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1.
水氮供应对滴灌施肥条件下黄瓜生长及水分利用的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  
【目的】针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水施肥不合理等问题,通过研究不同水氮供应对温室黄瓜生长、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率的影响,以期科学地对水肥进行调控,为实际生产提供参考依据。【方法】利用温室小区试验,以‘博耐9-1’黄瓜为试材,设置3个灌水水平：低水W1（60%ET0）、中水W2（80% ET0）和高水W3（100% ET0）,全生育期灌水量分别为126、152和177 mm;4个施氮水平：无氮N0（0）、低氮N1（180 kg·hm-2）、中氮N2（360 kg·hm-2）和高氮N3（540 kg·hm-2）,共12个处理。在生育期内对黄瓜的各生长指标进行观测,并统计产量及产量构成因素。【结果】除茎粗外,灌水量与施氮量对黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、干物质量、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率（irrigation water use efficiency,IWUE）及水分利用效率（Water use efficiency,WUE）都有显著影响。灌水量与黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、瓜条数、单果重及产量有显著正相关作用,而施氮量对黄瓜生长及产量的影响则因施氮量的不同表现出不同变化趋势。其株高、叶面积指数随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低,并在N2处理中获得最大值。干物质量变化趋势略有不同,表现为在W1水平下,干物质量在N2处理中获得最大值,而在N3水平下略有下降,且N2与N3之间差异不显著,其余灌水水平下则随着施氮量的增加表现为不同程度的增加。黄瓜产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加到N2水平时,继续增加施氮量,其增产效果在不同灌水水平下表现为不同趋势,即在W1、W2水平下,施氮量增加至N2水平后继续增加时,产量之间无显著性差异;而在W3处理下,N3比N2水平增产8.4%,差异显著。灌水量对IWUE有显著负相关作用,在W1水平下获得最大值,为41.33 kg·m-2,而灌水量对WUE的影响则表现为先增加后减少的趋势,在W2水平下获得最大值,为55.82 kg·m-2。施氮量对IWUE表现为正相关作用,而对于WUE则因施氮量不同表现出不同的变化趋势,在W1和W2水平下,WUE随施氮量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在N2水平获得最大值,分别为52.34 kg·m-2、55.82 kg·m-2;W3水平下,WUE则随施氮量的增加显著增加。其中,在W3N3处理下获得最大产量,但其水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率明显低于W2水平,且W2N2相比于W3N3灌水量减少16.7%,施氮量减少33%,而产量仅减少11.3%,且IWUE提高6.5%,WUE提高11.1%。通过产量与生长指标（株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质量）间的通径分析可知,干物质量和叶面积指数对黄瓜产量的增加具有重要作用,可分别作为黄瓜高产的第一指标和第二指标。【结论】合理的减少灌水量与施氮量不仅能维持黄瓜较好的生长特性,而且能获得较大的经济效益。综合产量与节水节肥因素,W2N2处理（80% ET0,360 kg N·hm-2）可作为较适宜的水氮组合。  相似文献   

2.
为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术,基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水,生育期内不灌水),在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验.试验设置4种施氮处理,分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1);冬小麦1...  相似文献   

3.
为明确内蒙古中西部地区春玉米种植的适宜滴灌水量,以2018年内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院试验基地开始的长期定位试验为基础,设置312(W1)、645(W2)、945(W3)、1 275(W4)、1 605 m3/hm2(W5)及雨养无灌溉(W0)6个不同滴灌水量处理,测定2019和2020年各处理玉米不同生育时期0—60 cm土层土壤水分特征及产量差异。结果表明,随滴灌水量的增加,玉米全生育时期耗水量逐渐增加,其经济产量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,灌溉水利用效率随滴灌水量的增加而逐渐降低;其中W4的产量和水分利用效率综合表现优于其他处理。2019年玉米最高经济产量为16 952.9 kg/hm2,2020年为16 802.84 kg/hm2,2年均以W4最高;2019年W4经济产量显著高于其他处理,2020年W4的经济产量分别比W0和W5高77.2%和7.3%。2019年W4的水分利用效率显著高于W5,位于第三位;2020年W4的水分利用效率在所有处理中最高,显著高于W0、W1和W5,但与W2、W3无显著差异。综上,在内蒙古中西部地区,采用1 275 m3/hm2的滴灌水量可有效提高春玉米产量及水分利用效率。  相似文献   

