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1.
Malekinejad H Maas-Bakker R Fink-Gremmels J 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,172(1):96-102
Zearalenone (ZEA), a Fusarium toxin, is frequently found in animal feed materials. It is known to exert oestrogenic effects in all animals tested but susceptibility varies between species, possibly reflecting differences in the metabolic processing of ZEA, which predominantly involves hydroxylations, assumed to be catalysed by 3alpha- and 3beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, as well as conjugation with glucuronic acid. In this study, the biotransformation of ZEA by hepatic subcellular fractions of various domestic animals was investigated and compared to the rat. Notable inter-species differences in terms of the rate of absolute and relative metabolite production in the different subcellular fractions were identified. The highest amount of alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) was produced by pig hepatic microsomes (V(max)=795.8+/-122.7pmol/mg/min), whereas in chicken microsomes the highest amounts of beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) (V(max)=1524+/-29.7pmol/mg/min) could be measured. Except for sheep and cattle, the efficiency of alpha-ZOL production (expressed as the ratio of apparent V(max)/k(m)) was higher in the microsomal fraction compared to the post-mitochondrial fraction. In contrast, the apparent efficiency of beta-ZOL production was high in pigs, cattle, chickens and rats, but very low in sheep. Conjugation of ZEA with glucuronic acid was investigated, and the results indicated significant inter-species differences in the rate of glucuronidation, which was saturable at low concentrations in all species tested, except pigs. The significant differences between the percentages of glucuronidation of ZEA, alpha-ZOL, and beta-ZOL suggest not only differences in the affinity of the individual substrate, but might also indicate the presence of different isoforms of uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferases (UDPGTs). The results are of clinical relevance, as they contribute to the understanding of the species-specific susceptibility towards exposure to ZEA. 相似文献
2.
Obremski K Gajecki M Zwierzchowski W Zielonka L Otrocka-Domagała I Rotkiewicz T Mikołajczyk A Gajecka M Polak M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2003,6(4):239-245
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a macrocyclic lactone, estrogenic, diet-depending and fusaric micotoxin, which is produced on many kinds of cereals and feeds in the favourable conditions of humidity and temperature. The structure of ZEA is similar to the structure of estrogens and it enables binding to the estrogenic receptors. The stimulation of protein synthesis in the cells of the reproductive system, which causes intensification of cell proliferation, is one of the effects of ZEA actions. Oedema and vulva reddening are the clinical, external signs of ZEA intoxication in pigs. The aim of this study was to designate the degree of reproductive cell proliferation after low doses of ZEA were applied per os in sexually immature gilts with simultaneous monitoring of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol levels in peripheral blood. The following were observed in the gilts examined fluctuations of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol levels in blood, which were connected with entero-hepatic circulation and also numerous histopathological changes in ovarian follicle structure. These changes were present in the reproductive system of sexually immature gilts with a big contribution of PCNA-positive cells. The studies show that zearalenone application in sexually immature gilts caused ovarian follicle atresia and apoptoso-like changes in granule cells. Intensified cell proliferation, which was expressed with the growth of PCNA index, was observed in uterus and oviduct. 相似文献
3.
Studies on the application of enzyme immunoassays for the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E Usleber V Renz E M?rtlbauer G Terplan 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1992,39(8):617-627
Polyclonal antisera against zearalenone (ZEA) were produced in rabbits after immunization with ZEA-oxime coupled to human serum albumin. Using these antibodies and a ZEA-oxime-horseradish peroxidase conjugate in a competitive direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the detection limit for ZEA was 70 pg/ml. The relative cross-reactivities of the assay with ZEA, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, zearalanone, alpha-zearalanol, and beta-zearalanol, respectively, were 100%, 37.3%, 7.2%, 59.2%, 5.3%, and 3.9%, respectively. This EIA and two EIAs for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(3-AcDON) (Usleber et al., 1991) were used to analyze wheat samples. The limits of determination for DON, 3-AcDON, and ZEA in wheat were 200 ppb, 50 ppb, and 20 ppb, respectively. The analysis of reference materials (wheat flour) containing DON by EIA showed good agreement with the nominal values. The EIA for ZEA was in addition used to analyze biological fluids, obtained during a feeding trial. Two lactating cows were administered 25 mg and 100 mg ZEA per day, respectively, over a period of 6 days. Serum, milk, urine, and feces were assayed in the ZEA-EIA with and without sample treatment with beta-glucuronidase prior to the analysis. Maximum toxin levels (ZEA-equivalents) found in milk were 0.4 and 1.2 ppb (glucuronides). The toxin concentration in milk decreased rapidly after the last toxin administration. In the urine, maximum levels of toxin-glucuronide conjugates were 23 ppb and 24 ppb, respectively. The serum toxin levels corresponded to those found in milk. In the feces, mean values were 150 ppb and 500 ppb, respectively, no conjugated toxins were found in feces. 相似文献
4.
