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1.
E. W. STOLLER 《Weed Research》1973,13(2):209-217
Summary. The response of tubers to low temperatures was investigated to gain insight into a physiological basis for the differential distribution of Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge) and C. rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) in the United States. Only C. esculentus tubers survived the winter of 1968–69 in the field at Urbana, Illinois. Less than 10% of C. rotundus tubers survived at 2°C for 12 weeks, whereas more than 95% of C. esculentus tubers survived this treatment. Exposures to -2°C for 4 h or longer killed 50% of C. rotundus tubers, whereas - 6·5°C was required to kill 50% of C esculentus tubers. C. rotundus distribution is restricted to regions where the soil seldom freezes, whereas C. esculentus is distributed in regions where the soil temperatures often get below freezing. Survival of C. esculentus tubers in soil which frequently freezes may account for its wide distribution. Death of C. rotundus tubers in soils which freeze apparently is the reason why the species is restricted to the southeastern and southwestern regions of the U.S.A. L'Influence de la température du sol sur la répartition différentielle de Cyperus rotundus et de Cyperus esculentus aux Etats-Unis 相似文献
2.
Observations were made on the development of new tubers from sprouts of isolated tubers of Cyperus rotundus grown in the dark. The metabolic events occurred primarily in the sprout itself, though the physiological state of the parent tuber affected the phenomenon. A seasonal variation in the behaviour of the sprouts was observed; maximum tuber formation was found in autumn and winter and minimum in spring and summer. The initiation of new tubers was independent of the sprout length and seemed rather to be dependent on its age. The physiological slate that enabled the sprouts to form tubers alternated with periods in which this condition was lost. Production de tubercules par le cyperus (Cyperus rotundus L.) à l'obscurité Des observations ont été faites sur le développement de nouveaux tubercules à partir de pousses de tubercules isolés de Cyperus rotundus croissant à robscurité. Les transformations métaboliques apparurent dans la pousse elle-même, bien que le phénomène fut affecté par l'état du tubercule parental. Une variation saisonniére fut observée dans le comportement des pousses: la formation maximale des tubercules fut constatée en automne et en hiver, la formation minimale au printemps et en été. L'initiation d e nouveaux tubercules fut indéependante de la longueur de la pousse et sembla plutøt dépendre de son âge. L'état physiologique, qui permet aux pousses de former des tubercules, alterna avec des péeriodes an cours desquelles cette faculté fut perdue. Knollenbildung bei Cyperus rotundus L. in Dunkelheit Es wurde die Entwicklung neuer Knollen aus den Sprossen von isolierten Knollen von Cyperus rotundus beobachtet, die bei Dunkelheit gewachsen waren. Die Stoffwechselprozesse verliefen hauptsächlich im Spross selbst, sie wurden aber vom physiologischen Zustand der Mutterknolle beeinflusst. Das Verhalten der Sprosse war von der Jahreszeit abhängig: die meisten Knollen wurden im Herbst und Winter, die wenigsten im Frühjahr und Sommer gebildet. Die Bildung neuer Knollen war von der Sprosslänge unabhängig und schien eher VOM Alter der Sprosse, abhängig zu sein. Der physiologische Zustand der Sprosse der sie zur Knollenbildung befähigte wechselte mit Perioden ab in denen keine Knollenbildung auftrat. 相似文献
3.
Control options for Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus (purple and yellow nutsedge) were evaluated within three cropping systems in the low desert of southern California: (1) standard vegetable crop rotation (weed‐free, uncontrolled nutsedge and cultivation) with spring cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) – summer fallow – winter broccoli (Brassica oleracea), (2) cover crop rotation (halosulfuron and smother crop) with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)/corn (Zea mays) – summer sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) – Winter Fallow, (3) rotation with solarization (non‐solarization and solarization) with spring wheat – summer fallow/solarization – winter broccoli. After two growing seasons, broccoli was planted without Cyperus control, to study the effect on yield. Cyperus rotundus tubers increased from 0.66 tubers per m2 to 1260 tubers per m2 in the uncontrolled treatment over two seasons. Cultivation during the growing season reduced C. rotundus tubers by 93% compared with the uncontrolled plots. Cover crop rotation did not reduce the number of C. rotundus tubers significantly, despite the dense sudangrass canopy shading the soil during most of the summer. Cyperus rotundus was effectively controlled by the solarization treatment. All methods controlled C. esculentus, especially when there were no crops growing in the summer. When broccoli was grown after two years of various management strategies, the cultivation treatment showed a 44% yield reduction compared with the weed‐free control, while the solarization treatment increased broccoli yield by 64% compared with the non‐solarization treatment. Rotations that included sudangrass had low broccoli yield when either C. rotundus or C. esculentus were present. 相似文献
4.
