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1.
Impotence in the bull: (3) Rupture of the corpus cavernosum penis proximal to the sigmoid flexure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Penile haematomas, lying outside the tunica albuginea, were found in six bulls of various breeds, aged one-and-a-half to nine-and-three-quarter years. In five cases the haematomas definitely arose from rupture of the dorsal or crural canal and tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) within the proximal 12 cm of the penile body. In the sixth bull, lesions of the tunica albuginea and distortion of the penis just proximal to the proximal bend of the sigmoid flexure may have represented the site of rupture. There was no evidence of rupture at the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure or of rupture of the dorsal penile vessels in any of these specimens. In all six specimens, the dorsal canals of the ccp were occluded by translucent fibrous tissue distal to the sites of rupture; this was considered to be the factor immediately predisposing to proximal rupture of the ccp. Clinically, a small haematoma in the perineal region is difficult or impossible to palpate externally. However, when the haematoma of proximal origin is large, differentiation from rupture at the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure may be based tentatively on a careful clinical examination. In cases of proximal rupture the haematoma lies caudal and dorsal to the scrotum and no abnormality of the distal bend may be palpable. In cases of distal rupture, the haematoma usually lies cranial to the scrotum and involves the distal bend of the flexure. Severe disruption of the vascular structure is found in cases of proximal rupture of the ccp; therefore the prognosis is grave. 相似文献
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3.
Premature spiral deviation of the penis was investigated in 1083 British breed beef bulls in 42 herds in Victoria (35) and Western Australia (7) by means of the serving capacity test. The herd prevalence was 60%. The prevalence of the defect at the initial test for all bulls was 10%. The prevalence in 635 polled bulls was 16% compared to a prevalence of 1 % in 448 horned bulls. The breed prevalence and the number of bulls tested per breed was Red Poll 27% (15), Murray Grey 25% (4), Poll Shorthorn 21 % (34), Angus 17% (415), Poll Hereford 10% (167) and Hereford 1 % (448). The difference between the last 2 breed types was highly significant (P<0.001). The prevalence of the defect increased from 0 to 30% over 9 years in one Victorian herd. The age of affected bulls varied from 2 to 11 years with most affected bulls aged from 3 to 6 years. Common ancestry was found between affected bulls in Western Australia, providing circumstantial evidence that it may be an inherited defect. None of the 103 affected bulls examined in this study had suffered obvious injury to the penis or prepuce. Eighty per cent of 56 affected bulls from Victoria had low serving capacity. Four bulls (2 from each state) with moderate to severe spiral deviation of the penis attained pregnancy rates of 43%, 33%, 3% and 3% respectively, in single sire mating trials. Recommendations for culling defective bulls are presented, based on the herd prevalence and severity of the defect in individual bulls.
It is concluded that bulls with moderate to severe spiral deviation of the penis have reduced fertility and remain permanently affected. The serving capacity test is a valuable diagnostic test for this serving defect in unhandled beef bulls. It is a common, although frequently undiagnosed disorder of polled beef breed bulls in Australia. 相似文献
It is concluded that bulls with moderate to severe spiral deviation of the penis have reduced fertility and remain permanently affected. The serving capacity test is a valuable diagnostic test for this serving defect in unhandled beef bulls. It is a common, although frequently undiagnosed disorder of polled beef breed bulls in Australia. 相似文献
4.
In May 1985 four groups of 10 calves, aged between four and five months, were turned out on to separate, permanent pastures of equal area which had been seeded during the previous few days with larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. One group acted as a control, the second was vaccinated with lungworm vaccine before turnout and treated with thiabendazole three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout, while the third and fourth groups were given ivermectin three times (three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout) and twice (three and eight weeks after turnout), respectively. A severe outbreak of parasitic bronchitis resulted in the death of three control calves within five weeks of turnout and parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis affected the second group of calves after approximately four months at pasture. The calves given ivermectin excreted no lungworm larvae and remained free of clinical parasitism throughout the trial. 相似文献
5.
