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1.
Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al2O3-SiO2-H2O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm3, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG0f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm3. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al2O3—Fe2O3—SiO2—H2O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.  相似文献   

2.
Decomposition of iron(III)-citrate in a well-aerated, aqueous solution by soil bacteria The decomposition of iron(III)-citrate by soil bacteria in a well-aerated NH4-mineral salt solution at constant pH-values between 3.3 and 8.5 resulted in a yellow (at low pH) or brown precipitate, respectively. The iron(III)-precipitate is amorphous to X-rays, contains approximately 12% carbon and about 40% iron (Fe). The freeze-dried product is dissolved completely in an acid solution of ammonium oxalate. Bacteria, capable of decomposing ammonium iron(III)-citrate, were isolated by plate method and identified by morphological and physiological studies. They could be separated into two groups: The first group contained strains classified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, whereas members of the second group could be assigned to the new genus Acinetobacter.  相似文献   

3.
Because the economics of soil extraction processes depend on conservation and reuse of costly chelating agents, the ability of various electrolytes to modify EDTA extraction of Pb from a grossly-contaminated soil (PbT=21%) was investigated using batch equilibration experiments. In the absence of added electrolyte, a single 5-hr. extraction with 0.04 M EDTA (corresponding to 1∶1 PbT to EDTA ratio) released 65% of PbT over the pH 5 to 9 range. Under these conditions, Na+-, Li+-, and NH4ClO4 salts at 0.5 M increased Pb desorption to nearly 80%, probably from exchange displacement of soilbound Pb2+ and increased solubility of Pb-containing phases at higher ionic strength. Because Cl? and ClO4 ? salts were equally effective, chlorocomplex formation was insignificant. Under slightly acidic conditions, Ca(ClO4)2 and Mg(ClO4)2 at 0.167 M caused roughly the same elevation in Pb recovery as 0.5M of the monovalent electrolytes. However, with progressively higher pH, Ca, and to a lesser extent Mg, suppressed Pb solubilization by competitive chelation of EDTA. Pb recovery by EDTA soil washing could be enhanced by addition of Ca salts at pH 4 to 6. Subsequent pH elevation in the presence of Ca would promote decomposition of Pb-EDTA complexes and separation of Pb as a hydroxide precipitate.  相似文献   

4.
Mössbauer and ESR spectroscopy have shown that the iron extracted from the Bh horizons of an iron humus podzol and an iron podzol by EDTA at pH 9.1 is predominantly in the form of complexes * 1 The use of the word ‘complex’ in this paper in the context of polymeric iron species and organic matter is not intended to imply any single specific type of complex, such as exists in Fe(II1) EDTA, for example, but to embrace many possible modes of association including salt formation, direct coordination, Van der Waal's adsorption, and electrostatic attraction.
of polymeric Fe(III) hydroxide and oxide with organic matter (O.M.). Small amounts of monomeric Fe(III)-O.M. and Fe(III)-EDTA complexes also occur. In contrast EDTA at pH 7 extracts iron from these podzols predominantly in the form of iron-EDTA complexes. Some monomeric Fe(III)-O.M. complex also occurs in a pH 9.1 NH4 OH extract of these horizons and in a pH 9.1 EDTA extract of the B3 horizon of a peaty podzol. Dialysis experiments show that the particle dimensions of the polymeric hydroxy Fe(III)-O.M. complex, which accounts for about 66% of the Fe extracted from the iron humus podzol and about 36% of that from the iron podzol, are greater than 2.4 nm. The thermal behaviour of the Mössbauer peaks indicated that the size of the iron cores was of the order of 5 nm, thus suggesting that the complex probably consists of hydroxyiron cores surrounded by large organic molecules. Results from XRD and IR suggest that these hydroxyiron cores may have structural organizations similar to those of goethite and ferrihydrite. The relationship between these forms of iron in the extracts and those in the soil is briefly discussed.  相似文献   