Imperata cylindrica and Cyperus rotundus were grown under three different light regimes; unshaded, 50% shade, and 75% shade and no shade plus 75% shade before and after spraying, (temporary shade) in a heated greenhouse. Six weeks after the start of the experimenis, glyphosate was applied to the plants at 0·2, 0·4 and 0·8 kg/ha (for Imperata) or 0·3, 0·6 and 1·2 kg/ha (for Cyperus). Glyphosate toxicity was enhanced as shade increased. In Imperata, all shade regimes at all rates of glyphosate eaused greater damage to the plants than the unshaded regime. The reduction in shoot dry weight, rhizome dry weight and total carbohydrate content of Imperate rhizotties at 75% continuous and temporary shaiie conditions, with the lowest rate of glyphosate, was almost twice as much as the reduction in the same features m the unshaded plants caused by the highest rate of glyphosate. In Cyperus. glyphosate at the intermediate and highest rates decreased the shoot dry weight at 75% continuous shade by 79% and 98% respectively. Plants in 50% shade were significantly affected only at the highest rate of glyphosate. Sprouting ability of the tubers al 75% continuous shade was inhibited when the tubers were replanted for recovery. Enhanced toxicity of glyphosate in reduced light intensity was attributed to the morphological changes in the nature of the leaves caused by shade. 相似文献
5.
JOHN L. HAMMERTON 《Weed Research》1975,15(3):177-183
Soil-incorporated butylate, EPTC and vernolate had only small effects on nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) shoot numbers and the germination of recovered tubers. MSMA, 2,4-D, glyphosate and cyperquat all killed top growth and reduced the germination of recovered tubers in both field and pot trials. Naptalam increased shoot number and tuber production. Foliar sprays of abscisic acid, chlorflurenoi and CCDP (3-carboxy-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridone) had little or no effect. Ethephon slightly increased the number of attached tubers with shoots, but NIA 10637 (.ethyl hydrogen-1-propylphosphonate) had inconsistent efl'ects. MH inhibited tuber bud germination, TIBA increased shoot numbers slightly, and daminozide reduced tuber production and the germination of detached tubers. None of the growth regulators tested appears potentially useful for nutgrass control. Expériences avec le Cyperus rotundus L. II. Action de quelques herbicides et substances de croissance Le butylate, l'EPTC et le vernolate incorporés au sol n'ont eu que peu d'efficacité contre le cyperus (Cyperus rotundus L.) en ce qui concerne le nombre de pousses et la germination des tubercules récoltés. Le MSMA, le 2,4-D, le glyphosate et le cyperquat ont tous détruit la zone terminale de croissance et réduit significativement la germination des tubercules récoltés dans les essais, soit au champ, soit en pots. Le naptalame a augmenté le nombre de pousses et la production de tubercules. Des pulvérisations sur les feuilles d'acide abscissique, de chlorflurénol et de CCDP (3-carbo.xy-1-(p-chlorophényl)-4,6-diméthyl-2-pyridone) n'a eu que peu ou pas d'effets. L'ethéphon a légérement accru le nombre de tubercuies fixés aux racines, mais le NIA 10637 (hydrogéne-1-propylphosphonate d'éthyle) n'a eu que des effets incohérents. L'hydrazide maléique a inhibé la germination du bourgeon du bulbe, le TIBA a accru légérement le nombre de pousses, et le daminozide a réduit la production des tubercules et la germination des tubercules détachés. Aucune des substance de croissance essayées n'apparait potentiellement utilisable pour la lutte contre le cyperus. Versuche mit Cyperus rotundus L. II. Wirkung einiger Herbizide und Wachstumsregulatoren In den Boden eingearbejtetes Butylat, EPTC und Vernolat hatte nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die Anzahl der Sprosse und den Austrieb der Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. MSMA, 2,4-D, Glyphosate und Cyperquat toteten die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile ab und verringerten den Austrieb der Knollen in Feld- als auch in Gefässversuchen. Naptalam bewirkte eine Zunahme der Sprosszahl und erhöhte die Knollenbildung. Blattspritzungen mit Abscisinsäure, Chlorflurenoi und CCDP (3-Carboxy-1-(p-chlorphenyl)-4,6-di-methyl-2-pyridon) hatten eine geringe oder gar keine Wirkung. Durch Ethephon nahm die Anzahl der Knollen mit Sprossen zu, NIA 10637 (Äthyl hydrogen-1-propylphospho-nat) hingegen zeigte widersprüchliche Wirkungen. MH hemmte den Austrieb der KnoUenknospen, TIBA förderte leicht die Zahl der Sprosse und Daminozid verringerte die Knollenbildung und den Austrieb abgetrennter Knollen. Von den gepruften Wachstumsregulatoren scheint keiner fur die Bekampfung von Cyperus rotundus geeignet zu sein. 相似文献
6.
