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1.
抗生素2507对蔬菜卵菌病害的防治作用及稳定性研究   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
应用防治黄瓜苗期疫病生物测定法对分离获得的1368个放线菌菌株进行初步筛选。把防治效果达80 %以上的菌株作为初筛入选菌株 ,结果选出16个菌株进入复筛 ;然后对其产生的抗生素2507在温室进行防治黄瓜疫病试验和田小区防治小白菜霜霉病试验。结果表明 ,抗生素2507在温室人工接菌情况下 ,防治黄瓜疫病的效果可达95%以上 ,田间小区防治小白菜霜霉病的效果达到87.5%。抗生素2507具有较好的稳定性 ,能耐酸碱和储存  相似文献   

2.
水稻纹枯病生防细菌筛选及其与病原菌侵染垫形成的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为筛选对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani具有拮抗作用的生防细菌,利用稀释涂布平板法,从吉林省水稻纹枯病样中分离筛选出对立枯丝核菌AG-1A具有高拮抗活性的生防菌株,通过gyrB基因序列分析鉴定其分类地位,并采用离体侵染试验和温室防治试验测定筛选生防菌株对水稻纹枯病的防效,在显微镜下观察生防菌株预处理后接种...  相似文献   

3.
油菜菌核病内生拮抗细菌的筛选及防病作用研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
以油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum为靶标菌,测定了63株内生细菌对其菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:在所有供试菌株中,除1株未表现出抑菌活性外,其余菌株均有抑菌作用,其中有6.3％的菌株抑菌带大于10 mm,7株细菌可完全抑制病原菌的菌核形成,1株细菌可完全抑制菌核萌发;此外,结合生物测定结果,从中筛选到1株对油菜菌核病的高效生防菌株Em7,其无菌培养滤液对温室苗期油菜菌核病的防治效果可达97.5％。通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,认为该菌株属于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。于接种病菌前后不同时间喷施菌株Em7无菌培养滤液,对油菜菌核病均有防治效果,但防效之间差异显著,以接种病菌前24 h喷施防效最高。原液及不同稀释度无菌培养滤液对菌丝生长、菌核萌发及病害防治的效果明显不同,随着稀释度的增加,其抑菌效果降低。显微观察结果表明,菌株Em7对油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长与发育会产生明显影响,可致使菌丝畸形、皱缩及细胞质外渗。  相似文献   

4.
为了有效防治黄瓜的土传病害,本文从黄瓜根际土壤中分离得到256株细菌,利用平板对峙试验筛选到一株拮抗菌ZM-1。通过形态、生理生化和分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定,测定菌株产生的抑菌物质。通过正交实验法与单因素法对菌株进行发酵优化,并通过盆栽试验测定菌株防病能力。结果表明,菌株ZM-1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa,该菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumebrium 和黄瓜疫病菌Phytophthora drechsleri的抑制率分别为62.80%和65.58%。该菌株可以产生纤维素酶、铁载体等多种抑菌物质。经过最佳发酵优化,菌株发酵液菌含量可达到1×1010 cfu/mL以上。最适发酵培养基配方为蔗糖5 g/L、胰蛋白胨10 g/L、K2HPO4 10 g/L,发酵条件温度25 ℃、pH 7.5、时间48 h、接种量2%。盆栽试验表明,菌株ZM-1对黄瓜枯萎病和黄瓜疫病的防效分别为53.97%和51.11%。本研究表明拮抗菌ZM-1在防治黄瓜土传病害方面具有开发应用的潜力。  相似文献   

5.
银杏内生细菌防治辣椒疫病研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
从健康银杏植株叶片中分离到108 株内生细菌,通过平板测试从中筛选获得35 株对辣椒疫霉菌Phytophthora capsici具有拮抗作用的菌株.温室盆栽试验证明,菌株 Zy44、Fy11、Hy7、Hy14 和 Zy25 对辣椒疫病防效显著,其中Zy44 和 Fy11 发酵液在辣椒疫霉菌接种 20 d 后防效分别为 62%和 52.33%;经形态观察、生理生化特征测试、16S rDNA序列和gyrB基因序列分析,鉴定这两个菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;其发酵滤液及酸沉淀获得的脂肽类抑菌物质对盆栽辣椒苗疫病的防治试验结果表明,菌株 Zy44 的防效高于 Fy11,且脂肽类物质的防效高于发酵滤液;显微镜观察发现菌株 Zy44的脂肽类抑菌物质可导致辣椒疫霉菌菌丝体膨大, 分枝增多, 成簇状,并显著抑制孢子囊的形成.  相似文献   

6.
黄瓜细菌性角斑病病原菌与寄主范围鉴定   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
 黄瓜角斑病近年在我国北方数省危害甚重,迫切要求开展防治研究。为了对此病进行准确诊断和明确其寄主范围,作者于1985—86年在北京市、内蒙古自治区和辽宁省等地的黄瓜病株上,分离到10个细菌菌株。经过致病性测定以及细菌革兰氏染色反应、形态学特征、培养性状、生理生化特性和血清学反应鉴定,确定这10个细菌菌株为黄瓜角斑病病原菌,即丁香假单胞菌黄瓜角斑病致病变种[Pseudomonas syringae pv.lachrymans (Smith and Bryan) Young,Dye and Wilkie,1978]。人工接种试验证明,该病菌除侵染黄瓜外,还能中度侵染葫芦以及轻度侵染甜瓜,西葫芦和丝瓜.  相似文献   