4.
Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.  相似文献   

5.
滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响   总被引：40，自引：3，他引：40  
【目的】水肥是限制作物增产的两大因子,不合理的灌溉与施氮不仅难于增加产量,还会增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积、降低作物品质及水氮利用效率。针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水和施肥存在的问题,通过滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量品质和水氮利用的影响,研究滴灌施肥条件下温室番茄高产优质高效的灌水施肥制度。【方法】通过温室番茄小区试验,设常规沟灌施肥（100%ET0,N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2）以及3个滴灌水量（高水W1：100%ET0、中水W2：75%ET0、低水W3：50%ET0）和3个施肥水平（高肥F1：N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2、中肥F2：N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2、低肥F3：N120-P2O560-K2O75 kg·hm-2）,共10个处理,分析番茄生长产量、品质、土壤硝态氮分布以及水氮吸收利用对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应规律。【结果】与常规沟灌施肥相比,滴灌施肥增加番茄产量31.04 t·hm-2、干物质量3 208 kg·hm-2和总氮吸收量73.13 kg·hm-2,增幅分别为46.9%、54.0%和82.4%,同时增加果实中维生素C（Vc）含量61.8%;降低土壤中硝态氮含量;水分利用效率（WUE）和氮肥利用率（NUE）分别增加46.4%和76.5%。滴灌施肥条件下,W1F2处理总干物质量最大（9 248 kg·hm-2）,产量和植株氮素吸收量均与灌水量和施肥量正相关,增加施肥量带来的增产效应大于灌水,且W1F2处理产量和氮素吸收量增加幅度最大。增加灌水量,降低施肥量,WUE逐渐下降,NUE逐渐上升,W3F1处理WUE最大（47.7 kg·m-3）,W1F3处理NUE最大（65.6%）,且W3F2处理的WUE和W1F2处理的NUE增加幅度明显大于其他处理。土壤中硝态氮含量受灌水、施肥以及水肥交互效应影响显著,随灌水量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,随施肥量的增加逐渐增大,在滴头正下方没有明显累积,在湿润土体的横向边缘产生累积,W1F2处理土壤中硝态氮含量较小,分布更均匀。增大灌水量显著降低番茄Vc、番茄红素和可溶性糖含量以及营养累积量;增大施肥量,品质含量以及营养累积量呈先增大后降低的趋势;W3F2处理获得最大的Vc和番茄红素含量及营养累积量,最大的可溶性糖含量及较大的营养累积量。【结论】温室番茄滴灌施肥技术能够达到高产优质和高效的目的,当追求产量和氮肥利用率时,高水中肥（W1F2：100%ET0,N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2）处理能获得较高的产量和NUE以及较低的土壤硝态氮含量;当追求品质和水分利用效率时,低水中肥（W3F2：50%ET0,N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2）处理获得最大的维生素C、可溶性糖和番茄红素含量以及较高的水分利用效率。  相似文献   