Post-emergence applications of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] have been shown not to eradicate purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in the field. It was not known if this was due to failure to control emerged plants or if dormant tubers produced new plants after application. Studies with individual plants were conducted in screenhouse facilities to determine the effects of glyphosate rate, time for translocation, area of foliage treated, and shade on the sprouting ability of tubers attached to treated plants. Rates of 1.5–2.0 kg/ha glyphosate inhibited tuber sprouting; 72 h were required for complete translocation at 1.0 kg/ha whereas 36 h were sufficient at 2.0 kg/ha. Treating less than all of the foliage reduced foliar control and increased tuber sprouting. Shading treated plants reduced control of the foliage but did not affect glyphosate translocation to the tubers. These studies showed that glyphosate kills C. rotundus foliage and the tubers attached to treated plants. Therefore, regrowth after glyphosate application under field conditions is due to dormant tubers which sprout after treatment. 相似文献
7.
Naptalam applied to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L., var leptostachvus Boeck.) plants through nutrient culture, as a foliar spray or to the soil surface significantly stimulated the transformation of rhizomes into new shoots when the plants were grown under a 20-h photoperiod. Applications of naptalam to plants grown under short-day conditions inhibited tuber production. Applications of glyphosate to yellow nutsedge foliage at 0·3 and 0·6 kg ha resulted in 57 and 68% dormant tubers respectively, compared to 27% in untreated plants. These lower rates did not significantly increase the number of nonviable tubers. The application of 1·1 and 2·2 kg ha resulted in 47 and 52% dormant tubers, respectively and approximately 40% nonviable tubers. When production of new shoots of yellow nutsedge was induced by soil treatment with napialam and followed later with glyphosate significantly greater control of the nutsedge was observed than from either herbieide alone. Effets du naptalame sur la crossance du experus aune et efficaeite ulterieure du glyphosate. Le naptalame appliquè sur des plantes de cypérus jaune (Cyperus esculentus L. var leptostachyus Boeck) a vee des éléments nutritifs, en pulvérisation fobaire ou à la surface du sol a significativement stimulé la transformation des rhizomes en nouvelles pousses forsque les plantes ont été soumises à une photopériode de 20 h. Les applications de naptalame aux plantes pousant dans des conditions de jours courts ont inhibe la production des tubercules. Des applications de glyphosate sur le feuillage du cypérus jaune à 0.3 et 0.6 kg ha ont donné respectivement 57 et 68% de tubercules dormants contre 27% chez les plantes non traitées. Ces doses plus faibles n'ont pas augmente significativement le nombre de tubercules nonviables. L'application de 1.1 et 2.2 kg ha a donné respectivement 47 et 52% de tubercules dormants, et approxativement 40% de tubercules non viables. Lorsque la production de nouvelles pousses de cypérus jaune a été induite par un traitement du sol au naptalame. suivi ulterieurement d'une application de glyphosate. l'efficacite observée sur le cypérus a été significativement meilleure qu'avee l'un ou l'autre de ces herdicides employé soul. Der Einfluss von Naptalam auf das Wachstum von Cyperus esculentus L. und nachfolgender Bekämpfung mit Glyphaxate Wird Naptalam in die Nähelösungskultur oder auf das Blatt von Cyperus esculentus var leptostachyus Boeek, sowj?e auf die Bodenoberfläche appliziert so stimulieri es die Bildung von neuen Trieben aus Rhizomen, wenn die Pflazen einer Photoperiode von 20 Std. ausgesetzt werden. Unter Kurztagshedingungen hemmt Napralam die Bildung von Knollen Wurde Naptalam auf die Blätter mít 0.3 und 0.6 kg ha appliziert so stieg die Zahl der dormanten Knollen von 27% bei unbehandelt auf 57% und 68% bei behandelt. Diese niedrigen Aufwandmengen steigerten die Zahl der keimfähigen Knollen nicht significant. Die Applikation von 1.1 und 2.2 kg ha resultiere in 47 und 52% dormanten und 40% nicht keimfähigen Knotlen. Wenn die Bildung von Trieben durch eine Behandlung mit Naptalam über dem Boden induziert wurde und diese nachfolgend mit Bekämpfungserfolg als wenn jades Herbizid allein angewandt wurde. 相似文献
8.