Kofler J Feist M Starke A Nuss K 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(3-4):156-164
Case records of 21 breeding bulls suffering from advanced septic claw disorders and treated with resection of the distal interphalangeal (= DIP) joint (n = 14), resection of the proximal interphalangeal joint (n = 1) and digit amputation (n = 6) were evaluated retrospectively (1992-2005) regarding the following parameters: breed, age, body mass, pre-treatment, localisation of disease, lameness degree, diagnosis, surgical method, outcome, postoperative survival time and return to breeding use. The mean age of the bulls was 3.6+/-1.7 years and the mean body mass 840.7 + 200.8 kg; range: 500-1200 kg), Surgery was carried out to treat the following conditions: white line infection (n = 9), sole ulcers (n = 5) with osteolysis of the distal sesamoid bone, the tuberculum flexorium, infection of the deep digital flexor tendon at insertion and the DIP-joint; osteomyelitis of the distal and middle phalanx with septic arthritis of the DIP-joint following deep penetrating wounds (n = 3); open fracture of the coffin bone with severe osteolysis/osteomyelitis and septic fibrino-purulent arthritis of the DIP-joint (n = 2); purulent arthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint after a penetrating wound (n = 1) and a severe osteolysis/osteomyelitis of the coffin bone originating from a toe ulcer (n = 1). Three bulls were culled within 2-12 weeks after surgery due to postsurgical complications. In three bulls which were treated successfully six years ago, long-term follow-up information could not be obtained. Complete recovery was considered in 15 bulls.They returned to full breeding use three to four months after surgery, with a mean postoperative survival time of 24.1 months:21.2 months after joint resection and 27.2 months after amputation. At the time of this survey three bulls were still alive with 4,7 and 84 months after surgery, respectively. Both surgical methods were successful in breeding bulls, the resection of the distal interphalangeal joint is recommended as first option. 相似文献
6.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different implanting schemes on serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations, and carcass traits of bulls and steers implanted with trenbolone acetate (TBA) and zeranol (Z). Twenty Polled Hereford bulls were randomly assigned to one of three treatments after birth. Five calves served as nonimplanted control bulls (NIB). Nine bulls were implanted (IB) with 140 mg of TBA and 36 mg of Z at about 1 mo of age and reimplanted with both compounds 10 wk later. When IB calves were about 21 wk of age, the TBA implant was removed and calves were reimplanted with Z every 10 wk until slaughter. Six calves were castrated at 3 wk of age and implanted (IS) with TBA and Z every 10 wk until slaughter. Blood samples from each animal were obtained at 14-d intervals beginning at 14 wk of age and serum cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) concentrations were determined. The NIB had higher C levels than IB or IS (P less than .05) during the preweaning period. During the finishing period, there were no differences in C concentrations between NIB and IB; however, IS had lower levels (P less than .05) than both bull treatments. Serum T concentrations began to increase about 12 wk later (42 vs 30 wk, respectively) in IB compared with NIB. Testicular size was smaller (P less than .05) in IB than in NIB. No differences (P greater than .05) were observed in carcass characteristics. Taste-panel scores were not different among treatments. In conclusion, implanting schemes using TBA and Z lowered serum levels of C and delayed puberty in bulls; however, they did not alter carcass characteristics or eating quality. 相似文献
7.
Holstein bull calves, 8 to 12 wk of age, were anesthetized with halothane gas. An approximate 20-cm section of small intestine, 60 to 90 cm proximal to the ileocecal junction was clamped to isolate blood circulation to a single set of arcuate vessels and to form an intestinal segment fitted for infusion and drainage. The vein was catheterized to allow total venous collection. Donor blood was transfused via jugular vein to replace venous drainage. This technique was evaluated in four calves by exposing the lumen to eight replications (12 or 20 min incubation, 30-min wash with 39 C saline) of 16 mM L-Met (14C-labeled). Time course appearance of Met in venous blood indicated similar rates and patterns of absorption for individual calves. There were no clinically significant alterations in jugular blood chemistry profiles across replications. Four calves were used to evaluate the effect of three isotonic perfusion media (saline, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate and M-199 tissue culture media) on Lys and Met absorption. Venous flow rates and absorption of Lys were faster with Krebs buffer than with other media. Perfusate medium did not influence venous flow rates or absorption of Met. Effect of restricting venous flow on absorption of Lys and Met was evaluated in two calves. Flow was alternately controlled (6.5 ml/min) or allowed to flow freely (mean = 12.2 ml/min). Restricting flow decreased steady-state absorption. Light and scanning microscopy indicated maintenance of mucosal tissue integrity throughout 8 h of anesthesia. Results demonstrate validity of the in situ technique to study nutrient absorption in the young bovine. 相似文献
8.