6.
节水减氮对温室土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡的影响   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  
【目的】针对日光温室蔬菜生产中肥水超量施用问题,以提高氮肥利用率和实现温室菜田可持续利用为目标,研究节水减氮在温室蔬菜生产中的增效潜力,推荐适宜水氮用量。【方法】采用当地典型种植茬口冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄,在沟灌方式下设计农民习惯灌溉（W1,＞100%田间持水量）和减量灌溉（W2,75%-95%田间持水量）2个灌水水平;农民习惯施氮（N1）、较农民习惯减氮25%（N2）、减氮50%（N3）和无氮（N0）4个氮肥水平,对应黄瓜季施氮1 200、900、600和0 kg·hm-2,番茄季施氮 900、675、450和0 kg·hm-2,共W1N1、W2N2、W2N3、W1N0和W2N0 5个水氮用量组合处理,3年6季定位研究蔬菜关键生育期0-100 cm土体硝态氮动态变化,分析氮素平衡和经济效益,推荐合理水氮用量。【结果】农民习惯水氮管理W1N1处理土壤硝态氮积累明显,并向土壤深层迁移。节水减氮W2N3处理3年0-60 cm土层硝态氮供应保持在相对适宜水平,平均硝态氮含量为53.3-80.9 mg·kg-1;0-100 cm土体硝态氮未出现明显积累,平均含量较W1N1处理下降13.9%-31.1%;氮素表观损失下降56%,氮肥利用率提高2.4-3.3个百分点,并保持较高的经济效益。依据0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量与产量之间的显著回归关系,获得最佳产量土壤硝态氮含量黄瓜为37.4-72.9 mg·kg-1,番茄应低于90 mg·kg-1。根据蔬菜氮素需求量和关键生长期适宜的土壤硝态氮含量,结合根区土壤水分监测,推荐与供试条件相近的温室,沟灌冬春茬黄瓜产量160-180 t·hm-2下灌水450-550 mm配合施氮600 kg·hm-2较适宜,秋冬茬番茄产量70-80 t·hm-2时灌水170-200 mm配合施氮250 kg·hm-2较适宜。分析水氮减施增效原因为：节水20%-30%使土壤硝态氮趋近根区分布,节氮50%降低土壤剖面硝态氮积累,节水20%-30%配合减氮50%将根区硝态氮供应维持在适宜水平的同时,降低进入损失途径的氮素,从而实现增效。【结论】华北平原沟灌温室黄瓜-番茄农民生产现状节水减氮潜力较大。优化水分管理是实现氮肥减施增效的关键,在合理灌水量下,推荐适宜的施氮量是水氮减施增效的有效措施。较农民习惯管理节水20%-30%配合减氮50%,能有效降低氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率,保持较高经济效益。  相似文献   

7.
Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.  相似文献   

8.
水氮运筹对两种穗型小麦品种产量的效益分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在大田条件下,研究了灌水(W)和施氮量(N)对大穗型品种豫麦66与多穗型品种豫麦49产量的影响.结果表明,增加灌水次数和施氮量对两品种穗数及穗粒数均有促进作用,以W2(灌两水)、W3(灌三水)和N2(225 kg/hm2)、N3(300 kg/hm2)处理较高.氮肥对千粒质量的影响豫麦66为以N2处理最高,继续增施氮肥反而降低,而豫麦49则随施氮量增加而降低.豫麦66灌水次数与千粒质量间呈负相关,而豫麦49的为正.两品种产量表现为W2>W3>W1(灌一水)和N2>N3或N1(150 kg/hm2)>N0(0 kg/hm2),W2N2处理为最佳水氮组合.根据水氮投入和产量结果建立产量与氮肥和灌水的回归方程,水氮均有显著的增产作用,但氮素效应大于水分.豫麦66表现出水氮正交互效应,而豫麦49为负.在拔节期灌一水,豫麦66和豫麦49的最佳施氮量分别为190.8 kg/hm2和373.8 kg/hm2,其产量分别为5 773.2 kg/hm2和7 259.7 kg/hm2.在灌二水下豫麦66和豫麦49的最佳施氮量分别为202.5 kg/hm2和325.4 kg/hm2,产量为6 055.3 kg/hm2和7 633.1 kg/hm2,继续增加灌水,由于水氮投入增加和产量降低而导致经济效益降低.因此,水氮管理方案的制定,应依据当地生产条件并结合品种特性等因素进行.  相似文献   

9.
水氮耦合对设施土壤温室气体排放的影响   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
为探究水氮耦合对设施土壤温室气体排放的影响,基于连续5年的设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,比较分析了水氮耦合对土壤N_2O、CO_2和CH_4排放通量和累积排放量的影响,并估算了温室气体的全球增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的差异。田间小区试验设置不同灌水下限(W1:25 kPa、W2:35 kPa、W3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N1:75 kg N·hm~(-2)、N_2:300 kg N·hm~(-2)、N3:525kg N·hm~(-2))组合共9个处理。结果表明:设施土壤N_2O和CO_2排放通量受灌水施肥时期的影响,施肥后N_2O排放通量呈增加趋势,高灌水量(低灌水下限25 kPa)促进N_2O和CO_2排放。CH_4的排放通量表现为中等和强变异的特点。除水氮交互对CO_2累积排放总量和施氮量对CH_4累积排放总量影响不显著外,灌水下限、施氮量和水氮交互作用对N_2O、CO_2、CH_4累积排放总量、GWP、GHGI和番茄产量的影响显著或极显著。随氮肥用量的增加,N_2O累积排放总量增加。N_2O和CO_2累积排放总量与GWP之间均达到极显著正相关,且各处理N_2O对GWP平均贡献率为5.25%,CO_2为94.59%。适当减少氮肥用量和增加灌水下限能够有效地降低温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖。W2N1处理是本研究中减缓温室气体排放并提高番茄产量的最佳水氮管理措施。  相似文献   