Assessment of the stock of Solaneum elaeagnifolium Cav. seeds in the soil of the Tadla (Morocco) On the basis of soil samples from four fields on the irrigated perimeter of the Tadla (Central Morocco), selected from the area most heavily infested with Solanum elaeagnifolium, estimates of the stock of seeds of this perennial weed revealed a mean value of 375 seeds m?2 to a depth of 60 cm (dead + viable seeds). The average for the viable seed stock, however, is 163 seeds m?2 to a depth of 60 cm, or an average of 43·5% of the total stock of seeds counted. The average distribution profile of the seeds of S. elaeagnifolium in the soil is as follows: 71·7, 25·1 and 3·2%, respectively, in the 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm horizons. The vertical distribution of viable seeds followed the same profile as the overall stock; thus we found 73 and 27% of viable seeds were located in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm horizons, respectively. 相似文献
9.
The effect of herbicide placemem in the soil on control of Cyperus rotundus L. was studied in the greenhouse with EPTC, alaehlor, norfiurazon, perlluidone, napropamide, trifluralin, and naptalam, EPTC was the mosl active herbicide, increasing the number of sprouts per tuber but inhibitmg bud development at an early stage of growth. The effect was greatest when EPTC was incorporated with the soil around the tubers. The effects of alaehlor were similar, but higher doses were required. Another active herbicide, norfiurazon, was taken up by the roots but its effect was to produce small, chlorotic leaves, Perfluidone was mosl effective when incorporated into the soil around the tubers or when placed in a layer 1 cm above them. Very little effect of napropamide trifluralin and naptalam was observed. In studies of growth and deveiopmenl with different planting depths, C. rotumtus produced basal bulbs, roots and most of its early reproductive parts in a layer of soil 1–3 cm from the surface, irrespective of the depth at which the tubers were planted. Shoots etncrged from 35 im deep but not from 50 cm. 相似文献
10.
MENASHE HOROWITZ 《Weed Research》1972,12(4):373-383
Summary. Small sprigs of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., were planted and grown without competition from weeds and crops for 2 1/2 years. The plant spread by means of above-ground creeping stolons and subterranean rhizomes which could also emerge as aerial shoots, producing in their turn new stolons and rhizomes. Initially there was linear extension of stolons and rhizomes, following which gaps in the sod were filled by stolon branching and new shoots. There was no preferential direction of stolon elongation and established sods developed an approximately circular shape and expanded concentrically. The rate of increase in sod area was similar in both years of observation but radial extension was smaller in the second year than in young plants. The mean sod area was 25 m2 after 2½ years of growth, and mean monthly area increment was 0·9 m2. Growth almost stopped in the cold season and exceeded 2 m2 per month in the summer. The plants had extended up to 3·9 m from the plant centre after 2 1/2 years. The number of flowering culms per sod, produced only in the warm season, was directly proportional to sod area; seeds were infertile in the Newe Ya'ar area. After 2½ years of growth about 70% of the rhizome dry weight was present in the upper 20 cm of soil. Few rhizomes penetrated deeper than 40 cm. More than 60% of the rhizomes were present within 1 m radius of the plant centre and 90% were present within 2 m radius. Croissance spatiale de Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 相似文献
11.