5.
The regime of observations revealed that the Eh dynamics in soddy-podzolic and alluvial soils in the Middle Cis-Urals region depends not only on the rate of iron (hydr)oxides reduction but also on the rate of opposite reactions in the gleyed horizons. Both processes depend on the temperature. The Eh value decreases on heating in automorphic soils, when the reduction of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxide particles accelerates. On the contrary, in gley soils, the Eh decreases on cooling, probably, because of the reactions opposing the reduction of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxide particles, including Fe(II) fixation on the surface of mineral particles. Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides are, for the most part, preserved in gleyed soils of the Cis-Urals; the content of (Fe2O3)dit reaches 3.3% with iron minerals being usually represented by goethite. The increase in moistening influences the soil parameters (i.e., the redoxpotential rH and the content of conventional red pigment Hemconv) in an intricate manner. Both direct and reverse branches on the curve of the Hemconv-rH dependence point to the equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions in the soil. The reverse branch probably stands for the initial phase of gleying in strongly humified soils, where, despite extra electrons in the solution, the brown pigment in the form of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides is preserved.  相似文献   

6.
In soil, adsorption of selenium (Se) onto mineral surfaces is accompanied by poorly known retention via organic matter. The effects of these components on the availability of Se were examined in two pot experiments. Spring wheat was grown with increasing amounts of selenate (SeO4 2–) in one sand and three peat soils, and ryegrass with selenate and selenite (SeO3 2–) in sphagnum peat manipulated by iron (Fe) hydroxide. Selenate persisted in soluble form, whereas selenite was fixed in the soil. In wheat, 5–50% of the selenate addition was recovered in the plant, the proportion increasing with increasing Se. In ryegrass, 30–40% of the added selenate but less than 2% of the selenite was found within the leaves. The Fe hydroxide enrichment enhanced the selenite uptake. Phosphate buffer desorbed a minor proportion of the added selenite, except in peat amply enriched with Fe hydroxide. The results suggest that the retention mechanism of selenite was changed due to the hydroxide amendment.  相似文献   

7.
Differentiation of oxalate soluble iron oxides According to their mode of formation the oxalate soluble Fe(III)-oxides show different rates of dissolution especially within the first 30 min of oxalate extraction. Precipitates formed by bacterial or oxidative decomposition of ferric citrate have a very high dissolution rate with more than 90 percent being dissolved within 30 min. Ferrihydrites prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of Fe(III) salts, after slow drying, dissolve to about 60 to 80 percent within this period, whereas similar products quenched with liquid N2 dissolve more rapidly. A plot of (Fe30/Feo) vs. (Feo/Fed) allows to draw a boundary line between the field of podzol values and the field of the other pedogenic iron oxides, as from brown earths and black earths (chernozems).  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The relationships between methane (CH4) emission from flooded rice paddies and soil chemical properties were investigated using eight different soils in a pot experiment. Since CH4 is produced in paddy soil microbiologically when reducing conditions are sufficiently developed, the amounts of oxidizing agents including free iron (Fe)(III), amorphous Fe(III), easily reducible manganese (Mn), nitrate (NO3 ‐), and sulfate (SO4 2‐), and indexes of reducing agents including total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and easily decomposable C, were measured as possible decreasing and increasing factors in CH4 emission. The seasonal variations in CH4 emission rates were similar in pattern among the soils used. However, the amount of emitted CH4 varied largely, with the maximum total CH4 emission (from a brown lowland soil, 1,535 mg pot‐1) being 3.8 times that of the minimum (from a gley soil, 409 mg pot‐1). No correlation was found between the total CH4 emission and any single factor investigated. However, a statistically significant equation was found through multiple regression analysis: r=‐2.24x102 a+2.88b+6.20x102; r 2=0.821; P<0.01; where Y is the amount of emitted CH4 (mg pot‐1), a is the amount of amorphous Fe(III) (mg pot‐1), b is the amount of easily decomposable C (mg pot‐1), and r 2 is a multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degree of freedom. The amendment of ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)3] to a gray lowland soil significantly decreased the CH4 emission from 1,099 to 592 mg pot‐1. This measured amount agreed well with that estimated from the above equation, 554 mg pot‐1.  相似文献   