10.
底墒对夏玉米生长发育、水分利用及产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
利用郑单958为材料,探讨播种时底墒差异对夏玉米生长发育、水分利用及产量的影响,以确定适宜的灌水量.试验设置4个处理,播种后不灌水(CK)、播种后立即灌水30 mm(GS-30)、45 mm(GS-45)、60 mm(GS-60).结果表明:1)6月中旬播种灌溉底墒水有其必要性;2)土壤储水量及水分利用效率在不同处理间存在一定的差异,其中GS-60的土壤储水量最多,WUE的差异不显著;3)播种后不灌水(CK)处理下的出苗率显著低于3个灌溉处理,即CK比灌溉处理低27.8％～30.3％;3叶展时CK处理下单株干物重比GS60显著降低了16％,但与其他处理间无显著差异,6叶展时单株干物重以GS-60显著高于其他处理,而各灌溉处理均显著高于CK.6叶展时各处理功能叶SPAD值存在显著差异,SPAD值随灌溉量的增加而增大;4)随着生育进程推移,底墒对夏玉米的LAI影响逐渐降低,至灌浆中期各处理差异不显著,底墒对夏玉米中后期单株干物重的影响与LAI类似;5)籽粒产量为GS-60产量最高,显著高于CK,而与GS-30,GS-45差异不显著.综上,播种后灌溉有利于玉米出苗率稳定及幼苗建成并促进幼苗生长、最终提高产量;同时,能够在一定程度上增加土壤贮水量.  相似文献   

11.
新疆滴灌冬小麦灌溉量对产量形成与水分利用的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为优化新疆北疆滴灌冬麦区节水灌溉技术,探讨滴灌量对冬小麦产量形成及水分利用的影响,2013—2015年设置0(CK)、900(W1)、1 800(W2)、2 700(W3)、3 600(W4)、4 500(W5)、5 400(W6)、6 300m3/hm2(W7)共8个灌溉量处理,测定不同滴灌量下冬小麦叶面积指数、SPAD值、光合特性、干物质积累、产量及耗水特性的变化。结果表明:各处理冬小麦随生育进程递进LAI均呈现单峰型变化趋势,在孕穗期达到最大,其值以W5最高;叶片最高SPAD值出现时期随滴灌量增加而后延。叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及单茎干物质最大增长速率(Vm)均以W5处理最高。随着滴灌量的增加,冬小麦籽粒产量及水分利用效率(WUE)均呈"先升后降"的变化趋势,W5处理获得最高产量,而W4处理获得最大水分利用效率。因此,在本试验条件下,滴灌量为3 600~4 500m3/hm2的处理为高产高效的最适灌溉水平。  相似文献   

12.
通过盆栽试验,研究了7个不同生育期亏水组合和4种施肥水平对糯玉米生长、总干物质量、干子粒产量和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,与正常灌水相比,中肥水平时拔节前期～孕穗期中度亏水明显降低总耗水量而不显著影响糯玉米总干物质量、干子粒产量和WUE,但是该处理WUE稍高于其它亏水处理。与不施肥相比,施肥明显增加糯玉米孕穗期和开花期叶面积、总干物质量和WUE,并缩短玉米开花至吐丝天数为0.7～1.0 d,其中中肥水平时总干物质量、干子粒产量、WUEt（以干物质为基础）和WUEs（以干子粒产量为基础）分别提高37.7%、50.0%、33.1%和45.1%。因此,中肥水平时（N、P2O5、K2O分别为0.25、0.10、0.25 g·kg-1）糯玉米拔节前期～孕穗期进行中度亏水效果较好。  相似文献   