5.
Malekinejad Hassan Rahmani Fatemeh Bahrampour Kobra 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(6):1229-1234
Zearalenone (ZEA) as a mycoestrogen is found frequently in human foods and animal feeds. Its estrogenic effects depend on
its biotransformation fate including both first- and second-phase reactions, which are predominantly governed by hydroxylation
and glucuronidation, respectively. In this study, we investigate the hepatic biotransformation of ZEA in river buffalo. To
evaluate the hepatic biotransformation of ZEA, both subcellular fractions of the liver were prepared. ZEA was incubated with
intracellular subfractions in the presence of nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate, and the products were determined by means
of high-performance liquid chromatography. Moreover, in the same frame of experiment and in the presence of uridine diphosphate
glucuronic acid, the rate of glucuronidation for substrate and products were estimated as well. We found that α-zearalenol
(α-ZOL) is the major hydroxylated hepatic metabolite of ZEA produced by both studied subcellular fractions. The enzymatic
kinetics analyses indicated that the α-ZOL and β-ZOL production by microsomal fraction were two- and three-fold higher than
those by postmitochondrial fraction, respectively. The calculated data showed that α-ZOL is conjugated with glucuronic acid
more than ZEA and β-ZOL, especially at the lower concentrations, which seems to be more applicable. Our data suggest that
unlike other domestic ruminants including cattle and sheep, the hepatic biotransformation of ZEA in river buffalo results
in bioactivation and formation of potent estrogenic metabolite. Moreover, at the relevant concentrations, the produced potent
estrogenic metabolite is entirely conjugated with glucuronic acid and, consequently, may cause the prolongation of presence
of the compound in the body due to enterohepatic cycle. 相似文献
6.
Giammarino A Manera M Robbe D Perugini M Minervini F Amorena M 《Research in veterinary science》2008,84(3):471-476
The effects of mycotoxin zearalenone and their major metabolites alpha- and beta-zearalenol on spontaneous contractions in isolated lamb uterine smooth muscle were examined. The study was carried out on 20 female prepubertal lambs aged between 45 and 50 days. Myometrial strips were set up in two isolated organ baths (10ml) at 37 degrees C and were exposed to increasing concentrations (10(-11)M-10(-6)M) of these mycoestrogens and results were compared with the effect, at the same concentrations, of natural estrogen 17beta-estradiol. Our findings suggest that mycotoxins and 17beta-estradiol, at nanomolar concentrations, rapidly enhance phasic spontaneous smooth muscle contraction. In particular, zearalenone increases the uterine activity similarly to 17beta-estradiol. On the contrary, its metabolite alpha-zearalenol significantly inhibits myometrial contractility. 相似文献
7.
Zearalenone--undesirable substances in feed 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gajecki M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2002,5(2):117-122
The main arguments, discussed by different international organizations, which confirm the significance of problems connected with the presence of zearalenone in animal feed materials and their influence on the safety of food materials are shown in this review article. The main world research trends focused on zearalenone, as undesirable substances, are also presented. A variety of Fusarium fungi produce a number of different mycotoxins, for example zearalenone. Is not true that Fusarium fungi are they the most prevalent toxin-producing fungi only in the northern temperate regions, are also commonly found on cereals grown in the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia. Zearalenone have been shown to cause a variety of toxic effects in both experimental animals and livestock, and have also been suspected of causing toxicity in humans. Zearalenone is a stable compound, both during storage/milling and the processing/cooking of food, and it does not degrade at high temperatures. Studies of metabolism indicate that zearalenone is fairly rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with the formation of alpha- and beta-zearalenol and alpha- and alpha-zearalanol, which are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. This mycotoxin and some of these metabolites have been shown to competitively bind to estrogen receptors in a number of in vitro systems. Binding to specific receptors has been demonstrated in the uterus, mammary gland, liver and hypothalamus of different species. Additionaly alterations of immunological parameters were found at high zearalenone concentrations in vitro. Zearalenone causes alterations in the reproductive tract of laboratory animals and domestic animals. Various estrogenic effects such as decreased fertility, increased embryolethal resorptions, reduced litter size, changed weight of adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands and change in serum levels of progesterone and estradiol have been observed, and teratogenic effects were found in pigs and sheep. It may be that the safety of zearalenone could be evaluated on the basis of the dose which had no hormonal effects in pigs, the most sensitive species, and a temporary Tolerable Daily Intake for zearalenone of 0.2 microgram/kg of body weight, could be established. 相似文献
8.