9.
Atrazine-contaminated soil may require remediation to mitigate ground and surface water contamination. We determined the effectiveness of nano zerovalent iron (nano ZVI) to dechlorinate atrazine (2-chloro-4ethylamino-6-iso-propylamino-1,3,5-triazine) in contaminated water and soil. This study determined the effects of iron sources, solution pH, Pd catalyst and presence of Fe or Al sulfate salts on the destruction of atrazine in water and soil. Our results indicate nano ZVI can be successfully used to remediate atrazine in water and soil. Aqueous solution of atrazine (30 mg l?1) was treated with 2% (w/v) of nano ZVI and 5% (w/v) of commercial ZVI. Although, iron dose in nano ZVI treatment was less than that in commercial ZVI treatment, atrazine destruction kinetic rate (k obs) of nano ZVI treatment (1.39 days?1) was around seven times higher than that of commercial ZVI treatment (0.18 days?1). Reductive dechlorination was the major process in destruction of atrazine by nano ZVI. The dechlorination product was 2-ethyl-amino-4-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine. Lowering the pH from 9 to 4 increased the destruction kinetic rates of atrazine by nano ZVI. Moreover, nano ZVI/Pd enhanced destruction kinetic rates of atrazine (3.36 day?1). Pd played the important role as a catalyst during treatment of atrazine by nano ZVI. Atrazine destruction kinetic rates were greatly enhanced in both contaminated water and soil treatments by nano ZVI when sulfate salts of Fe(II), Fe(III) or Al(III) was add with the following order of removal rates: Al (III) (2.23 day?1) > Fe (III) (2.04 day?1) > Fe(II) (1.79 day?1). The same results were found in atrazine-nano ZVI-soil incubation experiments.  相似文献   

10.
Water, soil and sediment contaminated with DDT poses a threat to the environment and human health. Previous studies have shown that zerovalent iron (ZVI) can effectively remediate water contaminated with pesticides like DDT, metolachlor, alachlor. Because the type of iron can significantly influence the efficiency and expense of ZVI technology, finding a cheaper and easily available iron source is one way of making this technology more affordable for field application. This study determined the effects of iron source, solution pH, and presence of Fe or Al salts on the destruction of DDT. Batch experiments demonstrated successful removal of DDT (>95% in 30 d) in aqueous solutions by three different iron sources with the following order of removal rates: untreated iron byproduct (1.524 d?1) > commercial ZVI (0.277 d?1) > surface-cleaned iron byproduct (0.157 d?1). DDT removal rate was greatest with the untreated iron byproduct because of its high carbon content resulted in high DDT adsorption. DDT destruction rate by surface-cleaned iron byproduct increased as the pH decreased from 9 to 3. Lowering solution pH removes Fe (III) passivating layers from the ZVI and makes it free for reductive transformations. By treating DDT aqueous solutions with surface-cleaned iron byproduct, the destruction kinetics of DDT were enhanced when Fe(II), Fe(III) or Al(III) salts were added, with the following order of destruction kinetics: Al(III) sulfate > Fe(III) sulfate > Fe(II) sulfate. Cost analysis showed that the cost for one kg of surface-cleaned iron byproduct was $12.33, which is less expensive than the commercial ZVI. Therefore, using surface-cleaned iron byproduct may be a viable alternative for remediating DDT-contaminated environments.  相似文献   