JOHN L. HAMMERTON 《Weed Research》1974,14(6):365-369
Tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. were planted in pots, and growth and development followed by washing out every 3 days. New tubers were first recorded 16 days after shoot emergence began, and tuber production proceeded at the rate of one every 4 days. By 51 days a single tuber had produced approximately nine new tubers, nine shoots and nearly 90 cm of rhizome. Treatment with 2,4-D or paraquat at 34 days severely checked shoot growth, but tuber production appeared to he only temporarily checked. Parent tuber dry weight fluctuated between 017 and 0–55 g and the parent tuber appears to act as a source of food in times of stress. Expériences sur le Cyperus rotundus L. I. Croissance et dé-veloppement: effets du 2,4-D et du paraquat Des tuberules de Cyperus rotunds L. ont été plantés dans des pots retires d'où ols lis ont été retirés tous les 3 jours pour en suivre la croissanec et le développement. On a enregistré l'apparition de nouveaux tubercules 16 jours après le début de la levée. La production de tubercules s'est poursuivie á raison d'un tous les 4 jours. Au bout de 51 jours, un tubercule avait produit approximativement 9 nouveaux tubercules, 9 pousses et prés de 90 cm de rhizome. Le traitement avec le 2,4-D et le paraquat au bout de 34 jours a provoqué un freinage important de la croissance de la partie aérienne mais la production des tubercules n'a été ralentie que temporairement. Les poids sees des tubercules initiaux ont varié entre 0.l7 g et 0.55 get ces tubercules paraissent jouer le röle d'une source de maliéres nutritives pendant les périodes difficiles. Versuche mit Cyperus rotundus L. I. Wachstum und Entwick-lung und Wirkung von 2,4-D und Paraquat Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. wurden in Gefässe gepflanzt und das Wachstum und Entwicklung durch Auswaschen im Abstand von jeweils 3 Tagen verfolgt. Neue Knollen wurden zuerst 16 Tage nach dem Beginn der Sprossbildung beobachtet. Alle 4 Tage wurde eine weitere Knolle gebildet. Nach 51 Tagen hatte eine einzelne Knolle etwa 9 neue Knollen und fast 90 cm Khizom produziert. Eine Behandlung mit 2.4-D Oder Paraquat nach 34 Tagen hemmte das Sprosswachstum stark, aber die Knollenbildung schien nur vorübergehend gehemmt zu sein. Das Trockengewicht der Mutterknollen schwankte zwischen 0,17 und 0,55 g. Die Mutterknolle scheint in Zeiten in denen die Pflanze Belastungen ausgesetzt ist als Nährstoffquelle zu wirken. 相似文献
12.
MENASHE HOROWITZ 《Weed Research》1973,13(2):200-208
Summary. Small plants of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. were planted in the field and grown without competition from weeds and crops for 2½ years. The plant spread by means of subterranean rhizomes from which aerial shoots developed at increasing distances from the plant centre, and by tillering around these aerial shoots to form clumps. No preferential direction of expansion was detected and established patches developed an approximately circular shape. Aerial growth stopped completely in the cold season. During the warm season the mean area increment amounted to 1·3 m2/month and was similar in both years of observations. After 2½ years of growth, patches had extended up to 3·4 m from the initial sprig and had a mean area of 17 m2. In the second summer of growth, shoot density reached 190/m2 and mean seed production was 84 g, or 28 000 seeds per plant. About 80% of rhizome dry weight was present in the upper 20 cm of soil and rhizomes did not penetrate deeper than 40 cm. About 80% of rhizome dry weight was present within 1 m radius from the plant centre. Croissance dans l'espace de Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 相似文献
13.
