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水稻田除草剂的应用及杂草抗药性现状 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
稻田杂草是造成水稻减产的最大影响因素,化学除草技术已经成为杂草防除的重要手段。针对水稻田杂草开发了多种除草剂,形成了独特的稻田杂草化学防除体系。近年来,由于除草剂大量、高频率的不合理使用,稻田杂草抗药性呈明显上升趋势,稗草、雨久花、慈姑、耳叶水苋等稻田杂草的抗药性问题已较为严重。文章综述了我国水稻田主要除草剂的应用及稻田抗药性杂草的发生现状,并对几类代表性除草剂品种的抗药性机理进行了简要分析,提出了稻田抗性杂草的治理策略。 相似文献
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我省农田化学除草存在的主要问题,集中表现在:农田杂草群落演替加速,长残效除草剂留下隐患,农田杂草抗药性上升,除草剂药害和除草剂使用技术和在一些领域中除草技术与生产发展不适应等方面的问题. 相似文献
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杂草抗药性的形成、作用机理研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
杂草抗药性的形成主要由杂草本身的生物学、遗传学特性和外界因素除草剂的选择压及单一的种植制度造成;抗性形成的速度则与除草剂的选择压、抗性基因的起始频度、杂草的适合度和杂草的种子库寿命有关;抗性机制主要有除草剂代谢作用的增强、作用位点的改变和对除草剂的屏蔽或作用位点的隔离;抗药性杂草的治理应采取综合防治措施,包括农田检疫、合理使用除草剂、科学的种植体系、生物防治及除草剂抗性作物的利用等。 相似文献
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通过对麦田杂草生长状况以及影响麦田除草剂使用因素的剖析,针对性地提出了解决对策和途径,包括除草剂类型的选择,最佳防治期的选择,根据常见麦田的杂草选择何种化学除草药剂,除草药剂量的使用,提高除草剂喷施质量的要求等,并结合近几年我国小麦田的优势杂草种类,主要应用的除草剂分析了目前国内麦田杂草的抗药性现状及防治对策。 相似文献
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除草剂作用机理研究的新进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
自 2, 4－滴于 1946年开始使用以来,除草剂工业已有 50多年的发展史,迄今已成功地开发出了一大批选择性除草剂。除草剂作为现代农业生产体系的重要组分,是农田除草技术中最可靠、最经济的手段。当前,主要农作物的杂草治理仍然以选择性除草剂为主,但由于作用机理相同的除草剂的反复使用,导致杂草种群对除草剂产生了抗药性。现有杂草种群抗药性的发展,以及因除草剂施用和栽培措施不当所引起的杂草种群飘移现象已成为人们寻求新颖除草剂的重要动力。除草剂新颖的作用机理不仅可克服杂草抗药性的产生,而且还可替代那些已表现出抗药性的… 相似文献
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分析了长时间或多次使用一类或一种除草剂及使用作用靶标相同的除草剂致使杂草抗药性产生的原因,同时指出除草剂和杂草的特性也对杂草的抗性产生影响。提出了治理杂草抗性的措施：以预防为主,多种手段相结合的方式延缓和治理杂草抗药性的产生。 相似文献
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纵观最近几年来的麦田现状来看,麦田受到草害影响的面积日益扩大,由此导致了产量的损失。采取化学除草剂除麦田杂草已然成为了小麦生产不可或缺的手段,形成了包括一系列作用种类的除草剂品种和全方面化学防除体系。但随着化学除草剂的广泛使用,杂草抗药性问题也逐渐显现,当前如日本看麦娘等杂草抗性已经极其严重。基于此,本文主要就麦田除草剂应用现状及杂草抗药性展开分析,并提出防治策略。 相似文献
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杂草抗药性研究进展 总被引：52，自引：3，他引：49
目前全球已有188种杂草（112种双子叶,76种单子叶）的324个生物型对19类化学除草剂产生了抗药性,几乎涵盖各类重要的除草剂。抗药性杂草已成为杂草治理和农业生产的严重威胁,由其引发的严重经济和安全问题倍受全球关注。研究证实,杂草体内除草剂作用位点发生改变、杂草代谢解毒能力增强、杂草的屏蔽作用或与作用位点的隔离作用是杂草对除草剂产生抗性的三大主要机制。杂草的抗药性机制相当复杂,同种杂草不仅对不同除草剂的抗药性机制不同,而且能以完全不同的抗药性机制对多种作用机制不同的除草剂产生抗药性,即交互抗性和多抗性。本文重点描述杂草对8大类重要除草剂的抗药性机制,杂草抗药性研究方法,以期为中国抗药性杂草研究和农田杂草科学治理提供参考和借鉴,并提出在杂草治理中必须汲取他人的经验教训,阐明了中国杂草抗药性研究应关注问题。 相似文献
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麦田阔叶杂草是制约湟中县脑山地区小麦增产的主要因素。对双子叶杂草的防治,我们曾大面积使用2.4—D丁酯,甲磺隆等除草剂,但长期使用单一除草剂,使农田杂草种群发生了很大的变化,多年生双子叶杂草以及抗药性杂草发生量逐年上升,并有加重趋势。为此,2003年、2004年两年对农科院 相似文献
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A user-friendly computerized agricultural herbicide decision model has been developed for selecting profitable site-specific herbicide applications in winter wheat. The model is based on 6 years of field research in southeastern Washington State, USA. The model calibrates herbicide applications to management unit weed densities, soil organic matter, soil moisture, and preceding management, as well as to expected input and output prices. The model increased broadleaf herbicide rates by an average 0.65 of label rates compared to the recommendations by farmers and weed science professionals, but cut the more expensive grass herbicides by an average 0.56 of label rates. The model increased average projected profitability, excluding model application costs, by 65% compared to four other criteria for determining application rates. The profitability increase relative to local farmers was 19%. Both the model and the cooperating farmers properly chose to use no grass herbicides on the study sites, but the weed science experts chose to use up to 1.0 of label rates. The estimated payoff from using the model substantially exceeded the cost of weed scouting and other information collection. Determining economically optimal sampling and management units is an important challenge for the adoption of precision agriculture models like the one developed in this study. 相似文献
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Henning Nordmeyer 《Precision Agriculture》2006,7(3):219-231
Site-specific weed control in winter cereals was performed on the same fields every year over a 5-year period (1999–2003). The most common weeds (Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Viola arvensis) were counted by species, at grid points which were georeferenced and the data were analysed spatially. For weed control, weeds were grouped into three classes: grass, broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine), and Galium aparine. Based on weed distribution maps generated by the spatial analyses, herbicide application maps were created and site-specific herbicide application was carried out for grouped and or single weed species. This resulted in a significant reduction in herbicide use. Averaging the results for all fields and years, the total field area treated with herbicides was 39% for grass weeds, 44% for broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine) and 49% for Galium aparine. Therefore, site-specific weed control has the potential to reduce herbicide use compared to broadcast application, thus giving environmental and economic benefits. 相似文献
