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1.
通过对石漠化地区8 a生芳樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林测定分析,结果表明:芳樟的树高、胸径及材积生长规律均呈现出前期缓慢、后期快速的特性,造林第4年后胸径生长进入速生期,第5年后树高快速生长,材积生长的速生期则出现在第6年;估算芳樟单位面积纤维材产量达24.32 t/hm2,芳樟油95.67 kg/hm2,单位面积产值达18080元/hm2;枯落物蓄积量为5.57 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量达6.36 t/hm2,高于相同立地的任豆(Zenia insignis)和苏木(Caesalpinia sappan). 相似文献
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Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Douglas A. Maguire 《Forest Ecology and Management》1994,70(1-3):41-53
Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m−2 crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha−1 for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes. 相似文献
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With the soaring cost and scarcity at times of inorganic fertilizers in the country, there is a need to find alternatives
to inorganic fertilizers by making use of indigenous materials such as leaves of leguminous plants, mudpress, and so enhance
growth and development of crops. Application of ‘ipil-ipil’ (Leucaena leucocephala) green manure supplemented with inorganic
P and K caused vigorous growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Application of ipil-ipil biomass at the rate of 7.23 t ha−1
resulted in high yield and better values of yield components of cassava. However, due to high expenses incurred in hauling,
transport and cost of the green manure materials, their use is likely to be more economical and feasible only if ipil-ipil
is readily available in the farm. With taro (Colocasia esculenta), combined application of ipil-ipil green manure and inorganic
P and K promoted vigorous stand and higher yield of the crop. Significantly larger corms were formed resulting in higher total
corm yields and marketability than the control (untreated) and those treated only with 60–39.6–74.7 kg ha−1 N, P, and K from
inorganic fertilizer. Increasing the rate of inorganic N applied to plants (90–36.9–74.7 kg ha−1 N, P, K) during a third cropping,
gave comparable yield to treatment involving 7.23 t ha−1 ipil-ipil supplemented with inorganic P and K. Despite the relatively
higher gross income obtained from organic and inorganic treatment combinations, slightly lower net income was obtained compared
with inorganic fertilizer-applied plants due to higher production expenses incurred with the former treatments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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以黄檗3 a生幼树为材料,对不同栽植密度的生物量进行研究,结果表明:栽植当年和翌年秋季的成活率与保存率分别为92%和91%。不同株距树高、地径生长量均达到极显著差异(P0.01),树高、地径生长量从大到小顺序依次为株距0.5 m1 m0.3 m1.5 m;而不同行距对树高、地径生长量均无影响。采用一元生物量模型计算生物量,总生物量最大的种植密度为33 300株·hm~(-2)(株行距0.3 m×1.0 m),可产生干物质3 930.06 kg·hm~(-2);最小的为3 300株·hm~(-2)(株行距1.5 m×2.0 m),干物质仅为344.08 kg·hm~(-2)。 相似文献
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Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands. 相似文献
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毛竹林施用双氰胺渣肥试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
双氰胺渣是化工厂生产双氰胺过程的剩余物。本试验利用双氰胺废渣对衰败低产毛竹林进行施肥,采用3种施肥处理试验结果表明:每公顷施渣肥1125kg加复合肥225kg,年增鲜笋57.6％,新竹增产101.4％;单施渣肥2250kg/hm~2,年增鲜笋49.3％,新竹增产102.8％。单施渣肥成本低,经济效益好,年增收入381元/hm~2,说明利用双氰胺废渣改造毛竹低产林,既增产增收又避免环境污染,变废为宝,具有重要的开发利用价值。 相似文献
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K. K. Islam G. M. M. Rahman A. T. M. Rafiqul Hoque 《林业研究》2006,17(1):44-46
本文比较研究了10种水稻害虫在3个树种(Akashmoni,Jhau和Albida)与稻子混栽的农-林复合生态系统中的发生情况,通过3个树种的冠幅大小、透光率以及害虫发生程度相比较,提出农-林复合生态系统中,水稻害虫的发生与树冠的透光率呈密切的负相关关系。 相似文献
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早园竹早出高产留种竹技术试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
早园竹早出高产留种竹试验结果表明,采用配方施肥(每年分别在11～12月、2～3月、5～6月、9月、11月施肥,每公顷共施尿素1500～1800kg,氯化钾375～450kg,钙镁磷肥300～375kg,有机畜肥45000～60000kg),同时以竹叶、砻糠、竹叶稻草,砻糠稻草4种材料覆盖早竹地,与试验前相比,产量和产值分别增长240.12％和15.2倍,投入与产出比为1:9.55,最高达1:16.18,效益十分显著。 相似文献
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Nutrient release from plant residues can be manipulated as per crop demand through several approaches. A pot study was conducted
to study the influence of incorporation of leaf litter of poplar (Populus deltoides), eucalypt (Eucalyptus hybrid) and dek (Melia azedarach) inoculated with cellulolytic fungus culture (Aspergillus awamori) on the nutrition and biomass of wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. PBW 343) in loamy sand and sandy loam soils. The residual effect of leaf litter after wheat harvest was studied on sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor, cv. Punjab Sudax Chari 1). The treatments consisted of a control (no leaf litter) and three uninoculated as well as inoculated
leaf litter levels of tree species–0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% (w/w, dry weight basis). A uniform dose of N, P and K @ 50, 11 and
10 mg kg−1 soil, respectively from inorganic fertilizers was applied to all the treated pots. Straw and grain yield, and nutrient content
of wheat increased with increasing level of uninoculated or inoculated leaf litter in both the soils. The inoculated leaf
litter augmented the yield and nutrient content of crop significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to the corresponding uninoculated treatments. Poplar and dek leaf litter produced higher wheat yield,
plant nutrient content and available nutrients in soil after wheat harvest than eucalypt leaf litter. Dry matter yield of
sorghum raised on residual fertility increased significantly with increasing levels of leaf litter application. The comparative
responses in yield and nutrient content of crops were higher in loamy sand than in the sandy loam soil. The study shows the
beneficial influence of use of cellulolytic microorganisms on enhancement in decomposition and nutrient release from litterfall
of tree species. 相似文献
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In recent years, Eucalyptus globulus planted along field boundaries has come to dominate the central highland landscape of Ethiopia. Although evidence is scanty,
there is a perception that this practice adversely affects crop productivity. An on-farm trial was conducted on Pellic Vertisol
