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1.
In agricultural fields soil compaction is a major cause of physical degradation. Degree of compactness (DC) is a useful parameter for characterizing compaction and the response of crops for different soils. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the critical DC and PR values for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] using plant growth variables and (2) to verify the relationship between DC and PR, and assess which parameter is recommended for the evaluation of soil compaction. The study was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized factorial design of 4 textures × 5 compaction levels for sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils, and 3 compaction levels for the clayey and very clayey soils. Soil samples were collected from the surface of a Xantic Kandiudox from the NE region of the State of Pará, Brazil. The DC was calculated from the maximum bulk density obtained by the Proctor test, and the PR curve was determined in undisturbed samples equilibrated in different matric potentials. The growth and development of the soybean was favored in the DC range of 80 to 85%, regardless of soil texture. The critical degree of compactness for the growth of soybean was around 98% regardless of soil texture, while the critical values for penetration resistance at field capacity varied according to soil texture and bulk density and were 28.2, 5.6, 3.5, and 5.2 MPa for the sandy loam, sand clay loam, clayey and very clayey soils, respectively. The root length was the plant growth variable most susceptible to soil compaction. Change in soil penetration resistance was poorly related with change in degree of compactness showing that one parameter cannot be replaced by the other. Because PR is quickly determined in field and have a direct relationship with plant growth, for the soils evaluated in this study we recommend the use of soil PR to assess the state of soil compaction.  相似文献   

2.
Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm−3. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm3 cm−3 in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm3 cm−3 for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm3 cm−3 for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.  相似文献   

3.
Soil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, ‘SoilFlex‐LLWR’, which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self‐propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex‐LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex‐LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.  相似文献   

4.
Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NTf). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm3 cm?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NTf, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm3 cm?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm3 cm?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.  相似文献   

5.
The imposition of agricultural systems changes the natural equilibrium of the soil to an extent that it becomes dependant on management practices and soil resilience. Agroforestry systems (AFs) mimic characteristics of natural ecosystems such as multistrata canopy and deep rooting and may minimize the consequences of these changes by providing soil protection and maintenance of conditions similar to those under natural vegetation. This study evaluates the physical properties of a Luvisol at a site where since 1997 alternative agroforestry systems (AFs) (agrosilvipasture—AGP and silvipasture—SILV), conventional crop management (CCM) and natural vegetation (NV) have been maintained. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in 2005 and submitted to a range of matric suction for which soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (Q) and soil water content (θ) were determined. Water retention and penetration resistance were used to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point (S-value). Particle size, total organic carbon (TOC) and particle density were determined using the disturbed soil samples. Water retention and porosity followed the sequence NV > SILV > CCM > AGP. The AFs studied (AGP and SILV) improved or maintained soil physical quality when compared to NV with no significant differences between the S-values of 0.044, 0.042 and 0.050, respectively. However, the S-value of 0.035 for CCM indicates that this management was unable to maintain soil physical quality on the same levels as AFs and NV. The decrease of LLWR with BD occurred for all treatments, and the BD at a maximum effect (LLWR = 0) which is called the critical BD (BDc), was, respectively, 1.69, 1.62, 1.56 and 1.56 Mg m?3 for AGP, SILV, NV and CCM. The larger values of LLWR for AFs (AGP and SILV) are similar to the value for NV, with associated superior aeration, matric suction and reduced resistance to penetration by roots. Indices such as LLWR and S-value were suitably sensitive and could be used in future research, but it is important to identify other potential indices for these situations that can show how quickly changes in soil quality may occur.  相似文献   