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广东农田杂草防控的问题与对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
广东光温水热资源丰富，作物四季种植，杂草周年为害，已成为影响农作物生产的重要生物因子。目前，广东农田杂草防控主要依赖化学除草剂，在控制农田杂草危害和提高作物产量方面发挥了重要作用。但随着农业现代化进程的推进，杂草防控面临诸多挑战：化学除草剂的过量使用，导致杂草种群演替及抗药性问题突出，除草剂药害问题频发，防治成本增加的同时给农田生态环境带来巨大的压力；绿色防控技术储备不足，适应杂草防控的智能化和机械化手段不多，人才队伍总量不足等。针对上述问题，提出了以下相应对策：推进杂草群落动态和抗性监测预警工作；加强杂草抗性机理研究；研发推广除草剂药害诊断及防控技术；加强杂草绿色防控技术和精准除草技术研究；组建产学研联盟，增强协同创新能力；推进杂草统防统治及基层从业者培训。 相似文献
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Development of an Image Processing System and a Fuzzy Algorithm for Site-Specific Herbicide Applications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yang Chun-Chieh Prasher Shiv O. Landry Jacques-André Ramaswamy Hosahalli S. 《Precision Agriculture》2003,4(1):5-18
In precision farming, image analysis techniques can aid farmers in the site-specific application of herbicides, and thus lower the risk of soil and water pollution by reducing the amount of chemicals applied. Using weed maps built with image analysis techniques, farmers can learn about the weed distribution within the crop. In this study, a digital camera was used to take a series of grid-based images covering the soil between rows of corn in a field in southwestern Quebec in May of 1999. Weed coverage was determined from each image using a greenness method in which the red, green, and blue intensities of each pixel were compared. Weed coverage and weed patchiness were estimated based on the percent of greenness area in the images. This information was used to create a weed map. Using weed coverage and weed patchiness as inputs, a fuzzy logic model was developed for use in determining site-specific herbicide application rates. A herbicide application map was then created for further evaluation of herbicide application strategy. Simulations indicated that significant amounts of herbicide could be saved using this approach. 相似文献
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L. J. Wiles 《Precision Agriculture》2009,10(3):277-290
Site-specific weed management can include both limiting herbicide application to areas of the field where weed pressure is
above the economic threshold (patch spraying) and varying the choice of herbicide for most cost-effective weed control of
local populations. The benefits of patch spraying with several, postemergence herbicides in irrigated corn were evaluated
in simulation studies using weed counts from 16 fields. Patch spraying with one, two or the number of herbicides that maximized
net return for a field was simulated. With patch spraying of one herbicide, the average area of a field left untreated is
34.5%. Net return increases by $3.09 ha−1 compared to a uniform application without decreasing crop yield. Additional herbicides increase the average benefits with
just 4% more of the field treated. With two herbicides, the increase in net return is almost tripled and herbicide use is
reduced nearly 10-fold compared to patch spraying with one herbicide, and weed control is better than the uniform application
in 10 fields. Using more than two herbicides for patch spraying further reduces weed escapes, but herbicide use is greater
than a uniform application in 10 fields. Growers might be more willing to adopt patch spraying if more than one herbicide
is used in a field. 相似文献
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Dicamba resistance: enlarging and preserving biotechnology-based weed management strategies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Behrens MR Mutlu N Chakraborty S Dumitru R Jiang WZ Lavallee BJ Herman PL Clemente TE Weeks DP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5828):1185-1188
The advent of biotechnology-derived, herbicide-resistant crops has revolutionized farming practices in many countries. Facile, highly effective, environmentally sound, and profitable weed control methods have been rapidly adopted by crop producers who value the benefits associated with biotechnology-derived weed management traits. But a rapid rise in the populations of several troublesome weeds that are tolerant or resistant to herbicides currently used in conjunction with herbicide-resistant crops may signify that the useful lifetime of these economically important weed management traits will be cut short. We describe the development of soybean and other broadleaf plant species resistant to dicamba, a widely used, inexpensive, and environmentally safe herbicide. The dicamba resistance technology will augment current herbicide resistance technologies and extend their effective lifetime. Attributes of both nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded dicamba resistance genes that affect the potency and expected durability of the herbicide resistance trait are examined. 相似文献