共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image a reduced TiO(2)(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Structural units with periodicities rangng from 21 to 3.4 angstroms have been clearly imaged, demonstrating that atomic resolution imaging of an ionic, wide band gap (3.2 electron volts) semiconductor is possible. The observed surface structures can be explained by a model involving ordered arrangements of two-dimensional defects known as crystallographic shear planes and indicate that the topography of nonstoichiometric oxide surfaces can be complex. 相似文献
2.
Structures of larger proteins in solution: three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
Three- and four-dimensional heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers dramatic improvements in spectral resolution by spreading through-bond and through-space correlations in three and four orthogonal frequency axes. Simultaneously, large heteronuclear couplings are exploited to circumvent problems due to the larger linewidths that are associated with increasing molecular weight. These novel experiments have been designed to extend the application of NMR as a method for determining three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution beyond the limits of conventional two-dimensional NMR (approximately 100 residues) to molecules in the 150- to 300-residue range. This potential has recently been confirmed with the determination of the high-resolution NMR structure of a protein greater than 150 residues, namely, interleukin-1 beta. 相似文献
3.
Structural characterization of a partly folded apomyoglobin intermediate 总被引：41，自引：0，他引：41
To understand why proteins adopt particular three-dimensional structures, it is important to elucidate the hierarchy of interactions that stabilize the native state. Proteins in partly folded states can be used to dissect protein organizational hierarchies. A partly folded apomyoglobin intermediate has now been characterized structurally by trapping slowly exchanging peptide NH protons and analyzing them by two-dimensional 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). Protons in the A, G, and H helix regions are protected from exchange, while protons in the B and E helix regions exchange freely. On the basis of these results and the three-dimensional structure of native myoglobin, a structural model is presented for the partly folded intermediate in which a compact subdomain retains structure while the remainder of the protein is essentially unfolded. 相似文献
4.
研制了一种田间稻飞虱图像远程实时采集系统。该系统由图像采集装置、自动控制系统和远程传输系统组成。利用稻飞虱的趋光性,将其引诱至图像采集装置的白色幕布上,可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)为自动控制系统的核心,发出脉冲控制相机拍摄,同时控制交流伺服电机运行,驱动拍摄装置,实现对幕布的自动扫描拍摄稻飞虱图像。远程传输系统选用4G技术和基于TCP协议的客户端/服务器模式传输方法,将所拍摄昆虫图像自动传输至监测中心处。验证试验结果表明,该系统可直接获得768×576像素的田间稻飞虱图像。通过二维离散傅里叶变换验证,采集系统所采集到的稻飞虱图像与其他昆虫图像存在明显特征差异,说明该系统可满足稻飞虱图像采集要求。 相似文献
5.
Garfunkel E Rudd G Novak D Wang S Ebert G Greenblatt M Gustafsson T Garofalini SH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,246(4926):99-100
The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image and modify the surface of a conducting oxide (Rb(0.3)MoO(3))in ambient atmosphere. Individual octahedral MoO(6) units of the oxide can be imaged, and under certain conditions defects can be created in the surface that are stable in air. The ability to produce nanometer-sized structures on the surface of an oxide is demonstrated and discussed with reference to nanolithographic applications. 相似文献
6.
Recent improvements in instrumentation and technique now permit the observation of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of many nuclei in inorganic solids. The application of nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of the structures of materials of interest in chemistry, earth science, and materials science are discussed together with a prognosis for future work. 相似文献
7.
A magnetic resonance approach is presented that enables high-sensitivity, high-contrast molecular imaging by exploiting xenon biosensors. These sensors link xenon atoms to specific biomolecular targets, coupling the high sensitivity of hyperpolarized nuclei with the specificity of biochemical interactions. We demonstrated spatial resolution of a specific target protein in vitro at micromolar concentration, with a readout scheme that reduces the required acquisition time by >3300-fold relative to direct detection. This technique uses the signal of free hyperpolarized xenon to dramatically amplify the sensor signal via chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Because it is approximately 10,000 times more sensitive than previous CEST methods and other molecular magnetic resonance imaging techniques, it marks a critical step toward the application of xenon biosensors as selective contrast agents in biomedical applications. 相似文献
8.