Meyer K Usleber E Märtlbauer E Bauer J 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2000,113(10):374-379
Although zearalenone-induced reproductive disorders and the clinical appearance of hyperestrogenism were reproduced and documented quite often the role of zearalenone-contaminated fodder as a cause for fertility problems in sow breeding is still discussed controversial. Therefore the correlation of zearalenone and zearalenone-derivatives in bile (n = 794) and feed (n = 158) with fertility problems of unknown origin was investigated in this study. For the analysis of zearalenone and its derivatives in bile a HPLC/EIA combination was used. On the one hand, this procedure guaranteed the quantitatively reproducible detection, on the other hand, the investigation expenditure could be kept small with regard to a later effort in the routine diagnostics. The detection limits for zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol in bile were at 1.0 ng/ml, 1.0 ng/ml, and 3.0 ng/ml, respectively. Results were confirmed by GC-MS. Zearalenone and zearalenone-derivatives were detected in almost every bile analysed. The contamination rate was 96.2%. In opposition to recent investigations beta-zearalenol was perceived as a relevant metabolite in swine. The contamination rate of feeding stuffs was 25.9%. Incubation of samples with beta-glucosidase did not elevate the detected amounts of zearalenone. As the measurable concentrations in bile and fodder were only slightly correlated the analysis of bile represents a reasonable alternative for fodder investigation. However, a correlation between the occurrence of zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol in bile of sows and non-infectious reproductive disorders could not be established at the loading level found. These results are in line with those statements obtained in feeding experiments regarding the risk evaluation of zearalenone in sow reproduction. 相似文献
9.
Polak M Gajecka M Jakimiuk E Obremski K Gajecki M Smoczyński L Luczyński M Góra M Baranowski M Zielonka L Zwierzchowski W 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2004,7(3):187-191
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a member of macrocyclic lactons family. It is a toxin--phytosteride produced by fungi of Fusarium ssp. genus. Zearalenone contaminates food and animal feeding stuffs and its destruction is difficult. It requires application of particular compounds that would bind zearalenone in the feed or feeding stuff or in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease its bio-accessibility. It should also fulfil all the safety requirements regarding the plant supplements and animals that are fed with this feed. The aim of the study was to estimate if the feed supplemented with different doses of zearalenone and zearalenone destructor causes changes of the metabolic profile in gilts. The results obtained show that applied destructor did not cause negative haematological and biochemical changes in the blood of the gilts examined. It can be suggested that it is a safe feed supplement pigs in prevention of zearalenone micotoxicosis. 相似文献
10.
Wang DF Zhang NY Peng YZ Qi DS 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2012,96(5):939-946
The aim of the present research was to determine the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the growth performance, development of organs and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.5 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21-day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with the addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO had no significant influence on the growth performance in prepubertal gilts. Zearalenone with 2 mg/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative weight of the reproductive organs (including uterus and vagina) but had no obvious effects (p > 0.05) on the relative weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen. Isoflavone at 600 mg/kg could offset the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA. Simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum (p < 0.05) at day 14 but their levels decreased (p < 0.05) over time. Zearalenone increased the level of malondialdehyde and decreased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) in the serum. The results suggested that ISO added to diets at 600 mg/kg could reduce the increase in the relative weight of reproductive organs and relieve the oxidative stress induced by ZEA added at 2 mg/kg during the growth phase in prepubertal gilts. 相似文献
11.