11.
The phosphorus deficiency is very common in Fe(III)‐rich soil, and one of the key point is to clarify the condition in release or desorption of phosphorus from the Fe(III)‐rich minerals. The present study was to explore the effect of labile carbon on microbial reduction of Fe(III) and release of phosphorus in root‐free sub‐tropical soil. A two‐compartment microcosm was collected, in which the roots of Medicago sativa L. cultivar ‘Aohan' were confined within one compartment by a barrier of 30‐μm nylon mesh, while mycorrhizal hyphae could penetrate to the second compartment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funelliformis mosseae) were added to the root compartment and iron‐reducing bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) were added to the hyphal compartment. Hyphal compartments were provided with two levels of additional carbon (0 and 23 mg C kg?1 soil as sodium acetate) and eight levels of inorganic phosphorus (0 to 35 mg P kg?1 soil as KH2PO4). At low phosphorus levels (< 5 mg P kg?1 soil), shoot biomass, and total biomass phosphorus were substantially less with added carbon in the presence of iron‐reducing bacteria. Carbon had little effect without iron‐reducing bacteria. At higher phosphorus levels (> 15 mg P kg?1 soil), the effect of added carbon was reversed; that is shoot biomass and total biomass phosphorus were greater with added carbon. Available soil phosphorus showed a similar response to added carbon—less at low levels of phosphorus and greater at higher levels of phosphorus. Microbial phosphorus in the presence of iron‐reducing bacteria was always higher with added carbon at all corresponding levels of soil phosphorus. Taken together, these results show that some phosphorus mobilized by iron‐reducing bacteria was converted into microbiological phosphorus, but there was an obligatory requirement for labile carbon for this to happen—reducing the amount of phosphorus that was absorbed by the mycorrhizal hyphae. Iron‐reducing bacteria and mycorrhizae showed a competitive interaction at lower levels of available soil phosphorus, and a complementary, or possibly a carbon‐dependent synergistic function at higher levels of available phosphorus. These results demonstrate that phosphorus released from ferralsols by iron‐reducing bacteria is positively mediated by both phosphorus and labile carbon and, hence, that phosphorus release and mobilization by iron‐reducing bacteria is likely to be enhanced by additions of exogenous carbon.  相似文献   

12.
Three 0.01m Fe(ClO4)3 Solutions of R= 0, 1, and 2, respectively, were studied over a period of 8 months, where R is referred to the HCO3?/Fe3+ mole ratio in preparation. The R= 0 solution was initially light yellow and clear but rapidly changed to a dense cloudy Suspension after a 9-day induction period. Hydrolysed species rapidly grew from <10 nm to >650 nm. Particles of intermediate size were not observed during the entire period of study. Settleable FeOOH precipi-tate was first observed in 5 weeks with 23 per cent of its iron noted as precipitate at the end of 5 months. The R= 1 and R= 2 Solutions were reddish-brown of low turbidity. Rapid hydrolysis and polymerization were observed immediately after preparation. The hydrolysed species gradually grew in size during ageing and no settleable FeOOH precipitate was observed for at least two years. A hypo-thesis based on Lamb and Jacques's model of Fe3+ hydrolysis is proposed to interpret the reactions taking place in these three Solutions. In the R= 0 solution, the initial number of nuclei for condensation is low, whereas the poten-tial supply of Fe(OH)3 is abundant. In the R= 1 and R= 2 Solutions the number of nuclei initially formed is high, whereas a limited amount of mono-meric Fe(OH)3 is available for condensation. The initial number of nuclei relative to the concentration of monomeric species is the key factor that governs the appearance and properties of these Solutions.  相似文献   

13.
Sodium carbonate added to nutrient solution in sand culture depressed the growth of tomatoes both by the influence of high pH and HCO3? causing chlorosis and by the effect of Na+. Foliar sprays of iron and manganese removed chlorosis and increased growth but did not remove the effect of Na. In a sandy soil Na2CO3 did not cause chlorosis but Na+ depressed yield. Chelated Fe and Mn in the soil solutions (up to 7.3 × 10?4 M Fe and 2.6 × 10?5 M Mn at pH 9.0) were sufficient to supply the crop needs as shown by a second sand culture experiment where plants were fed with nutrient solution plus extracted soil solution.  相似文献   