为实现自动高效获取农作物的生长图像,设计了1种适用于旱田作物的高通量履带式小车图像采集系统。系统采用磁导引传感器和磁条实现小车在田间按路径自动行走;采用履带式小车底盘结构以保证系统在田间复杂环境下能稳定运行;在小车支架两侧分别安装俯视和侧视相机,可同时采集2个作物行的俯视图和侧视图,以提高工作效率;运用无线通信技术远程监控小车运行情况;系统顶端安装太阳能电池板,为小车在运行时补充电能。以盆栽玉米植株为研究对象,用该系统采集了玉米幼苗期到抽穗期的植株图像,结果表明,该系统运行稳定可靠,在旱田以0.1m/s速度作直线行驶时,绝对误差小于2cm,最小转弯半径为0.5m,连续采集模式下单个相机采集效率为30张/min,能满足实际需求。 相似文献
9.
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Great spectral simplification can be obtained by spreading the conventional one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum in two independent frequency dimensions. This so-called two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy removes spectral overlap, facilitates spectral assignment, and provides a wealth of additional information. For example, conformational information related to interproton distances is available from resonance intensities in certain types of two-dimensional experiments. Another method generates 1H NMR spectra of a preselected fragment of the molecule, suppressing resonances from other regions and greatly simplifying spectral appearance. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy can also be applied to the study of 13C and 15N, not only providing valuable connectivity information but also improving sensitivity of 13C and 15N detection by up to two orders of magnitude. 相似文献
10.
Protein carbon-13 spin systems by a single two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiment 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
By applying a two-dimensional double-quantum carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance experiment to a protein uniformly enriched to 26 percent carbon-13, networks of directly bonded carbon atoms were identified by virtue of their one-bond spin-spin couplings and were classified by amino acid type according to their particular single- and double-quantum chemical shift patterns. Spin systems of 75 of the 98 amino acid residues in a protein, oxidized Anabaena 7120 ferredoxin (molecular weight 11,000), were identified by this approach, which represents a key step in an improved methodology for assigning protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Missing spin systems corresponded primarily to residues located adjacent to the paramagnetic iron-sulfur cluster. 相似文献
11.
New nuclear magnetic resonance data lead to a completely unambiguous proof that the predominant tautomeric form of 1-methylcytosine is the amino form and that in acid solution the molecule protonates at 3-N. The close similarity of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of this compound to the spectra of the cytosine nucleosides indicates that these structures also exist in the nucleosides. These conclusions are reached on the basis of the spectra of analogs labeled with N15 and of the proton spin decoupling measurements made at low temperature. 相似文献
12.
Wiltshire MC Pendry JB Young IR Larkman DJ Gilderdale DJ Hajnal JV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5505):849-851
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy systems use coils, either singly or as arrays, to intercept radio-frequency (RF) magnetic flux from regions of interest, often deep within the body. Here, we show that a new magnetic material offers novel possibilities for guiding RF flux to the receiver coil, permitting a clear image to be obtained where none might otherwise be detectable. The new material contains microstructure designed according to concepts taken from the field of photonic band gap materials. In the RF range, it has a magnetic permeability that can be produced to specification while exhibiting negligible direct-current magnetism. The latter property is vital to avoid perturbing the static and audio-frequency magnetic fields needed to obtain image and spectral data. The concept offers a new paradigm for the manipulation of RF flux in all nuclear magnetic resonance systems. 相似文献
13.
Linden S Enkrich C Wegener M Zhou J Koschny T Soukoulis CM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5700):1351-1353
An array of single nonmagnetic metallic split rings can be used to implement a magnetic resonance, which arises from an inductor-capacitor circuit (LC) resonance, at 100-terahertz frequency. The excitation of the LC resonance in the normal-incidence geometry used in our experiments occurs through the coupling of the electric field of the incident light to the capacitance. The measured optical spectra of the nanofabricated gold structures come very close to the theoretical expectations. Additional numerical simulations show that our structures exhibit a frequency range with negative permeability for a beam configuration in which the magnetic field couples to the LC resonance. Together with an electric response that has negative permittivity, this can lead to materials with a negative index of refraction. 相似文献
14.
Fischer GM Mayer B Gross R Nissel T Husemann KD Huebener RP Freltoft T Shen Y Vase P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,263(5150):1112-1114
With low-temperature scanning electron microscopy, the magnetic flux states in high critical temperature Josephson junctions have been imaged. The experiments were performed with YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) thin-film grain boundary Josephson junctions fabricated on [001] tilt SrTiO(3) bicrystals. For applied magnetic fields parallel to the grain boundary plane, which correspond to local maxima of the magnetic field dependence of the critical current, the images clearly show the corresponding magnetic flux states in the grain boundary junction. The spatial modulation of the Josephson current density by the external magnetic field is imaged directly with a spatial resolution of about 1 micrometer. 相似文献
15.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy continues to evolve as a primary technique in the study of solids. This review briefly describes some developments in modern NMR that demonstrate its exciting potential as an analytical tool in fields as diverse as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and materials science. Topics covered include motional narrowing by sample reorientation, multiple-quantum and overtone spectroscopy, probing porous solids with guest atoms and molecules, two-dimensional NMR studies of chemical exchange and spin diffusion, experiments at extreme temperatures, NMR imaging of solid materials, and low-frequency and zero-field magnetic resonance. These developments permit increasingly complex structural and dynamical behavior to be probed at a molecular level and thus add to our understanding of macroscopic properties of materials. 相似文献
16.