Obremski K Gajecka M Zielonka L Jakimiuk E Gajecki M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2005,8(4):301-307
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium. It evokes disruptions in sex cycle and changes in the morphology of the reproductive organs in pigs. The morphology and ultrastructure of the small intestine mucosa were assessed after the course of the experimental zearalenone mycotoxicosis. During the experiment, pigs were fed feed containing low doses of ZEA. The experiment lasted 7 days and it was carried out on sexually immature gilts that were divided into 3 groups: control group (C) and 2 experimental groups (E1, E2; n=8). Groups E1 and E2 were given ZEA every day at a dose of 200 and 400 microg/kg b.w. The samples of tissues were taken for examinations after the slaughter on the last day of the experiment. No significant changes in the morphology of the intestinal mucosa were found in the experimental animals. Increased activity of the goblet cells and high content of mucinogen vesicles, lymphocytic infiltration, increased activity of endocrine cells and the presence of Paneth cells on the bottom of intestinal crypts, which sugest mobilisation of the local defence mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa, were obseved in group E2. 相似文献
12.
13.
玉米赤霉烯酮毒性机理研究进展 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
玉米赤霉烯酮是一种特殊毒性的生物毒素,具有类雌激素样作用,能引起动物流产、死胎、返情等生殖机能异常,还可以导致生长下降、免疫抑制、不育、畸形等.国内外学者做了大量的研究,来揭示玉米赤霉烯酮损害机体的机制.它主要通过影响机体的生殖性能,引起细胞凋亡、致畸、损伤DNA、氧化损害、影响免疫机能等机制,来影响动物与人类的健康.文章主要针对玉米赤霉烯酮的毒性机理进行综述. 相似文献
14.
M Gareis J Bauer J Thiem G Plank S Grabley B Gedek 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1990,37(3):236-240
Comparative analyses of cereal samples pretreated with or without beta-glucosidase indicate the presence of zearalenone-glycoside. To examine the stability of zearalenone-glycoside during digestion, mixed feed was artificially contaminated with synthesized zearalenone-4-beta-D-glucopyranoside (395 micrograms/kg) and fed to a pig over a period of 14 days. The metabolites detected in feces and urine samples were zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol. These results demonstrate that zearalenone-4-beta-D-glucopyranoside is decomposed during digestion and the aglucone, zearalenone, is released. Since zearalenone-glycoside is not detected during routine analysis, but hydrolysed during digestion, it seems likely that such "masked mycotoxins" are involved in cases of mycotoxicoses. 相似文献
15.
A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-, 15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC-MS), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha- and beta-zearalenol (alpha-beta-ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 micrograms/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3-ADON, NIV, HT-2, and T-2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 micrograms/kg, except for 948 micrograms/kg 3-ADON in samples from 1993. 15-ADON and FUS-X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15-ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels < or = 17 mu/kg, DAS, alpha- and beta-ZOL, and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT-2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries. 相似文献
16.
Dänicke S Ueberschär KH Valenta H Matthes S Matthäus K Halle I 《British poultry science》2004,45(2):264-272
1. Diets with increasing proportions of Fusarium-toxin-contaminated wheat were fed to Pekin ducks for 49 d in order to titrate the lowest effect level. Dietary deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) concentrations were successively increased up to 6 to 7 mg/kg and 0.05 to 0.06 mg/kg, respectively. 2. Feed intake, live weight gain and feed to gain ratio were not influenced by dietary treatment. 3. Gross macroscopic inspection of the upper digestive tract did not reveal any signs of irritation, inflammation or other pathological changes. The weight of the bursa of Fabricius, relative to live weight, decreased in a dose-related fashion. Activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase in serum were either unaffected or inconsistently affected by dietary treatments. 4. Concentrations of DON and of its de-epoxydised metabolite in plasma and bile were lower than the detection limits of 6 and 16 ng/ml, respectively, of the applied high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. 5. ZON or its metabolites were not detectable in plasma and livers (detection limits of the HPLC method were 1, 0.5 and 5 ng/g for ZON, alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL), respectively). Concentrations of ZON, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL in bile increased linearly with dietary ZON concentration. The mean proportions of ZON, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL of the sum of all three metabolites were 80, 16 and 4%, respectively. 6. Taken together, it can be concluded that dietary DON and ZON concentrations up to 6 and 0.06 mg/kg, respectively, did not adversely affect performance and health of growing Pekin ducks. 相似文献
17.