6.
The Atterberg limits and the Proctor compaction test are used by engineers for classifying soils and for predicting stability of building foundations. Field capacity and wilting point (agronomic limits) are used to indicate available water for plant uptake. Few studies have related the engineering criteria to the agronomic ones with regard to compaction hazard for soils. This study investigated the relationships between Atterberg limits, agronomic limits and the critical moisture content (moisture content at Proctor maximum density) for three disturbed soils (sandy loam and clay loam soils from a reclaimed Highvale mine site, and a silt loam soil from a grazing site at Lacombe) of different textures. Relationships between bulk density, moisture content and penetration resistance for these soils were also investigated. For the sandy loam and loam soils, the field capacity was close to the critical moisture content but lower than the plastic limit. Therefore, cultivation of these two soils at moisture contents close to field capacity should be avoided since maximum densification occurs at these moisture contents. Overall, the critical moisture content or field capacity would be a better guide for trafficking of sandy loam and loam textured soils than the Atterberg limits. For the clay loam, field capacity was within the plastic range. Thus trafficking this soil at field capacity would cause severe compaction. In conclusion, either field capacity or plastic limit, whichever is less, can be used as a guide to avoid trafficking at this moisture content and beyond. For the sandy loam and loam soils penetration resistance significantly increased only with increased bulk density (P≤0.05). For the clay loam soil, penetration resistance was positively related to bulk density and negatively related to moisture content.  相似文献   

7.
Traditionally, soil strength is estimated from uniaxial, confined compression tests by procedures adopted from classical soil mechanics. The heterogeneity of agricultural topsoil calls for an alternative approach. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in the plough layer of 14 soils in arable agriculture. Soil texture ranged from coarse sandy to silty loam soils with a maximum of 20% clay. The samples were drained to either of six matric potentials in the range from − 30 to − 300 hPa. Uniaxial, confined compression was applied to ∼800 kPa with strain-controlled stress application (1 mm min−1). Measured strain was fitted to stress by the Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) model. The model fitted data remarkably well for all samples. Three fitting parameters of the model reflected physical characteristics of soil reaction to stress. The estimates of soil compressibility calculated from the model at 10 kPa (C10) correlated closely and linearly to the Cs index considered to reflect elastic deformation in classical studies of soil compression tests. Soil bulk density and content of soil organic matter decreased C10 as well as compressibility at 100 (C100) and 400 kPa (C400). A complex pattern in the effects of soil texture and soil moisture on compressibility was revealed. The pattern in strain-stress data is interpreted as a reflection of a gradual transition from elastic to plastic deformation of the mixture of structural units. The MMF model is suggested for interpretation of strain-stress data from uniaxial, confined compression tests. This implies use of stress in a linear scale.  相似文献   

8.
The residual effect of various soil amendments on the reconsolidation of a strongly acidic Salisbury silt loam C horizon which contained 0.25% free aluminium was investigated in the laboratory. Limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4) and peat moss were added at 0.5, 0.08 and 2.0% (w/w), respectively. In a fourth treatment, CaCO3 (0.5%, w/w) was added 24 months previously. Results from these treatments were compared to those from an untreated control. All soils were redisturbed to simulate tillage. The soils were subjected to a standard Proctor test and a low-energy compaction test designed to simulate a 0.44 m soil overburden. Penetrometer studies were performed to examine soil strength.

The mineralogy of the Salisbury C-horizon was dominated by illite, with lesser amounts of chlorite occurring; kaolinite and vermiculite were present only in small amounts. Application of peat lowered the maximum dry density of the Proctor test and increased the concomitant optimum moisture content. Soil chemical amendments had no effect on compaction as measured by the Proctor test, but significantly increased the dry bulk density in the low-energy compaction test. Hence volumetric moisture content, at a moisture tension of 101 kPa, was increased by the chemical amendments. Soil strength, as measured by the cone index at a constant soil moisture tension, was decreased by the chemical amendments; however, after correction for volumetric moisture content, no treatment effect occurred. The chemical amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of inorganic and organically bound Al and inorganically bound Fe.