14.
A hypothesis has been presented and tested that bicarbonate (HCO3) and nitrate (NO3) are the most important anions inducing iron (Fe) chlorosis because these anions increase the pH of leaf apoplast which in turn depresses ferric‐iron [Fe(III]) reduction, and hence, the uptake of Fe into the symplasm. Experiments with young sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants showed that nutrition with NO3 as the sole nitrogen (N) source induced chlorosis whereas ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) did not. Monohydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) also favoured the development of chlorosis. The degree of chlorosis was not related to the Fe concentration in the leaves. Both anion species, NO3 and HCO3, increased the pH of the leaf apoplast which was measured by means of the fluorescence dye 5‐carboxyfluorescein. A highly significant negative correlation between leaf apoplast pH and chlorophyll concentration in the leaves (r = ‐0.97) was found. Ferric‐Fe reduction in the apoplast—measured by means of ferrocene—provided evidence that a low leaf apoplast pH, obtained with ammonium (NH4) supply, favoured the reduction of Fe(III) as compared with a higher leaf apoplast pH obtained with NO3 supply. These results support the hypothesis tested.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

Hydroponic culture solutions containing bicarbonate (HCO3 ?) may be used to screen crops such as soybeans (Glycine max) for resistance to iron (Fe) deficiency or chlorosis. Some successful methods use sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in combination with elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide (CO2) to buffer pH and elevate bicarbonate. Replacing NaHCO3 with magnesium bicarbonate [Mg(HCO3)2] as the form of bicarbonate alkalinity has the potential to produce culture solutions that simulate soil solutions more closely and eliminate any potential for specific sodium (Na) toxicities in sensitive plants. A modified screening solution based on Mg(HCO3)2-CO2 was tested against the successful NaHCO3-CO2 method, using three soybean varieties of known resistance to Fe-deficiency chlorosis. Alkalinity was 10 mM [added as NaHCO3 or Mg(HCO3)2], solutions were aerated with 3% CO2, and Fe was provided as FeDTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) at 15 μM (low Fe) or 60 μM (adequate Fe). Leaf chlorophyll, visual chlorosis index, and leaf Fe concentration were closely related. Solutions based on NaHCO3 or Mg(HCO3)2 provided identical chlorosis-susceptibility rankings for the three cultivars.  相似文献   

16.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10-11):2295-2305
Abstract

Five dry bean cultivars (Coco blanc, Striker, ARA14, SVM29‐21, and BAT477) were evaluated for their resistance to iron deficiency on the basis of chlorosis symptoms, plant growth, capacity to acidify the external medium and the root‐associated Fe3+‐reduction activity. Plants were grown in nutrient solution supplied or not with iron, 45 µM Fe(III)EDTA. For all cultivars, plants subjected to iron starvation exhibited Fe‐chlorosis. These symptoms were more severe and more precocious in BAT477 and Coco blanc than in the others cultivars. An important acidification of the culture medium was observed between the 4th and the 8th days of iron starvation in Striker, SVM29‐21 and, particularly, ARA14 plants. However, all Fe‐sufficient plants increased the nutrient solution pH. This capacity of acidification appeared more clearly when protons extrusion was measured in 10 mM KCl + 1 mM CaCl2. The above genotypic differences were maintained: ARA14 showed the higher acidification followed by Coco blanc and BAT477. Iron deficiency led also to an increase of the root‐associated Fe(III)‐reductase activity in all lines. However, genotypic differences were observed: Striker shows the highest capacity of iron reduction under Fe deficiency condition.  相似文献   

17.
Gleying and enhancement of hydromorphism in wetland soils due to Fe(III) reduction entail a series of degradation processes. The resistance of wetlands to degradation can be calculated from the content of potentially reducible iron, Fe(III)pr, which is found from the van Bodegom equation taking into account the contents of oxalate-soluble iron Feox and dithionite-soluble iron Fedit in the soil. In addition, this makes it possible to distinguish relict and actual gleysols. The van Bodegom equation is applicable to soils from which the oxalate solution extracts only amorphous and poorly crystallized iron compounds, which are quickly reduced by Fe-reducing bacteria. These soils have a low proportion of Fe(II) (no more that 15% of the total iron), as well as an accumulative profile distribution of Feox. The van Bodegom equation is unsuitable for calculating the Fe(III)pr content in soils with a high proportion of Fe(II) and a nonaccumulative profile distribution of Feox.  相似文献   

