态存在向中等富营养发展的趋势。由于流域村镇生活污水收集处理程度低,已成为影响密云水库水质的污染来源之一。本文选取水源保护区内普通自然村、生态旅游村和镇政府所在村3种典型村庄为研究对象,采用入户调查和采样分析的方法对村庄生活污水的产量、组成、排放系数及季节变化等特征进行研究。结果表明,不同类型村庄的污水的产量和结构不尽相同,旅游村的污水产量远远高于普通村和镇级村。厨余废水、洗浴废水和洗衣废水构成生活污水的主要部分,其中旅游村的污水主要来自养鱼废水。生活污水的产生具有季节性和时段性的特点,旅游村夏秋两季污水产量最高,约为冬春两季的2-4倍;普通村和镇级村夏季污水产量约为其他季节的2-3倍。旅游村的人均生活污水排放系数最高,为118 L·d^-1,是其他类型村人均生活污水排放系数的4-5倍,普通村最低。污水中的总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮（NH4^＋-N）指标均较高。COD含量与污水类型密切相关,与村庄类型无明显相关。 相似文献
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Furong Xu Xinxiang A Feifei Zhang Enlai Zhang Cuifeng Tang Chao Dong Yayun Yang Xu Liu Luyuan Dai 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2014,61(2):423-434
Due to the rapid diffusion of improved crop varieties, fewer and fewer landraces are being grown by farmers. The on-farm conservation of crop landraces has been proposed as means of conserving potentially important crop germplasm as an alternative to its ex situ conservation in gene banks, but the effectiveness of this approach is unproven. Particular attention is currently focused on producers sited in remote regions. Here, we report the outcomes of a survey focusing on the conservation and utilization of landraces of corn, rice, wheat, barley, buckwheat, broomcorn sorghum, Job’s tears (coix), oats and finger, foxtail, broomcorn and barnyard millets grown by 15 ethnic groups from Yunnan province (China). Many local varieties are still in existence through their utilization on-farm. The varietal richness per village sampled was estimated to be 3.5 (maximum of 17), with rice and maize being the most heterogeneous, and glutinous sorghum and barnyard millet the least. Varietal richness was significantly and positively correlated with the number of villages surveyed, the number of families and the head of population. The choice of crops and varieties maintained varied between the ethnic groups, with the more westerly and north westerly situated villages conserving the most landraces. The number of crop species used was negatively correlated with per capita annual income, while the correlation coefficient between varietal richness and per capita annual income was less pronounced. The major factors determining the level of on-farm conservation were remoteness, fragmentation of the arable area and cultural needs. The data provide baseline information for the elaboration of optimal strategies for in situ conservation and utilization of crop germplasm in China. 相似文献
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Krithi K. Karanth Lisa M. Curran Jonathan D. Reuning-Scherer 《Biological conservation》2006,128(2):147-157
Habitat fragmentation, land cover change and biodiversity loss are often associated with village communities in protected areas, but the extent and intensity of such impacts are often inadequately assessed. We record resource use and depletion by human inhabitants by conducting ecological surveys in six villages and social surveys in all 13 villages of varying sizes in India’s Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (492 km2). We examined the occurrence of 10 regionally-specific ecological indicators that encompassed several aspects of human activities. Thirty transects with 180 total sampling locations recorded the occurrence of these specific habitat disturbance variables. High correlations between the variables led to the use of principal component