The results of the low-energy compaction test suggest that application of gypsum or limestone amendments to severely disturbed, highly acidic soils, which contain appreciable amounts of aluminium oxides and exchangeable aluminium, may increase the soil's propensity to reconsolidate. This was not revealed by the standard Proctor test.  相似文献   


9.
The continuous use of heavy machinery and vehicular traffic on agricultural land led to an increase in soil compaction, which reduces crop yield and deteriorates the physical conditions of the soil. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to study the effects of induced soil compaction on growth and yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties grown under two different soil textures, sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Three compaction levels [C0, C1, and C2 (0, 10 and 20 beatings)], two textural classes (sandy loam and sandy clay loam), and two genotypes of wheat were selected for the experiment. Results indicated that induced soil compaction adversely affected the bulk density (BD) and total porosity of soil in both sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. Compaction progressively increased soil BD from 1.19 Mg m?3 in the control to 1.27 Mg m?3 in C1 and 1.40 Mg m?3 in C2 in sandy loam soil while the corresponding increase in BD in sandy clay loam was 1.56 Mg m?3 in C1 and 1.73 Mg m?3 in C2 compared to 1.24 Mg m?3 in the control. On the other hand, compaction tended to decrease total porosity of soil. In case of sandy loam, porosity declined by 5% and 17% in C1 and C2, respectively, and declined in sandy clay loam by 29% and 54%, respectively. Averaged over genotypes and textures, shoot length decreased by 15% and 26% at C1 and C2, respectively, and straw yield decreased by 21% and 61%, respectively. The compaction levels C1 and C2 significantly decreased grain yield by 12% and 41%, respectively, over the control. The deleterious effect of compaction was more pronounced on root elongation and root mass, and compaction levels C1 and C2 decreased root length by 47% and 95% and root mass by 41% and 114%, respectively, over the control. Response of soil texture to compaction was significant for almost all the parameters, and the detrimental effects of soil compaction were greater in sandy clay loam compared to sandy loam soil. The results from the experiment revealed that soil compaction adversely affected soil physical conditions, thereby restricting the root growth, which in turn may affect the whole plant growth and grain yield. Therefore, appropriate measures to avoid damaging effects of compaction on soil physical conditions should be practiced. These measures may include soil management by periodic chiseling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, addition of organic manures, and incorporating crops with deep tap root systems in a rotation cycle.  相似文献   

10.
Sharp peaks in nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes under no-tillage in wet conditions appear to be related to near surface soil and crop cover conditions. Here we explored some of the factors influencing tillage effects on short-term variations in gas flux so that we could learn about the mechanisms involved. Field investigations revealed that a cumulative emission of 13 kg N2O–N ha−1 over a 12-week period was possible under no-tillage for spring barley. We investigated how reducing crop cover and changing the structural arrangement of the water-filled pore space (WFPS) by short-term laboratory compaction influenced N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in upward and downward directions in core samples from tilled and untilled soil. Increasing the downward flux of N2O within a soil profile by changing soil or moisture conditions may increase the likelihood of its further reduction to N2 or dissolution. We took undisturbed cores from 3 to 8 cm depth, equilibrated them to −1 or −6 kPa matric potential, incubated them and measured N2O and CO2 fluxes from the upper and lower surfaces in a purpose-designed apparatus before and after compaction in an uniaxial tester. We also measured WFPS, air permeability, bulk density and air-filled porosity before and after compaction. Spring barley was tested in 1999 and winter barley in 2000.Fluxes of N2O were from 1.5 to 35 times higher from no-tilled than ploughed even where the soil was of similar bulk density. Reduction of the crop cover increased CO2 flux and could reduce N2O flux. The effects of structural changes induced by laboratory compaction on the fluxes of N2O and CO2 were not influenced greatly by the tillage and crop cover treatments. Fluxes from the upper surfaces of cores (corresponding to 3 cm soil depth, upwards direction) could be up to 100 times greater (N2O) or 8 times (CO2) than from the lower surfaces (8 cm depth, downwards direction). These differences between surfaces were greatest when N2O fluxes were very high in no-tilled soil (4.2 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1) as occurred when WFPS exceeded 80% or became blocked with water, an effect that was increased by our compaction treatment. In general N2O fluxes increased with WFPS. The production and emission of N2O were strongly influenced by the soil physical environment, the magnitude of the water-filled pore space and continuity of the air-filled pore space in particular, produced in no-till versus plough cultivation.  相似文献   