18.
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were grown on rockwool or perlite substrate with nutrient solution. Fe was administered as the Fe complex of the chelator ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA) or Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 in the nutrient solution or as inorganic iron in the substrate. Roots and leaves of plants grown on Fe-EDDHA contained EDDHA in quantities up to 0.27 × the amount of Fe, which is interpreted as an indication of the contribution of passive chelate absorption to Fe uptake. Fruits of tomato and pepper, and leaves of lettuce contained only traces of EDDHA. Breakdown of the chelator in leaves of pepper and tomato is estimated to have been between 0.5 and 2% per day. In tomato fruits, lycopene content was lowered in plants growing on Fe-EDDHA. Cucumber growing on Fe-EDDHA suffered from serious infection by the mildew Sphaerotheca fusca; the plants growing on an inorganic source of iron were resistant. These results exemplify physiological effects of EDDHA other than those directly associated with iron nutrition.  相似文献   

19.
This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of ferrate(VI), FeO 4 2? , and ferric, Fe(III), towards wastewater treatment. The ferrate(VI) was produced by electrochemical synthesis, using steel electrodes in a 16 M NaOH solution. Domestic wastewater collected from Hailsham North Wastewater Treatment Works was treated with ferrate(VI) and ferric sulphate (Fe(III)). Samples were analysed for suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and P removal. Results for low doses of Fe(VI) were validated via a reproducibility study. Removal of phosphorous reached 40% with a Fe(VI) dose as low as 0.01 mg/L compared to 25% removal with 10 mg/L of Fe(III). For lower doses (<1 mg/L as Fe), Fe(VI) can achieve between 60% and 80% removals of SS and COD, but Fe(III) performed even not as well as the control sample where no iron chemical was dosed. The ferrate solution was found to be stable for a maximum of 50 min, beyond which Fe(VI) is reduced to less oxidant species. This provided the maximum allowed storage time of the electrochemically produced ferrate(VI) solution. Results demonstrated that low addition of ferrate(VI) leads to good removal of P, BOD, COD and suspended solids from wastewater compared to ferric addition and further studies could bring an optimisation of the dosage and treatment.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Biochemical responses to direct or bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency were compared in two Tunisian native grapevine varieties, Khamri (tolerant) and Balta4 (sensitive), and a tolerant rootstock, 140Ru. Woody cuttings of each genotype were irrigated with a nutrient solution containing one of the following: 20 μM Fe (control), 1 μM Fe (direct Fe-deficiency), or 20 μM Fe + 10 mM HCO3 ? (indirect bicarbonate-induced Fe-deficiency). Under direct Fe-deficient conditions, lower leaf chlorosis score and higher chlorophyll and leaf Fe contents were found in Khamri and 140Ru compared with Balta4. Moreover, indirect Fe deficiency caused similar effects on these parameters, which were more pronounced in Balta4. Both tolerant genotypes, Khamri and 140Ru, showed higher roots-acidification capacity and phenol release under the direct Fe deficiency compared with the bicarbonate-induced condition. In the sensitive variety, Balta4, no significant changes were found between the control and Fe-deficient plants. Root Fe(III)-reductase activity was strongly stimulated by both types of Fe deficiency in Khamri and 140Ru, and displayed no significant changes in Balta4. In the three genotypes, root and leaf activities of two Fe-containing enzymes, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, were significantly affected under Fe deficiency (either direct or induced), though to a greater extent in the sensitive variety, Balta4. The latter also displayed higher leaf malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, traducing an important membrane lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

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