analysis to derive an effective summary index that reflected disturbance intensity and determined village ecological impacts spatially. A generalized linear model was fit to determine the rate at which disturbance decreases as we move away from village centers. Our model indicates that village size class, distance from the village and proximity to other villages were significant predictors of the disturbance index. The index distinguished each village’s spatially explicit ecological impact. We estimated that an average area of 23.7 km2 of the forest surrounding the six focal villages was altered by human activities. These six villages have directly impacted 8-10% of this protected area. 相似文献
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胶州市胶北镇10个村庄土地集约利用水平评价 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
村庄土地集约利用评价是村庄整治规划的重要组成部分。该研究在明确村庄土地集约利用内涵基础上,以胶州市胶北镇10个村庄为例,构建了村庄土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用多因素综合评价法评价了村庄土地集约利用状况。评价结果表明,村庄土地集约利用水平总体较低,其中3个村庄低度利用,7个村庄中度利用,无村庄过度利用或集约利用。在结果分析基础上,提出了建设新型农村社区、合理利用空闲地和闲置宅基地、提高村庄生活便利度和改善生态环境等建议。该研究可为开展村庄整治提供参考。 相似文献
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滇东南石漠化山地不同植被恢复模式下土壤地力变化和水土流失状况研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过对滇东南石漠化山地不同植被恢复模式下土壤的理化性质进行定点观测和地力变化及水土流失状况的分析,结果表明:封山育林地土壤的肥力较佳,其次是耕地土壤,这是由于封山育林地土壤多年来进行封山育林,耕地土壤进行了平衡施肥;3年后人工林地土壤的理化性质有很大改善,土壤肥力有很大提高,这是退耕还林的结果;从水土流失状况来看,耕地是产流产沙、固体和液体养分流失最严重的类型,人工林地水土流失最低,说明退耕还林和封山育林有利于石漠化山地土壤肥力的改善和水土保持功能的提高。 相似文献
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村域尺度耕地利用效益时空格局演化分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
[目的]通过分析甘肃省广河县村域耕地利用效益的时空格局演化特征,为合理利用耕地资源,提高效益水平提供更切合农民生产生活需要的依据。[方法]应用改进熵值法、GIS技术、ESDA空间分析技术。[结果]广河县10a来村域耕地利用经济效益整体呈上升趋势,社会、生态及综合效益均呈先上升后下降的趋势。耕地利用经济效益的高效区围绕在川区村域,社会效益高效区多分布在红庄村等山区村域或川区边缘村域。各村耕地利用效益具有显著的空间正自相关性,总体上村际间的相互作用呈下降趋势,局部上高—高效益区在减少且以头家村等川区村域为中心的高—高类型区逐步向广河县西南方的村域转移。[结论]村域尺度效益评价更能具体反映农民对耕地的利用情况,并根据效益的高低集聚特征做出科学有效的调整措施。广河县应加快构建新型农业经营体系,形成村域间社会事业发展合力。 相似文献
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以重庆市丰都县十直镇18个村（居委）为例,构建土地生态安全评价指标体系,以2011年数据为基础,运用综合分析法对其进行土地生态安全评价,以期判定影响其土地生态安全主要因素的重要性程度,并提供其土地生态安全未来的发展方向。结果表明:（1）总体上十直镇18个村（居委）的土地生态安全存在风险,但各村（居委）之间存在一定的差异,土地生态安全处于良好级的村1个,处于临界安全级的村（居委）13个,处于敏感级的村4个。（2）从空间分布来看,十直镇18个村（居委）的土地生态安全度从镇中部分别向西北方向和东南方向递减。（3）十直镇土地生态安全主要影响因素的重要性程度有差异,即地形条件 > 土地利用 > 土地质量安全 > 土地承载力安全,且各村（居委）之间有着明显的空间差异。（4）根据各个村（居委）的发展目标和实际情况,可把十直镇划分为城镇生态区、现代农果生态区、生态保护区和农业生态区共4个生态功能区。 相似文献
19.
多维贫困视角下喀斯特区贫困乡村空间分异与地域类型划分 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
喀斯特地区贫困程度深且致贫原因复杂,科学划分喀斯特贫困乡村地域类型并提出差异化振兴对策,是喀斯特贫困地区的现实需要。该研究通过构建喀斯特贫困乡村地域系统评价指标体系,对贫困村主导致贫因素进行分级与空间排列组合,划分喀斯特贫困乡村地域类型,提出喀斯特贫困乡村的振兴策略。结果表明：1）喀斯特贫困乡村的空间分异主要受地势起伏度、坡度、耕地比例和人均纯收入等的影响,贫困程度与贫困聚集规模均呈现出南高北低的空间格局。2）喀斯特贫困乡村可划分为：弱综合制约型、强综合制约型、单致贫维度制约型、双维度制约型和三维度制约型贫困村。3）生态脆弱性在喀斯特贫困乡村地域分异中起决定性作用,经济基础薄弱是喀斯特贫困乡村的共性特点,生产资源禀赋与区位交通条件起重要作用。该研究能够为喀斯特贫困乡村减缓相对贫困的模式与路径设计及乡村振兴战略实施提供理论支撑。 相似文献
20.
村镇建设资源环境承载力综合评估是村镇规划的基础。该研究基于社会-生态系统(Social-Ecological System, SES)理论框架,构建了治理视角下的村镇建设资源环境承载力综合评估"压力-状态-治理"(Pressure-Status-Governance,PSG)框架,并以江苏省溧阳市为例,开展资源环境承载力综合评估与障碍因素诊断的研究。结果表明:1)村镇建设资源环境承载力是由村镇建设的需求、资源环境的供给以及政府-市场-集体-村民等多中心利益主体治理行动3个维度互动互馈形成的综合系统,可采用PSG理论框架进行承载力综合评估。2)溧阳市承载力分高中低3类,80%的村处于中等偏上水平,且资源环境本底状态普遍较好,压力和治理维度普遍偏低,具有较大的提升空间。3)低等、中等承载力区是提升的重点和次重点区域,高等级承载力区仍然有较大的提升空间;高中低承载力区分别存在4、5、9项障碍因素,主要集中在状态维度和治理维度,且存在全局、局部和单区3种类型的障碍因素;全局障碍因素水环境状态频次占比最高,是亟需改善的障碍因素。最后,拟定了未来全局、局部以及单区域的障碍因素治理提升策略,可为溧阳市综合承载力提升提供参考。 相似文献