11.
Factors affecting the compaction susceptibility of South African forestry soils were assessed. Two traditional measures of compaction susceptibility were used: maximum bulk density (ρmbd) determined by the standard Proctor test, defined compactibility, and the compression index using a simple uni-axial test, defined compressibility. Soils were chosen from a broad range of geological and climatic regions and they varied greatly in texture (8 to 66 g 100 g−1 clay) and organic matter content (0.26 to 5.77 g 100 g−1 organic carbon). Soils showed a wide range in ρmbd values, from 1.24 to 2.00 Mg m−3, and this reflected the wide range of particle size distributions and organic matter contents of the soils. Very good correlations were achieved between measures of particle size distribution, particularly clay plus silt and both compactibility and compressibility. Both compactibility and compressibility were significantly correlated with loss-on-ignition (LOI) which is a measure reflecting the combined effects of soil texture and organic matter on soil physical properties. Indices of compaction susceptibility were influenced more by particle size distribution than by organic carbon content. Clear effects of organic carbon on compaction behaviour were only evident for soils with low clay contents (< 25 g 100 g−1. No clear relationship between compactibility and compressibility was found. Compactibility generally increased with decreasing clay plus silt content, whereas compressibility increased up to about 70 g 100 g−1 clay plus silt before decreasing again. It is difficult to define compaction susceptibility solely in terms of indices of compactibility or compressibility particularly as there is no clear relationship between these two properties. A classification system for compaction risk assessment is presented, based on the relationship between compactibility (ρmbd) and LOI, and between clay plus silt content and compressibility.  相似文献   

12.
In soil mechanics, precompression stress is an essential parameter for estimations of the compaction risk of cultivated land. In order to determine this factor, regression equations were developed. They require various input variables of water and air regime, dry bulk density as well as the shear strength parameters c and φ. In this paper, we propose a regression model, which estimates the precompression stress from the two parameters dry bulk density (BD) and aggregate density (AD). The experiments were conducted on various structured arable soils in Germany. Altogether 25 natural soils and seven disturbed substrates were examined with three to seven replications. On all sites, precompression stress (log σP) was determined by means of stress–strain measurements under drained conditions and a matric potential of −6 kPa. The same samples were used for estimating the dry bulk density. Parallel to this, density measurements of aggregates with a diameter of 8–10 mm were made at a matric potential of −6 kPa. Aggregate density and dry bulk density were put into a relation (AD/BD ratio). This quotient shows the state of the inter-aggregate pore system and thus the load-support strength between the aggregates. A multiple linear regression equation of simple design allows to determine the level of precompression stress using the input variables AD/BD ratio and dry bulk density. Precompression stress rises with increasing dry bulk density. An increasing AD/BD ratio leads to a decline of precompression supposing the density values remain constant. The model produced good agreement with the measured values. The determination coefficient of the regression function was 0.84, the mean absolute error (MAE) 0.12 and the root mean square error (RMSE) 0.14. The index of agreement according to Willmot [Willmot, C.J., 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63 (11), 1309–1313] was 0.95.  相似文献   

13.
[目的]探明不同耕作模式对以生土为构建材料的新增耕地的改良效应,为该类土地的高产高效利用提供科学依据。[方法]于2017年6—9月分别在免耕、深松、翻耕3种耕作处理模式下的玉米地开展定位监测试验,分析耕作模式对土壤紧实度、养分含量以及作物产量的影响。[结果] 0—20 cm土层紧实度在免耕模式下最低,分别较深松和翻耕低约37.49和38.48 kPa/cm~2,且各模式下0—20 cm土层均呈分层紧实的状态。玉米出苗期土壤紧实度最小,喇叭口期紧实度最高。0—40 cm土层有机质、全氮和有效磷含量在深松模式下均最高,分别为免耕的1.20,1.22,1.36倍,是翻耕的1.18,1.08,1.34倍。深松和翻耕模式下的速效钾含量相近,均为免耕的1.09倍。从出苗期到灌浆期,有机质和全氮含量增加,有效磷和速效钾含量减小。深松耕作模式下玉米产量最高,是免耕和翻耕条件下的1.30,1.19倍。[结论]深松耕作模式土壤紧实度适中,能有效增加土壤养分含量,提高作物产量,是新增耕地最理想的耕作改良方式。  相似文献   