13.
为探究不同施氮量下春玉米季土壤矿质态氮淋失特征及产量变化,以春玉米为研究对象,设置不同施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm-2,分别用N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,测定了玉米生育期间的土壤氮素淋失动态、玉米产量及氮肥利用率.结果 表明:硝态氮(NO-3-N)是春玉米季旱地土壤矿质态氮淋失的主要形态,占总淋失量的90％～91％;施用基肥和苗期追肥后1～3周出现氮素淋失高峰,是防控氮素淋失的关键时期;随施氮量增加,矿质态氮淋失量呈指数上升趋势,表现为N360(70.46 kg·hm-2)>N270(39.65 kg·hm-2)>N180(26.33 kg·hm-2)>N90(18.55 kg·hm-2)>N0(6.54 kg·hm-2),各处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05).氮肥表观淋失率随施氮量增加呈先降后升趋势,在N180处理下,淋失率最低,为10.99％,较N270、N360处理分别降低1.27、6.76个百分点;玉米籽粒产量先随施氮量增加而显著提高(P<0.05),施氮超过180 kg·hm-2后进入平台期,N180处理下氮肥表观利用率达到最高,较其他处理增加14.50～27.75个百分点.总体来看,该研究区域春玉米的最佳施氮量为180 kg·hm-2,既能稳产也能保肥,同时土壤的氮素淋失率最低.  相似文献   

14.
Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production. Finding ways to improve water use efficiency (WUE) has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture. To understand the response of different maize populations to changes in precipitation and the effects of changes in maize populations on WUE, this study conducted maize population experiments using maize hybrids with different plant types (compact and semi compact) and different planting densities at 25 locations across China. It was found that, as precipitation increased across different locations, maize grain yield first increased and then decreased, while WUE decreased significantly. Analyzing the relationship between WUE and the main climatic factors, this study found that WUE was significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation ($$ (daily mean precipitation) and R (accumulated precipitation)) and was positively correlated with temperature (TM (daily mean maximum temperature), TM–m (Tm, daily mean minimum temperature) and GDD (growing degree days)) and solar radiation ($$ (daily mean solar radiation) and Ra (accumulated solar radiation)) over different growth periods. Significant differences in maize grain yield, WUE and precipitation were found at different planting densities. The population densities were ranked as follows according to maize grain yield and WUE based on the multi-site experiment data: 60 000 plants ha–1 (P2)>90 000 plants ha–1 (P3)>30 000 plants ha–1 (P1). Further analysis showed that, as maize population increased, water consumption increased significantly while soil evaporation decreased significantly. Significant differences were found between the WUE of ZD958 (compact type) and that of LD981 (semi-compact type), as well as among the WUE values at different planting densities. In addition, choosing the optimum hybrid and planting density increased WUE by 21.70 and 14.92%, respectively, which showed that the hybrid played a more significant role than the planting density in improving WUE. Therefore, choosing drought-resistant hybrids could be more effective than increasing the planting density to increase maize grain yield and WUE in northern China. Comprehensive consideration of climatic impacts, drought-resistant hybrids (e.g., ZD958) and planting density (e.g., 60 000 plants ha–1) is an effective way to increase maize grain yield and WUE across different regions of China.  相似文献   

15.
Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (NAL) and leaf N concentration (NL). Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N1), 150 kg N ha−1 (N2), 300 kg N ha−1 (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies (NNI<1) which occurred for N1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of RUE to NNI.  相似文献   