S D?nicke K H Uebersch?r I Halle H Valenta G Flachowsky 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》2001,55(4):299-313
Two experiments were carried out with male broilers to examine excretion kinetics of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites and their occurrence in blood plasma and bile fluid after a single oral dose of ZON (approximately 6 micrograms/kg BW) from naturally contaminated wheat (406 micrograms ZON per kg). In addition, this ZON bolus was administered either in the absence or presence of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix-Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria). Specimens were sampled after administration of the zearalenone bolus at different times of up to 48 h. Excretion of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol as the only detectable metabolite of ZON peaked at approximately 6.5 h after administration of the bolus. Cumulative excretion of both substances amounted to approximately 58% of ZON intake after 48 h, when a plateau was achieved. The incomplete recovery could have been due to a partial total degradation of ZON in the digestive tract, undetected sulfate conjugates of ZON or its metabolites, to other unknown and undetected metabolites or to incomplete analytical recovery from the matrix, and needs to be examined further. Peak concentrations of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol in bile were detected in the time period of approximately 2 to 6 h after bolus, whereas ZON and metabolite concentrations in blood plasma were around or lower than the detection limits. Mycofix-Plus supplementation seemed to have only minor or no effects on the parameters examined. 相似文献
18.
Dänicke S Matthes S Halle I Ueberschär KH Döll S Valenta H 《British poultry science》2003,44(1):113-126
1. A growth experiment was carried out with male broilers from d 1 to d 35 of age in order to evaluate the effects of the addition of a detoxifying agent (Mycofix Plus, Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) at different dietary proportions of wheat (0, 16.5, 33, 49.5 and 66%) contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (21.2 mg of deoxynivalenol and 406 microg of zearalenone, ZON, per kg of wheat) on growth performance, nutrient and zearalenone balance and clinical-chemical parameters. 2. An increase in dietary mycotoxin concentration resulted in a linearly related decrease in feed intake, a slight decrease in weight gain and an improvement in feed to gain ratio. 3. Apparent protein digestibility and net protein utilisation were higher in diets containing exclusively Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat than control diets. 4. The proportions of beta-zearalenol, alpha-zearalenol and ZON of total ZON metabolites in excreta of broilers fed on the diets containing the Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat were approximately 3, 21 and 76%. 5. Serum antibody titres to Newcastle disease virus decreased in a linear fashion with increasing mycotoxin concentration in the diets, whereas other clinical-chemical serum parameters (liver cell and muscle cell necrosis indicating enzymes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, magnesium, inorganic phosphate) were not influenced by increasing Fusarium toxin concentrations. 6. Supplementation of the diets with Mycofix Plus decreased performance in a manner independent of mycotoxin concentration. Moreover, some clinical-chemical serum parameters were significantly altered due to Mycofix Plus but also independently of the dietary mycotoxin concentration. 相似文献
19.
将不同作用时间（时间梯度组）及不同质量浓度（质量浓度梯度组）的玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone,ZEA）作用于体外培养的原代小鼠睾丸间质细胞,时间梯度组设0（对照组）、6、12、24h4个观察组,染毒质量浓度为2.5mg/L;质量浓度梯度组设0（对照组）、5、10、20mg/L ZEA 4个观察组,染毒时间为12h。采用流式细胞技术测定线粒体膜电位和透射电子显微镜观察细胞超微结构的方法观测ZEA对睾丸间质细胞线粒体的损伤作用。结果显示,睾丸间质细胞线粒体膜电位2.5mg/L ZEA暴露6h较对照组显著下降（P〈0.05）,暴露12h及24h较对照组都有极显著下降（P〈0.01）;ZEA质量浓度为5mg/L组较对照组显著下降（P〈0.05）,10mg/L组和20mg/L组较对照组都有极显著下降（P〈0.01）。细胞超微结构分析显示,线粒体的空泡化和内质网断裂的程度与ZEA的暴露存在时间-效应关系和质量浓度-效应关系。结果表明,ZEA可导致睾丸间质细胞线粒体损伤,这是ZEA抑制睾丸间质细胞分泌睾酮的一个重要原因。 相似文献