at Ginchi to determine the production potential of eucalypt boundaries and their effect on the productivity of adjacent crops
of tef (Eragrostis tef) and wheat (Triticum sp.). The experiment comprised three stand ages, four field aspects and six distances from the tree-crop interface, using
a split-split plot design with three replicates. Wood production rates ranged between 168 kg ha−1 y−1 (four years old) and 2901 kg ha−1 y−1 (twelve years). Thus eucalypt boundaries planted on a hectare of land would satisfy 50 to 75% of the annual biomass energy
requirement of a rural household of five persons. Significant depression of tef and wheat yields occurred over the first 12m
from the tree line: the reduction was 20 to 73% for tef and 20 to 51% for wheat, equivalent to yield losses of 4.4 to 26%
and 4.5 to 10% per hectare respectively. Nevertheless, in financial terms, the tree component adequately compensated for crop
yield reduction and even generated additional income. Therefore, eucalypt boundaries have great potential to satisfy the rising
demand for wood, without requiring a major change in land use on the highland Vertisols. The greater availability of wood
will reduce the demand for dung and crop residues for fuel, and thus may contribute to improved soil management on croplands
while relieving the increasing pressure on indigenous forest and woodlands. 相似文献
12.
The present paper deals with C and N storage in soil and vegetation, litter fall and CO2 efflux from the soil 32–33 years after early thinning in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand in order to evaluate the effect of thinning regime on C sequestration. At 22 years old, the stand was reduced from 3190 to 2070, 1100 and 820 trees per hectare in four replicates. The N2070 treatment represents the recommended start density in practical forestry, while the other represent a moderate to large reduction in tree number at the present stand age. Aboveground biomass was estimated from single tree measurements of diameter and height based on allometric functions. Litter fall was collected during one and a half years and soil respiration was measured on five occasions during one summer. Ground vegetation was mapped and sampled for biomass, C and N determination. A significant decrease in aboveground tree (including stump-root system) C storage of 27% and 22% due to thinning was found in the N820 and N1100 treatments, respectively, compared to the N2070 treatment. Ground vegetation C storage was little affected by treatment, while litter fall C showed a non-significant decrease in the N820 and N1100 treatments compared to the N2070 treatment. Soil respiration was significantly lower in parts of the summer in the N2070 treatment compared to the N820 treatment. The reason for this is still unexplained since no differences in soil temperature, soil moisture or litter fall chemistry was found between the treatments. No significant treatment effects on humus and mineral soil C storage could be detected. With the present soil variability, the time period of 32 years is probably too short to detect soil C differences due to thinning. The N storage followed the same pattern as for C. 相似文献
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《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,95(3):261-274
Stemwood growth, needle weight and nutrient concentrations in needles after liming and nitrogen fertilization were studied in two randomized block trials. The treatments were a single application of 500 kg lime per hectare, 1000 kg limer per hectare, 150 kg N per hectare and combinations of the two compounds. The trials are situated in the southern part of Sweden on mesic mineral soils. One of the experiments was located in 32–55-year-old highly productive Picea abies stands and the other in a 31-year-old Pinus sylvestris stand.As calculated by growth-ring analysis, liming alone did not significantly affect the growth during a 10-year period following treatment. Nitrogen fertilization increased growth in pine, but not in spruce. Lime in combination with N gave about the same effect in pine as the pure N treatment, whereas lime and N interacted in spruce and resulted in increased stemwood growth.Current-year needles were sampled during the winter, weighed and analysed for nutrient concentrations. In the N-treated plots the N concentration increased in both tree species, whereas the needle weight increased only in pine. In two cases, lower concentrations were indicated. In the first, there was a tendency of decreased N concentrations in spruce needles after liming. In the second, the magnesium concentrations decreased in needles of both species, especially in the treatments that included nitrogen. The concentrations of the measured nutrients were never below levels considered to imply a severe deficiency. 相似文献
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[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。 相似文献
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Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8
m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds
250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly
regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry
summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize
moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation.
The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint.
Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop
per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years,
yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned
was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of
forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is
possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621
kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once.
Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood.
It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen,
provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought.
This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8). 相似文献