Mwansa PB Makarechian M Berg RT 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1992,33(10):665-668
In this two year study we investigated the effect that the level of concentrate in feedlot diet had on the occurrence of health problems in bull calves belonging to two multibreed groups.
In each of the two years, the 168 day feedlot period was divided into two equal periods of 77 days with an intervening 14 day adjustment period. During the first period, the animals in half of the pens within each breed-group received a high concentrate (85% grain) diet (H) while the rest of the pens received a diet (L) of hay ad libitum and half as much concentrate as the bulls on high concentrate. The L diet contained an average of 48% grain. In the second period, diets of bulls in half of the pens within each breed-group were switched from L to H and vice versa. During the feedlot period, the incidence of sickness among bulls was recorded. Disease incidence was higher in the second year compared to the first. In the second year, 49 out of 56 (87.5%) calves on the high concentrate diet required treatment for respiratory infections compared to only four (7.14%) in bulls on the low concentrate diet. The results suggest that a high concentrate diet for animals in feedlots may be more stressful to calves coming directly to the feedlot following weaning compared to a low concentrate diet, thereby acting as an additional predisposing factor to respiratory infections.
相似文献9.
Breeding experiments were conducted in 1984, 1985 and 1986, using Angus and Galloway bulls and cows that were obligatory heterozygotes for alpha-mannosidosis. Sixty-nine calves were born in the herd of which 16 were diagnosed as cases of alpha-mannosidosis. The clinical and pathological findings in eight Angus cross Angus, four Galloway cross Angus, and four Galloway cross Galloway calves affected with alpha-mannosidosis are reported. Thirteen calves displayed neurological signs in the early neonatal period. Three Galloway cross Galloway calves were stillborn. The severity of disease caused death or necessitated euthanasia within the first week of life of 10 affected calves. Three Angus cross Angus calves survived 40, 80 and 210 days. These findings illustrate significant variation in the phenotypic expression of alpha-mannosidosis both within and between the breeds. 相似文献
10.
The blood supply and the microvascularization of the bovine penis (Bos taurus) were demonstrated using the scanning electron microscope. The Corpus cavernosum penis of the bull consists of a surprisingly well-developed mesh of small to intermediate vessels. The architecture of the cavernous body is largely determined by trabeculae of connective tissue, the extent of which varies between penis segments. The Corpus cavernosum is arranged primarily as a ring around the trabeculae of connective tissue. Chambers of large bore are found in the central portions of the Corpus cavernosum penis, whereas a relatively fine vascular network predominates in the periphery. Vessels in the cavernous body of the urethra, on the other hand, show strictly parallel orientation to the urethra, which they surround like a sleeve. They also stand in close association with vessels in the outer layer of the Tunica albuginea. The vascular systems of the Corpus cavernosum penis and the Corpus spongiosum penis are not connected with one another. The vascular architecture of the Glans penis is characterized by the inclusion of well-developed vascular arcades at regular intervals. These course through a connective tissue matrix rich in glycoproteins and stretch to just under the skin of the penis, where they are intimately associated with a subpapillary network of arteries and veins. The venous legs of the vascular arcades are supplied by this network of veins. The Glans penis of the bull is considered to represent a specialization of the penile integument. 相似文献
11.
Prenatal occurrence and mode of inheritance of neuraxial oedema in Poll Hereford calves 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Breeding experiments were conducted in 1981, 1982 and 1983 using bulls and cows that were obligatory heterozygotes for neuraxial oedema. Fifty-six calves were born in the herd, 14 of which were diagnosed as cases of neuraxial oedema. The mean gestation length for affected calves born in 1983 was nine days shorter than that for unaffected calves. Observations were made of the birth of three affected calves. In one calf spasms of the forelimbs were observed during an unassisted delivery, and in this and two others, typical clinical signs were observed within two minutes of birth. Radiological and, or, pathological examination of each of the eight affected calves born in 1983 revealed lesions in the coxae, some of which predated parturition. These observations are consistent with the calves being affected with neuraxial oedema while in utero. 相似文献
12.