16.
有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率   总被引：46，自引：2，他引：46  
【目的】有机肥替代部分化肥是实现中国化肥零增长的重要技术途径之一。利用在紫色土上8年定位试验研究有机肥氮连续替代化肥氮玉米生产力和氮素吸收利用效率的变化,为紫色土区合理利用有机养分资源和玉米施肥结构的调整提供科学依据。【方法】本试验为8年定位试验,试验施肥模式有5种:不施氮肥对照(CK)、农民常规施肥(FP)、化肥优化施用(OP)、在化肥优化的基础上有机肥(鸡粪)氮替代50%化肥氮(MF)、有机肥(鸡粪)氮替代100%化肥氮(OM)。试验研究了不同施肥处理下玉米产量、生物量和氮素吸收利用的变化。【结果】有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮能够显著增加玉米籽粒产量和生物量。相比常规施肥(FP)、有机肥氮替代100%化肥氮(OM)和化肥优化施用(OP),有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮处理(MF)的8年玉米籽粒平均增产率分别为13.7%、13.5%和12.5%,地上部生物量增产11.3%、7.0%和8.6%。与对照相比,各施肥模式均降低了玉米产量年度变异系数,提高了可持续指数和收获系数,其中有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮(MF)年度变异最小、可持续指数和收获指数最高。有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮促进了玉米对氮的吸收累积和向籽粒的转运。与化肥优化施(OP)和有机肥氮替代100%化肥氮(OM)处理相比,有机肥氮替代50%的化肥氮处理(MF)籽粒中氮素累积吸收量增加7.0%和29.6%,氮的总表观利用率提高2.5个百分点和26.5个百分点。有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮处理(MF)的氮肥偏生产力、氮收获指数和氮肥贡献率分别比OP提高6.2 kg·kg~(-1)、3.5个百分点和6.3个百分点,比OM提高6.6 kg·kg~(-1)、0.8个百分点和5.8个百分点。不同施肥处理每生产1 t玉米对氮素的需求量存在明显差异,化肥优化(OP)和有机肥氮替代50%的化肥氮(MF)处理生产1 t玉米籽粒对氮素的需求量(9.4 kg和10.8 kg)明显低于FP和OM处理(14.5 kg和12.9 kg),提高了氮素的生产效率。【结论】有机肥氮替代50%化肥氮显著提高了玉米经济产量和生物产量,提高了产量的稳定性和可持续性;促进了玉米对氮素的吸收和向籽粒的转运,提高了氮的利用效率。有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是西南紫色土地区玉米增产稳产、氮肥增效的合理施肥方式。  相似文献   

17.
A high crop yield with the minimum possible cost to the environment is generally desirable. However, the complicated relationships among crop production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and environmental impacts must be clearly assessed. We conducted a series of on-farm N application rate experiments to establish the linkage between crop yield and N2O emissions in the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. We also examined crop yield, partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) and reactive N (Nr) losses through a survey of 1 529 and 1 497 smallholder farms that grow wheat and maize, respectively, in the region. The optimum N rates were 175 and 214 kg ha–1 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, thereby achieving the yields of 6 799 and 7 518 kg ha–1, correspondingly, with low N2O emissions based on on-farm N rate experiments. Among the smallholder farms, the average N application rates were 215 and 294 kg ha–1 season–1, thus producing 6 490 and 6 220 kg ha–1 of wheat and maize, respectively. The corresponding PFPN values for the two crops were 36.8 and 21.2 kg N kg–1, and the total N2O emissions were 1.50 and 3.88 kg ha–1, respectively. High N balance, large Nr losses and elevated N2O emissions could be explained by the overdoses of N application and low grain yields under the current farming practice. The crop yields, N application rates, PFPN and total N2O for wheat and maize were 18 and 24% higher, 42 and 37% less, 75 and 116% higher, and 42 and 47% less, correspondingly, in the high-yield and high-PFPN group than in the average smallholder farms. In conclusion, closing the PFPN gap between the current average and the value for the high-yield and high-PFPN group would increase crop production and reduce Nr losses or the total N2O emissions for the investigated cropping system in Northwest China.  相似文献   

18.
【目的】测墒补灌是近年来研究的一种小麦节水灌溉新技术。论文旨在探索测墒补灌与施氮对冬小麦生长的影响,为该区节水、节氮提供依据。【方法】采用漫灌的方式设置测墒补灌和施氮两因素田间试验,补灌设置4个处理,于冬小麦拔节期、开花期依据0-40 cm土层土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌,补灌至土壤田间持水量的50%（W1）、60%（W2）、70%（W3）、80%（W4）。施氮设置4个处理,不施氮（N0）、施纯氮180 kg·hm-2（N180）、240 kg·hm-2（N240）和300 kg·hm-2（N300）。在此处理下研究了测墒补灌和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分、氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】(1)各施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可增加冬小麦籽粒产量,当补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%-80%范围内时,冬小麦籽粒的增产效应差异不显著。各补灌处理下,当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量无显著性变化。本试验条件下当补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%,施氮量为240 kg·hm-2时冬小麦籽粒产量达到最高,为8 104.6 kg·hm-2。(2)增加施氮量和补灌量均可显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当施氮量超过240 kg·hm-2时,施氮的提高效果不显著。补灌量的增加会显著增加麦田总耗水量,但当补灌至土壤田间持水量60%（W2）、70%（W3）时较补灌至80%（W4）处理显著降低耗水量,说明有利于节约灌水而获得较高产量。(3)相同施氮处理下,补灌量的增加可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,当补灌量增至土壤田间持水量的60%时,冬小麦水分利用效率达到最大值,为14.7 kg·hm-2·mm-1。相同补灌处理下,增施氮肥可显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,但施氮量不宜超过240 kg·hm-2,否则将导致水分利用效率降低。(4)相同施氮处理下,应控制补灌量至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦氮素干物质生产效率及氮素利用效率最高,为60.1 kg·kg-1、22.4 kg·kg-1。相同补灌处理下,施氮量应控制在240 kg·hm-2时可获得较高的氮素干物质利用效率及冬小麦氮素利用效率最高,为63.9 kg·kg-1、23.5 kg·kg-1。【结论】本试验条件下当施氮量为240 kg·hm-2、冬小麦拔节期、开花期补灌至土壤田间持水量的60%时冬小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素干物质利用效率、氮素利用效率均最高,为最优的节水、节氮、高产组合,推荐其作为该区域适宜水、氮用量。  相似文献   