14.
Nitrous oxide emitted from urine patches is a key source of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. A better understanding of the complex soil environmental and biochemical regulation of urine-N transformations in wet soils is needed to predict N2O emissions from grazing and also to develop targeted mitigation technologies. Soil aeration, gas diffusion and drainage are key factors regulating N transformations and are affected by compaction during grazing. To understand how soil compaction from animal treading influences N transformations of urine in wet soils, we applied pressures of 0, 220 and 400 kPa to repacked soil cores, followed by 15N-labeled synthetic urine, and then subjected the cores to three successive saturation–drainage cycles on tension tables from 0 to 10 kPa.Compaction had a relatively small effect on soil bulk density (increasing from 0.81 to 0.88 Mg m−3), but strongly affected the pore size distribution. Compaction reduced both total soil porosity and macroporosity. It also affected the pore size distribution, principally by decreasing the proportion of 30–60 μm and 60–100 μm pores and increasing the proportion of micropores (<30 μm).Rates of urine-N transformations, emissions of N2 and N2O, and the N2O to N2 ratio were affected by the saturation/drainage cycles and degree of compaction. During the first saturation–drainage cycle, production of both N2O and N2 was low (<0.4 mg N m−2 h−1), probably because of anaerobic conditions inhibiting nitrification. In the second saturation/drainage cycle, the predominant product was N2 at all compaction rates. By the third cycle, with increasing availability of mineral-N substrates, N2O was the dominant product in the uncompacted (max = 4.70 mg N m−2 h−1) and 220 kPa compacted soils (max = 7.65 mg N m−2 h−1) with lower amounts of N2 produced, while N2 was produced in similar quantities to N2O (max = 3.11 mg N m−2 h−1) in the 400 kPa compacted soil. Reduced macroporosity in the most compacted soil contributed to more sustained N2 and N2O production as the soils drained. In addition, compaction affected the rate of change of soil pH and DOC, both of which affected the N2O to N2 ratio.Denitrification during drainage and re-saturation may make a large contribution to soil N2O emissions. Improving soil drainage and adopting grazing management practices that avoid soil compaction while increasing macroporosity will reduce total N2O and N2 emissions.  相似文献   

15.
砾石对丘陵紫色砾质土持水性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过红棕紫泥、灰棕紫泥、棕紫泥原状土和扰动土的持水性实验,研究了砾石对丘陵紫色砾质土持水性的影响.结果表明,在考虑砾石的情况下,原状土饱和含水量减少0.70%～10.70%,田间持水量减少2.07%～4.33%;砾石含量＜10%,饱和含水量和田间持水量与砾石含量关系不明显;砾石含量＞10%,饱和含水量和田间持水量随砾石含量减少而增加;在0～30 kPa吸力段,原状土和扰动土的持水能力、幂函数拟合式的α值、原状土物理性黏粒含量、扰动土比水容量都随砾石含量减少而增大;原状土的比水容量随砾石含量减少而减小.  相似文献   