[目的]为了提高甘南牦牛的个体生产性能,研究放牧条件下甘南牦牛的饲养管理模式,[方法]本课题通过引进大通牦牛,加强种公牛、母牦牛的饲养管理,对杂种犊牛进行全哺乳暖棚育肥试验,[结果]表明,甘南牦牛的发情率、受胎率、繁殖成活率都显著升高,流产率和犊牛死亡率下降明显.所产犊牛的初生重大,生长发育快.经全哺乳培育和暖棚育肥的犊牛,初生重和体尺与对照组相差不大,到6月龄断奶和12月龄体重都显著高于对照组.[结论]通过试验研究总结出一套适宜甘南牦牛杂交改良的综合饲养管理模式,从而指导甘南牦牛的生产. 相似文献
13.
[目的]为筛选出适合凉州区肉牛繁殖的新模式。[方法]选择夏洛莱（XL）、利木辛（LM）、安格斯（AG）成年种公牛生产冻精,在西门塔尔和本地黄牛杂交一代（西本F1）成年母牛上实施人工授精,对杂交犊牛分月龄进行外貌体尺测定。[结果]XL冻精与西本F1代的后代体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围等生长指标均高于LM和AG后代指标。试验2方法是选择XL、LM、AG成年母牛生产冻胚,在成年母牛上实施胚胎移植,犊牛出生后进行外貌体尺测定。结果是：夏洛莱胚胎移植后代牛初生重、6月龄、12月龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围均高于利木辛与安格斯牛杂交后代（P〈0.01）。试验3方法是选择西杂F1和F2代母牛,用引进的XM（西门塔尔）牛X性控冻精实施人工授精,犊牛出生后统计相关数据。结果是：三组共授配母牛138头,情期妊娠75头,情期平均受胎率为54.1%,平均母犊率为90.3%。[结论]夏洛莱品种改良西杂一代牛后代生长发育比其余品种好;实施胚胎移植后,夏洛莱品种胚胎移植后代牛比其余品种在凉州区生长适应性强,适宜在该环境条件下生长;西门塔尔牛性控冻精的配种试验是成功的,是生产母犊的较好方法。 相似文献
14.
L.F. Costa e Silva S.C. Valadares FilhoE. Detmann M.I. MarcondesP.P. Rotta L.F. PradosD. Zanetti 《Livestock Science》2013,151(1):46-57
The equations developed by Hankins and Howe (1946, HH), Marcondes et al. (2010, M10), Marcondes et al. (in press, M11) and Valadares Filho et al. (2006, V6) were evaluated to predict the body composition from the 9–10–11th rib cut in Nellore bulls. The evaluated equations estimated the physical and the carcass chemical composition, the empty body chemical composition and the noncarcass chemical composition. Thirty-seven Nellore bulls (14±1 months old initially) with shrunk body weight of 259±24.9 kg were used in this experiment. The bulls were randomly divided into three groups: five bulls to the reference group, four bulls were fed at maintenance level and twenty-eight bulls were fed ad libitum. The bulls fed ad libitum were separated into four groups, one of which was slaughtered every 42 days. The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrate (55:45). After slaughter, the 9–10–11th rib cut was dissected into muscle, fat and bone fractions. The remaining carcass was similarly dissected. The others parameters that were evaluated as partial predictors included the empty body weight, the dressing percentage, the visceral fat percentage, the organ and viscera percentage and the composition of the noncarcass components. The values estimated with prediction equations were compared to the observed values. The equations obtained by M11 predicted correctly the carcass physical composition. However, the muscle and fat tissues were under- and overestimated, respectively, by HH. Some constituents of the noncarcass components can be predicted from equations developed by M10. The equations obtained by M10 predicted correctly the carcass and empty body chemical composition. The carcass water was underestimated by HH. The equations by V6 did not predict the carcass or empty body chemical composition. The carcass physical and chemical composition and empty body chemical composition can be predicted from the composition of 9–10–11th rib cut by equations obtained by Marcondes et al., 2010 and MarcondesPlease complete and update the reference given here (preferably with a DOI if the publication data are not known): Marcondes et al. (in press). For references to articles that are to be included in the same (special) issue, please add the words ‘this issue’ wherever this occurs in the list and, if appropriate, in the text. et al., while the composition of these components cannot be predicted by Hankins and Howe (1946) and Valadares Filho et al. (2006) in Nellore bulls. 相似文献
15.