The control of weeds and nematodes by solar heating of the soil using transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets was studied in the field during the summer of 1990. PE mulching for 32 days decreased the emergence from seed of the dominant weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv., Acrachne racemosa (Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi, Trianthema monogyna L. and Cyperus rotundus L. by over 90%. Emergence of C. rotundus from tubers was increased by the mulching treatments. Mulching for 16 days also decreased weed emergence but to a lesser extent than the 32-day treatment. The main solarization effect was restricted to the 0–5 cm layer of soil. Solarization reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Tylenchus, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus and Ro-tylenchus spp.) by about 90% and of saprophytic nematodes by about 60% but, after 70 days, the nematode levels had largely recovered. The mean maximum soil temperatures recorded at 5 cm were higher when mulching followed irrigation. Data are given on the soil temperatures recorded over the 32-day period. The growth of soybean was improved and seed yield increased by up to 78% following solarization. Effet de la solarisation du sol sur les mauvaises herbes et les nematodes en conditions tropicales indiennes La lutte contre les mauvaises herbes et les nématodes par solarisation du sol à l'aide de films de polyéthylène transparent (PE) a étéétudiée au champ pendant l'été 1990. Trente deux jours de solarisation diminuaient de plus de 90% la levée à partir de graines des mauvaises herbes dominantes Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv., Acrachne racemosa (Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi, Trianthema monogyna L. et Cyperus rotundus L. La levée de C. rotundusà partir de tubercules était accrue par la solarisation. Seize jours de solarisation diminuaient aussi la levée des mauvaises herbes, mais dans un moindre mesure. L'effet de solarisation s'exerçait principalement dans les 5 centimètres superficiels du sol. La solarisation réduisait d'environ 90% la population de nématodes parasites des plantes (Tylenchus, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus et Rotylenchus spp.) et d'environ 60% la population des nématodes saprophytes. Après 70 jours, les populations de nematodes étaient pratiquement reconstituées. Les moyennes des températures maximales du sol enregistrées à 5 cm de profondeur étaient plus élevées quand l'installation du film polyéthylène suivait une irrigation. Des données concernant la température du sol sur 32 jours sont communiques. La croissance du soja était accrue et le rendement en grains augmentait jusqu'à 78% après solarisation. Wirkung der Bodensolarisation auf Unkräuter und Nematoden unter tropischen Bedingungen Die Bekämpfung von Unkräutern und Nematoden durch Solarisation mittels farbloser Polyethylenfolia (PE) wurde im Sommer 1990 im Freiland untersucht. Nach 32tägiger Solarisation nahm die Keimung der vorherrschenden Unkräuter Dactyloctenium aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv., Acrachne racemosa (Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi, Trianthema monogyna L. und Cyperus rotundus L. um über 90% ab. Der Austrieb von Cyperus rotundus aus Knollen wurde gefördert. Eine l6tägige Solarisation war nicht so wirkungsvoll. Die Wirkung war auf die oberste Bodenschicht bis 5 cm Tiefe beschränkt. Gegen pflanzenparasitische Nematoden (Tylenchus, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus und Rotylenchus spp.) betrug die Wirkung der Solarisation etwa 90%, gegen saprophytische Nematoden rund 60%, aber nach 70 Tagen hatten sich die Nematodenpopulationen wieder weitgehend erholt. Nach Bewässerung wurde in 5 cm Tiefe eine höhere Bodentemperatur erreicht. Für die 32-Tage-Periode werden die Temperaturdaten wiedergegeben. Nach der Solarisation war das Wachstum von Sojabohne verbessert, und die Erträge stiegen um bis zu 78%. 相似文献
14.
Yellow nutsedge variants from California, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota and Oklahoma were analysed for intraspecific differences in tuber composition. Tuber size varied from 70 to 710 mg. Carbohydrates ranged from 45 to 77% of tuber dry weight. Starch was the most abundant carbohydrate in all the tubers. The saccharides, fructose, glucose, sucrose and melibiose were found at least in trace quantities in all the tubers; only tubers of the Georgia and Maryland variants contained significant quantities of all four saccharides, and the other three variants containted principally sucrose. Triglycerides constituted more than 80% of the lipids in the tubers. The major acid present in all tubers was oleic. Composition du tubercule chez divers biotypes de Cyperus esculentus (L.) Des biotypes de Cyperus provenant de Californie, de Géorgie, de l'Illinois, du Maryland, du Minnesota et de l'Oklahoma ont été analysés en vue de rechercher des différences intraspécifiques dans la composition du tubercule. Le poids du tubercule a varié de 70 à 710 mg. Les hydrates de carbone représentaient de 45 a 77% du poids sec du tubercule. L'amidon a été l'hydrate de carbone le plus abondant dans tous les tubercules. Les saccharides: fructose, glucose, saccharose et mélibiose ont été trouvés au moins à l'état de traces dans tous les tubercules; seuls les tubercules des biotypes de Géorgie et du Maryland contenaient des quantités significatives des quatre saccharides et les trois autres biotypes contenaient principalement du saccharose. Les triglycérides constituaient plus de 80% des lipides des tubercules. Le principal acide gras présent dans tous les tubercules était l'acide oléique. Inhaltsstoffe der Knollen verschiedener Herkünfte von Cyperus esculentus (L.) Herkünfte von Cyperus esculentus aus Kalifornien, Gorgia, Illinois, Maryland und Oklahoma wurden auf Unterschiede in ihrer Knollenzusammensetzung untersucht. Die Knollenge-wichte variierten zwischen 70 und 710 mg. Die Kohlenhydratgehalte schwankten von 45 bis 77% des Knollentrockengewichtes. Stärke war in alien Knollen das häufigste Kohlenhydrat. Die Saccharide Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose und Melibiose waren in alien Knollen zumindest in Spuren festzustellen. Lediglich Knollen aus Gorgia und Maryland enthielten größere Mengen aller 4 Saccharide. DieTestlichen 3 Herkünfte enthielten haupt-sächlich Sucrose. Triglyceride bildeten mehr als 80% der Knol-lenlipide. Die häufigste Fettsäure war Ölsäure. 相似文献
15.