16.
Soil damage, compaction and displacement, during logging or clearing and cultivation affects both soil physical and chemical properties and reduces growth of regenerated or planted tree seedlings. Understanding the factors involved will aid management and set limits for indicators of sustainable management in eucalypt forests. In the first of two glasshouse studies, three Eucalyptus species were grown for 110 days in soils from six forest sites in Tasmania, Australia. Sites sampled ranged from low rainfall dry forest to very high rainfall wet forest. Soil was collected from three soil depths, in 10 cm increments to 30 cm, each packed in pots to four different bulk densities, ranging from that present in undisturbed field sites to that plus 0.17 g cm−3. In the second study Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings were grown in soil collected from disturbed and undisturbed sites, packed to two bulk densities, and fertilized with combinations of N and P. Increasing soil compaction, in Study 1, caused a proportional decrease in final mass of seedlings of up to 25%. Growth on soil from lower horizons (10–30 cm) averaged only 41% of that on topsoil, a significantly greater restriction of growth than that achieved through compaction. It was concluded that topsoil displacement and profile disturbance was a more significant form of soil damage than compaction. Above-ground dry weight of seedlings was most strongly correlated with soil total N but poorly correlated with other macronutrients. Growth of E. globulus seedlings grown on disturbed soils, in Study 2, averaged 30% of that on undisturbed sites. With added P and N on undisturbed sites growth averaged seven times that of the unfertilized seedlings indicating a general deficit of available P and N on the three soils tested. On soils from disturbed areas, there was also a response to fertilizing with N and P together but the response varied on the three soils. The effects of profile disturbance were ameliorated with fertilizer applications on only one of the soils. The results highlighted the importance of retaining topsoil in situ during forest operations.  相似文献   

17.
渭北果园土壤物理退化特征及其机理研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
【目的】针对我国渭北苹果主产区出现的随植果年限增加,果园土壤质量严重退化,树势衰弱、树体过早衰老、抗性降低、腐烂病及早期落叶病频繁发生,果品产量与品质下降等问题,开展了渭北苹果园土壤物理质量退化特征、退化机理及危害程度等问题的研究,以期查明制约果业可持续发展的因素,为果园土壤科学管理提供依据。【方法】在渭北黄土塬区选取了10 a、10 20 a、20 a 3个园龄段果园各4个,并以土壤条件相同的农田作对照,在果树冠层投影范围内距树干2/3处采取土样,测定土壤剖面不同层次容重、紧实度、孔隙度、饱和导水率、粘粒含量等物理性指标。【结果】渭北果园土壤容重和紧实度随园龄和土层深度的增加而增大,尤其在表层(20 cm)以下,土壤容重已经达到了1.45 1.61 g/cm3,紧实度达到933 2433 k Pa,严重超出果树健康生长的阈值。土壤孔隙度仅在0—20 cm土层能够保持在50%以上,属于良好状态,而20—60 cm土层维持在40%46%,已处于紧实和严重紧实状态。土壤饱和导水率在果园表层和紧实层均表现出随植果园龄的增大而减小的趋势,尤其是10 20 a和20 a的果园亚表层土壤饱和导水率低至46.88 cm/d和20.89 cm/d,制约着降水入渗和土壤蓄墒。3个园龄段果园土壤剖面上粘粒含量随土层深度呈递增趋势,且在0—30 cm土层随园龄的增加而明显减少,而在30 cm以下则随园龄的增加而呈递增趋势。进一步分析发现,粘粒含量与土壤容重、紧实度以及孔隙度之间呈极显著的相关关系。以压实密度(PD)为指标,对渭北果园土壤压实程度进行评估,发现渭北果园20 cm土层以下的土壤压实密度都在1.40 g/cm3以上,均达到了中度压实的程度,严重影响果树根系的健康生长及对养分的吸收。【结论】渭北果园20 cm以下的亚表层土壤孔隙密实、容重和紧实度增大,土壤饱和导水率递减是其土壤物理性质退化的主要特征,表层土壤粘粒的深层移动与淀积是土壤物理退化的主要过程和机理,果园土壤翻耕扰动少、对物理退化干预少是其土壤物理退化程度逐渐加剧的外在原因,土壤团聚体稳定性差是土壤物理状态退化的根本原因。  相似文献   