7.
针对黄瓜细菌性软腐病发生严重且难以防治的问题,本研究以活体防治效果为指标,筛选更加有利于田间应用的高效生防菌株。采用梯度稀释法分离纯化病害发生严重地块的健康黄瓜植株根际中的细菌菌株,再利用双层培养法筛选到6株黄瓜细菌性软腐病菌拮抗菌株,最终通过喷雾接种法筛选得到能够有效防治黄瓜细菌性软腐病的生防菌株ZF390,其防效可达77.94%,且该菌株能够有效抑制8种病原细菌的生长,抑菌谱广。结合形态学特征、生理生化特性和多位点序列分型分析,鉴定菌株ZF390为皮尔瑞俄类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus peoriae。采用单因素试验对菌株ZF390摇瓶发酵工艺进行优化,最终发酵液菌体浓度提高了4个数量级,可达2.94×109 CFU/mL。菌株ZF390是一株能够有效防治黄瓜细菌性软腐病的生防菌株,具有进一步开发成生防制剂的应用潜力。  相似文献   

8.
通过测定菌体及胞外分泌物抑茵活性,从354株苦豆子内生细菌中筛选出对黄瓜枯萎病、番茄枯萎病和茄子枯萎病病菌有较强颉颃活性的菌株.对抗菌活性显著的KDB342菌株的胞外抑菌物质进行了初步研究.结果表明,KDB342株胞外分泌物抑菌活性、最高稀释倍数为100倍;其抑菌物质具有一定的热稳定性,100℃处理10 min仍有部分抑菌活性,120 ℃则完全丧失活性;其抗茵活性物质为蛋白类物质,可通过(NH4)2SO4盐析和浓缩,75%硫酸铵提取的粗蛋白抗菌活性最强.  相似文献   

9.
棉铃疫病生防细菌筛选、鉴定及制剂防治效果   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
为有效防治由苎麻疫霉Phytophthora boehmeriae引起的棉铃疫病,采用平板对峙培养法、离体试验和田间小区试验对棉花、玉米、番茄、黄瓜等作物根围细菌进行筛选,结合形态学观察、16S rDNA序列分析及Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统对筛选出的生防细菌进行分类鉴定,并通过离体试验对优秀生防菌2种制剂的防治效果进行评价。拮抗细菌初筛试验结果表明,在供试的1 250株作物根围细菌中,399株细菌菌株有良好的抑菌能力,其中40株拮抗细菌菌株抑菌率在80.00%以上,菌株HMB22922抑菌能力突出,对棉铃疫病菌的抑菌率为85.71%,抑菌带宽10.0 mm。室内筛选试验结果表明,菌株HMB22922、HMB23917和HMB21405的病情指数显著低于空白对照,与化学药剂对照间差异不显著,人工接种苎麻疫霉5 d和7 d后,3株菌株对棉铃疫病的防治效果分别为73.92%、69.58%、56.54%和81.34%、66.67%、64.60%。田间筛选试验结果表明,菌株HMB22922培养液对棉铃疫病的田间防治效果为47.12%～58.64%,优于其它2株供试菌株,与化学药剂的防治效果相当且防治效果稳定。生防菌株HMB22922经形态学观察、序列分析和和微生物鉴定系统被鉴定为萎缩芽胞杆菌Bacillus atrophaeus。人工接种苎麻疫霉5、7和12 d时,以菌株HMB22922为有效成分的2.5′109 CFU/mL萎缩芽胞杆菌悬浮剂的防治效果分别为86.33%、78.66%和64.44%,均优于其相同菌量培养液的防治效果。  相似文献   

10.
在2007-2008年的一项温室测验中,10株黄瓜幼苗内生真菌表现出了对南方根结线虫较好的防效,为了阐明其作用方式,用裂根试验设计研究了10个菌株诱导黄瓜产生根结线虫抗性的能力.同一植株的根系被分为彼此隔离的挑战根系和应答根系,镰刀菌Fusarium spp.菌株Fu234和Fu654、毛壳菌Chaetomium sp.菌株Ch1001、叶点霉Phyllosticta sp.菌株Ph511在挑战根系中接种后,应答根系中的线虫入侵总数显著降低,较对照分别降低了42.4％、35.7％、38.4％、23.6％(第1次测定)和63.6％、45.2％、51.0％、37.0％(重复测定),这4个菌株诱导了黄瓜对根结线虫入侵的抗性.同时,Fu234、Fu654、Ch1001和拟青霉Paecilomyces sp.菌株Pa972接种后应答根系中的卵与雌虫的比值显著减少,相比对照其比值分别降低了24.3％、37.7％、48.3％、21.2％(第1次测定)和21.6％、39.8％、30.0％、46.2％(重复测定),这4个菌株诱导了黄瓜对根结线虫繁殖的抗性.  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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