19.
Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the grain yield, protein composition, protein quality, starch composition and starch pasting properties of a strong-gluten winter wheat were investigated in a high fertility field. Compared with non-irrigation treatment, grain yields under irrigation treatments were significantly increased, but the content of grain protein, monomeric protein and flour wet gluten was reduced. There were no significant differences in the above parameters between the irrigation treatments. Nitrogen application could significantly increase grain yield under low irrigation frequency (W0 and W1), while the neglected effect on yield was observed with high irrigation frequency (W2 and W3). With the increase of irrigation frequency, the glutenin content leveled off, but the changes of glutenin composition were not uniform, in which the soluble glutenin content was increased, while the insoluble glutenin content and polymerization index (the ratio of insoluble glutenin to total glutenin) were reduced. Both dough development time and stability time became shorter with the increased irrigation frequency. Nitrogen application improved the content of all grain protein fractions and grain quality, in which the increased degree in non-gluten protein (albumin and globulin) was higher than gluten protein (gliadin and glutenin), and the increased degree in soluble glutenin was found higher than that of insoluble glutenin. The interactive effects of irrigation and nitrogen on starch composition were significant. Starch content and amylopectin content was increased as irrigation frequency added in non-nitrogen treatment. Compared to non-irrigation treatment, irrigation significantly increased the starch content and the amylopectin content in nitrogen application treatment, but the starch and amylopectin content had no significant difference between irrigation treatments. Amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin were reduced while RVA indexes (peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback) were increased as irrigation frequency was increased. Nitrogen application significantly improved the amylopectin content and decreased the amylose content in lower frequency irrigation, while the amylopectin content was decreased and the amylose content was enhanced by nitrogen application in higher frequency irrigations. __________ Translated from Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(3): 361–367 [译自: 植物营养与肥料学报]  相似文献   

20.
为探明滴水量对大豆花荚形成的影响规律,于2013和2014年在田间研究了W1(975 m3/hm2、900m3/hm2)、W2(1 575 m3/hm2、1 725 m3/hm2)、W3(2 175 m3/hm2、2 550 m3/hm2)、W4(2 755 m3/hm2、3 375m3/hm2)4种滴水量(头水盛花期)处理对0~40cm土壤含水量和新大豆27开花、结荚动态及产量的影响。结果表明:增加滴水量会直接增加0~40cm土层含水量,提高含水量下限;W4处理下花期较W1延长2d、开花节数增加1节、明显增加主茎10~15节的花数,W4处理下单株花数和单位面积总花数分别较W1增加9.9%~35.5%和17.0%~30.9%;W4下部茎节的成荚速度较W1降低、延长结荚期1~5d、增加10~15茎节成荚数,W4单株荚数、单位面积总腔数、产量分别较W1增加15.9%~37.3%、21.0%~26.3%和27.6%~78.0%。增加花荚期滴水量增产的重要原因是增加花数和荚数。新疆伊宁春大豆盛花期滴头水,鼓粒中期滴末水,生育期间滴水4次,每次滴水600~750 m3/hm2,总滴水量2 550~2 775 m3/hm2,可获得产量5 388.3~6 404.7kg/hm2,其总花数为3 000.4~3 042.0朵/hm2,总腔数为2 436.5~2 978.8个/hm2。  相似文献   

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