为明确刈割对油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus L.）地上部碳氮积累、生物量、地下部块茎产量和品质的影响,寻求适宜留茬高度,以新疆沙区油莎豆为研究对象,比较6个不同留茬高度（LC10、LC20、LC30、LC40、LC50和未刈割）下油莎豆地上部碳氮积累及产量和品质的差异。结果表明：刈割后第1天,LC50有利于叶片碳氮含量的积累,碳、氮含量分别达到 22.79%和1.65%;刈割后第5天至20天,LC10和LC20叶片碳氮含量急剧下降;刈割后第5天和第10天,LC40的全碳和全氮含量高于其他处理,分别为39.78%、38.39%和1.48%、2.12%。LC40地上部干草质量和干豆质量最大,分别为4 310.39 kg·hm-2和8 208.90 kg·hm-2,且LC40块茎淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量以及含油量显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为38.6%、28.8%、6.0%、22.44%,此外,该留茬高度下油莎豆块茎中不饱和脂肪酸油酸含量高达74.10%,明显高于其他处理。LC10 块茎中总糖与粗灰分含量最高,分别达到44.4%和2.3%,且块茎中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、亚麻酸和亚油酸含量相对其他处理较高,分别为14.00%、2.99%、0.28%、0.42%、11.21%。综上所述,留茬高度40 cm为适宜刈割高度,利于提高新疆沙区油莎豆的产量和品质。 相似文献
16.
The acidic ether fraction of methanol extracts from Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) tubers contained inhibitory substances described hereafter as inhibitor β. Inhibitor β inhibited sprouting of excised C. rotundus buds and also the elongation of wheat coleoptiles. The inhibition of bud sprouting by inhibitor β was reversed by the application of N-6-benzyl adenine (BA). Applications of abscisic acid (ABA) also inhibited sprouting of the excised buds and this was similarly reversed by BA applications. Chromatographic evidence suggested that inhibitor β mainly consisted of phenolic materials and possibly ABA as a minor component. The role of BA in enhancing sprouting of C rotundus tubers is discussed. Inhibition des bourgeons de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. par I'inhibiteur β ou l'acide abscissique et réversion de ces effects par la N-6-benzyl adénine La fraction éther acide d'extraits, par le méthanol. de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. contient des substances inhibitrices decrites ci-après comme I'inhibiteur β. Cet inhibiteur β a inhibé la germination de bulbes isolés de C. rotundus ainsi que l'élongation de coléoptiles de blé. L'inhibition de la germination des bourgeons par I'inhibiteur βété renversée par l'application de la N-6-benzyl adénine (B.A.). Des applications d'acide abscissique (ABA) ont également inhibé la germination de bourgeons isolés et cet effet a été lui aussi renversé par des applications de B.A. Les chromatogrammes suggèrent que l'inhibiteur β est principalement constitué par des composés phénoliques et peut-être par I'ABA comme composant mineur. Le rôle de la B.A. dans l'inhibition de la germination des bulbes de C. rotundus est discuté. Knospenhemmung der Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. durch Hemmstoff β oder Abscisinsäure und die Umkehrung dieser Effekte durch N-6-Benzylmlenin Die saure Fraktion aus methanolischen Extrakten von Cyperus rotundus L.-Knollen enthielten Hemmstoffe, die im folgenden als Hemmstoff β bezeichnet werden. Hemmstoff β hemmte das Sprossen isolierter C. rotundus-Knospen und die Streckung von Weizenkoleoptilen. Die Hemmung der Knospensprossung durch Hemmstoff β wurde durch An-wendung von N-6-Benzyladenin (BA) aufgehoben. Abscisinsäure (ABA) hemmte auch das Sprossen isolierter Knospen; durch BA wurde es auf ähnliche Weise aufgehoben. Der chromatographische Befund deutet darauf hin. Daß Hemmstoff β sich hauptsächlich aus phenolischen Verbindungen zusammensetzt und möglicherweise in gering-em Unfang ABA enthält. Die Rolle von BA auf die Förderung der Keimung von C. rotundus-Knollen wird diskutiert. 相似文献
17.