A risk-factor study was performed in eight dairy herds found to excrete verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 in a former prevalence study. Associations between excretion of VTEC O157 and management factors such as housing and feeding were analysed in a generalised linear mixed model. The animals were stratified in three age groups and sampled four times during 1 year. The risk of excreting VTEC O157 was higher among weaned calves than non-weaned calves. Among the calves aged 1–4 months, the risk was reduced if the calf had suckled colostrum from the mother or if the calf had stayed >2 days with the mother after calving. Calves aged 5–24 months that had been moved within the last 2 weeks had a higher risk, but risk was reduced if fed barley silage. Cows fed grain or molasses had a higher risk of excreting VTEC O157. 相似文献
16.
In two separate experiments it was shown that cattle over three years of age were more resistant to contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) than younger animals. A statistical analysis of the results of one of the trials indicated that the difference in the response to challenge between calves less than one year old and animals between two and three years old was not significant. However, when these two groups were compared with animals over three years old the results were highly significant (P less than 0.001). When death was used as the sole criterion of response to challenge a similar picture was seen: nine 14 calves died, four of 15 animals aged between one and two years died, five of 11 animals aged between two and three years died, none of 16 animals aged over three years died. No attempt is made to explain this increase in resistance with increasing age. It is suggested that a better knowledge of the factors that influence resistance and susceptibility would be of value in understanding the pathogenesis of CBPP. It is recommended that to ensure maximum susceptibility of control animals in vaccine trials, all animals used should be less than three years old. 相似文献
17.
R B Staigmiller R M Brownson R J Kartchner J H Williams 《Journal of animal science》1985,60(2):342-351
Two trials were conducted to study the effect of zeranol implants on growth and sexual development of bull calves. Trial 1 compared the effects of implanting with 72 mg of zeranol at 48 d of age (branding), at 215 d of age, or at both times with nonimplanted control bulls. Implanting at branding resulted in decreased scrotal circumference, testicle weight and proportion of bulls that could produce an ejaculate at 14 mo of age (P less than .01). Implanting at 215 d of age had no effect on any of these traits. Growth rate was not increased by implanting at either time but was decreased (P less than .02) in animals implanted at both times when compared with control bulls. In trial 2, both bulls and steers were implanted with zeranol and compared with nonimplanted control bulls and steers. Thirty-six-milligram implants were given at 21, 103, 260 and 343 d of age. Scrotal circumference, testicle weight and serum testosterone concentrations decreased (P less than .01) and the occurrence of penis abnormalities increased (P less than .01) in implanted bulls compared with control bulls. By the time of slaughter, however, testosterone concentrations were equal in control and implanted bulls; and the difference in scrotal circumference was diminishing. This is interpreted as evidence that as the bulls get older, they can overcome the effect of the implants. Carcass weights were heavier in implanted steers than in control steers but were lighter in implanted bulls than in control bulls (P less than .02). Carcasses of implanted bulls had higher quality scores and more marbling than control bulls, but carcasses of implanted steers had lower quality scores and less marbling than control steers (both interactions, P less than .01). Implanting bulls with zeranol at an early age resulted in restricted sexual development but not in total sterility. Repeated zeranol implants throughout the growing and finishing phase enhanced carcass quality in bulls slaughtered at 14 to 16 mo of age. 相似文献
18.
试验选择10月龄左右,体重相近的西门塔尔公牛20头,随机分两组,每组10头,在精料补充水平相同的情况下,饲喂全株玉米青贮饲料和黄贮玉米青贮饲料进行对比分析,为全株玉米青贮饲料饲喂肉牛提供理论数据,并在今后同地区或相似地区的肉牛规模养殖场进行广泛推广。 相似文献
19.
The development of eimerian infections during the first eight months of life in unweaned beef calves in a dry tropical region of Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The development of coccidial infections in 21 free-ranging, unweaned beef calves from birth to 8 months was investigated by examining faecal samples for oocysts. Most calves commenced shedding oocysts within a month of birth, and had shed all nine species identified by 3-4 months. Oocysts were shed by three calves as young as 12 and 13 days. The oocysts species shed earliest, and the commonest thereafter, were Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. zuernii. Although several oocyst counts between 5.0 X 10(3) and 114.0 X 10(3)g-1 of faeces of these potentially pathogenic species were recorded there was no clinical disease. Some calves shed oocysts approximately four times more frequently than others, and individual species counts greater than or equal to 5.0 X 10(3)g-1 were confined to 10 of the calves. Intermittent oocyst shedding continued throughout the study with a similar distribution of oocyst species from all calves. 相似文献