Elucidation of the chain conformation in a glassy polyester, PET, by two-dimensional NMR 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The chain conformation of glassy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was characterized by two-dimensional double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In amorphous carbon-13-labeled PET, the statistics of the O-13CH2-13CH2-O torsion angle were determined, on the basis of the distinct shapes of the two-dimensional NMR patterns of trans and gauche conformations. In crystalline PET, the trans content is 100 percent, but in the amorphous PET it is only 14 percent (+/-5 percent). An average gauche torsion angle of 70 degrees (+/-9 degrees) was obtained. Implications for materials properties of polyesters are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Heinze S Bode M Kubetzka A Pietzsch O Nie X Blugel S Wiesendanger R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5472):1805-1808
A two-dimensional antiferromagnetic structure within a pseudomorphic monolayer film of chemically identical manganese atoms on tungsten(110) was observed with atomic resolution by spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy at 16 kelvin. A magnetic superstructure changes the translational symmetry of the surface lattice with respect to the chemical unit cell. It is shown, with the aid of first-principles calculations, that as a result of this, spin-polarized tunneling electrons give rise to an image corresponding to the magnetic superstructure and not to the chemical unit cell. These investigations demonstrate a powerful technique for the understanding of complicated magnetic configurations of nanomagnets and thin films engineered from ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials used for magnetoelectronics. 相似文献
18.
Petkova AT Leapman RD Guo Z Yau WM Mattson MP Tycko R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5707):262-265
Amyloid fibrils commonly exhibit multiple distinct morphologies in electron microscope and atomic force microscope images, often within a single image field. By using electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on fibrils formed by the 40-residue beta-amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease (Abeta(1-40)), we show that different fibril morphologies have different underlying molecular structures, that the predominant structure can be controlled by subtle variations in fibril growth conditions, and that both morphology and molecular structure are self-propagating when fibrils grow from preformed seeds. Different Abeta(1-40) fibril morphologies also have significantly different toxicities in neuronal cell cultures. These results have implications for the mechanism of amyloid formation, the phenomenon of strains in prion diseases, the role of amyloid fibrils in amyloid diseases, and the development of amyloid-based nano-materials. 相似文献
19.
Zheng J Kwak K Asbury J Chen X Piletic IR Fayer MD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5739):1338-1343
In general, the formation and dissociation of solute-solvent complexes have been too rapid to measure without disturbing the thermal equilibrium. We were able to do so with the use of two-dimensional infrared vibrational echo spectroscopy, an ultrafast vibrational analog of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The equilibrium dynamics of phenol complexation to benzene in a benzene-carbon tetrachloride solvent mixture were measured in real time by the appearance of off-diagonal peaks in the two-dimensional vibrational echo spectrum of the phenol hydroxyl stretch. The dissociation time constant tau(d) for the phenol-benzene complex was 8 picoseconds. Adding two electron-donating methyl groups to the benzene nearly tripled the value of tau(d) and stabilized the complex, whereas bromobenzene, with an electron-withdrawing bromo group, formed a slightly weaker complex with a slightly lower tau(d). The spectroscopic method holds promise for studying a wide variety of other fast chemical exchange processes. 相似文献
20.
Structure and stability of X.G.C mismatches in the third strand of intramolecular triplexes 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
R F Macaya D E Gilbert S Malek J S Sinsheimer J Feigon 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,254(5029):270-274
Intramolecular DNA triplexes that contain eight base triplets formed from the folding of a single DNA strand tolerate a single X.G.C mismatch in the third strand at acidic pH. The structure and relative stability of all four triplets that are possible involving a G.C Watson-Crick base pair were determined with one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Triplexes containing A.G.C, G.G.C, or T.G.C triplets were less stable than the corresponding parent molecule containing a C.G.C triplet. However, all mismatched bases formed specific hydrogen bonds in the major groove of the double helix. The relative effect of these mismatches on the stability of the triplex differs from the effect assayed (under different conditions) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and DNA cleavage with oligonucleotide EDTA.Fe(II). 相似文献