18.
The least limiting water range (LLWR) attempts to incorporate crop-limiting values of soil strength, aeration, and water supply to plant roots into one effective parameter (on the basis of soil water content). The LLWR can be a useful indicator of soil quality and soil physical constraints on crop production. This study focused on assessing dynamic cultivation zone LLWR parameters between different cropping/tillage/trafficked clay loam plots at Winchester, Ont., to identify potential management impact on surficial soil physical conditions for contrasting growing seasons. This study also evaluated dynamic cultivation layer LLWR variables as indicators of corn (Zea mays L.) plant establishment and corn yield. The results suggest that no-till soils had lower average air-filled porosities (AFP) and O2 concentrations than respectively managed tilled plots for both years of study. Potential trafficking effects on aeration properties were most evident in no-till relative to till; preferentially trafficked no-tilled plots had lower AFP and O2 concentrations than respective non-preferentially trafficked no-till plots for both years of study. Corn establishment and yield variability were principally explained by cumulative differences between daily AFP and aeration threshold values, and the cumulative number of days daily AFP was below an AFP aeration threshold for specific corn growth stage periods. Lower AFP was linked to lower yields and plant establishments. Soil strength, as measured by cone penetration resistance, was important over certain sites, but not as important globally as AFP in predicting crop properties. Overall, conventional tilled soils that were not preferentially trafficked had most favorable aeration properties, and subsequently, greatest corn populations and yields. No-till soils were at greater risk of aeration limiting conditions, especially those in continuous corn and preferentially trafficked.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract. Soil classification is a tool for stratifying and generalizing information on soil resources but most systems are tailored to handle only slightly disturbed soil. We tested the applicability of the legend of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World and the new World Reference Base for Soil Resources by classifying at the highest order 831 profiles from a nationwide 7 km grid survey in Denmark, where soils are developed in Quaternary glacial and marine sediments and intensively farmed. Comparison of the variability of pH and % clay +% silt of the master horizons (A, E, B, and C) within and between the major well-drained soil groupings shows that liming, fertilizing and ploughing have produced significantly deeper A-horizons with higher pH, lower % humus and C:N ratios on the two-thirds of the country that is cultivated. ‘Anthropogenic’ mollic and umbric horizons are a common result but the liming causes a random final classification of these surface horizons and, hence, random allocation of the soils in both systems. It separates cultivated soils and their undisturbed equivalents, and results in considerable within-group variation in soil texture. Grouping of cultivated and undisturbed soils, on the other hand, results in wide within-horizon pH ranges for most groups, again compromising the advantage of making useful general statements on the basis of classification. We propose that anthropogenic mollic and umbric horizons should be allowed in any soil group and that ‘anthric properties’ should be used to distinguish between profoundly changed cultivated soils and largely undisturbed soils, hereby constructing a two-tier system within each highest-order soil group. We classified the soils according to this proposal. The results show generally narrower ranges for both pH and % clay +% silt. We evaluated the within-group homogeneity by multivariate analysis of variance of pH, % clay +% silt, % clay, % humus, C:N ratio, exchangeable cations, and CEC. The results (Wilks's Lamda) show a higher degree of group compactness compared to the original FAO and World Reference Base systems.  相似文献   

20.
The role of colloidal constituents in soil structure and its resistance to compaction was studied in two acid forest soils of contrasting pH, clay type and texture. The soils were trafficked with an eight‐wheel‐drive forwarder, and undisturbed topsoil samples were taken on trafficked and control plots. Shrinkage analysis was used to assess the soil's physical behaviour, and in addition texture, organic carbon content and exchangeable Al3+ (Alex) and amorphous Al oxide (Aloxa) contents were determined. The effect of each constituent on the soil's physical properties was assessed with covariance analysis. The hydro‐structural stability and coarse pore (> 150 µm radius) and structural pore volumes of control samples were strongly determined by organic carbon and the forms of Al, whereas the plasma porosity was determined by clay content only. Organic carbon and Aloxa increased the structural pore and coarse pore volumes and modified their susceptibility to compaction; organic carbon provided a protecting effect, whereas it was the opposite with Aloxa. We observed contrasting effects of the colloidal constituents and of the behaviour of the pore systems on compaction. The situation is complex and we need to take into account the effects of the colloidal constituents to determine the effects of compaction on the soil's porosity. A simplified approach in which we used the water content at ?10 hPa as a covariate predicted soil bulk density as accurately as with all the analytical covariates, and it seems to be an inexpensive way to assess compaction.  相似文献   

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