微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。 相似文献
18.
Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc)) can cause yield loss and trade restrictions. The pathogen is dispersed in rain splash and spread is promoted by wind. The goal of this study was to gain some insight into the properties of short‐distance splash dispersal of Xcc from ～1·5 m‐tall cankered grapefruit canopies in turbulent wind, common during rainstorms in Florida. Turbulent wind up to 19·9 m s?1 was tested in five experiments. Bacteria flux density (BFD, bacteria cm?2 min?1) was quantified at heights of 30, 70, 110, 130 and 180 cm above ground, and at four horizontal points (17, 51, 85 and 119 cm) at each height across the direction of the wind 1 m downwind. BFD varied among experiments, but the lowest BFDs were consistently detected at the greatest sample height. Despite differences between experiments, the relationship between log BFD and sample height was consistently described by a linear function (P = 0·06–<0·0001, R2 = 0·75–>0·99). The BFD collected at the horizontal points across the wind path was variable. BFDs collected were sometimes significantly different, but no relationship was discernible. Stronger, turbulent wind resulted in greater BFD, with a linear function describing the relationship between log BFD and wind speed (P = 0·2–0·02, R2 = 0·94–0·96). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated predictability of the proportion of total bacteria collected (F = 141, P < 0·0001, d.f. = 3, R2 = 0·53). 相似文献
19.
于2021—2022年开展大田裂区试验,以灌水量为主区,3个灌水量分别为3 750 m3·hm-2（W1）、4 500 m3·hm-2（W2）、5 250 m3·hm-2（W3）,栽培方式为副区,2种方式分别为垄作（B1）、平作（B2）,探索不同灌水量和栽培方式对河西荒漠化地区菊芋产量、品质和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增大,0~20 cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈下降趋势,而速效钾含量先上升后下降,其中W2B1处理表现最佳;W2B1处理菊芋株高、茎粗、单株块茎数、单株块茎质量和产量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为1.94%~19.79%、2.71%~28.87%、8.22%~31.68%、12.22%~57.81%和12.31%~58.01%。W1B1处理菊芋块茎总糖、还原糖、可溶性糖和菊糖含量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为7.25%~18.19%、1.35%~6.19%、4.20%~39.67%和7.58%~19.10%。菊糖含量表现为W1B1>W2B1>W2B2>W1B2>W3B2>W3B1,灌水量增大不利于菊糖在块茎中积累;相同灌水定额下,垄作方式比平作更有利于块茎菊糖积累。通过主成分分析综合评价不同处理对菊芋产量和品质以及土壤养分含量的影响发现,灌水量4 500 m3·hm-2配合垄作方式效果最佳,灌水量5 250 m3·hm-2配合平作方式效果最差。 相似文献
20.
Fundamental to the development of models to predict the spread of cucurbit downy mildew is the ability to determine the escape of Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia from infected fields. Aerial concentrations of sporangia, C (sporangia m?3), were monitored using Rotorod samplers deployed at 0·5 to 3·0 m above a naturally infected cucumber canopy in two sites in central and eastern North Carolina in 2011, where disease severity ranged from 1 to 40%. Standing crop of sporangia was assessed each morning at 07·00 h EDT and ranged from 320 to 16 170 sporangia m?2. Disease severity and height above the canopy significantly (P < 0·0001) affected C with mean concentration (Cm) being high at moderate disease. Values of Cm decreased rapidly with canopy height and at a height of 2·0 m, Cm was only 7% of values measured at 0·5 m when disease was moderate. Daily total flux (FD) was dependent on disease severity and ranged from 5·9 to 2242·3 sporangia m?2. The fraction of available sporangia that escaped the canopy increased from 0·028 to 0·171 as average wind speed above the canopy for periods of high C increased from 1·7 to 3·6 m s?1. Variations of Cm and FD with increasing disease were well described (P < 0·0001) by a log‐normal model with 15% as the threshold above which Cm and FD decreased as disease severity increased. These results indicate that disease severity should be used to adjust sporangia escape in spore transport simulation models that are used to predict the risk of spread of cucurbit downy mildew. 相似文献