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1.
人工合成甘蓝型油菜的繁育特性与试管繁殖 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过甘蓝品种(2n=18，CC)与白菜品种(2n=20，AA)杂交并借助胚珠培养和染色体加倍，获得一系列人工甘蓝型油菜新品系。对18个人工合成甘蓝型油菜新品系的花粉育性、自交结实性、异交结实性等研究表明，人工油菜品系花期自交不结实或结实率很低。蕾期自交一朵花平均获3．6粒种子，平均结角率为19．7％。但是，人工甘蓝型油菜无论作父本还是作母本与天然甘蓝型油菜杂交的结实率都较高。以人工油菜作父本与天然油菜杂交。42个组合平均杂交一朵花获得10．3粒杂交种子；以人工油菜作母本与天然油菜杂交，15个组合平均杂交一朵花获得8．5粒杂交种子。分析结果表明。本试验的人工油菜品系具有很强的自交不亲和性，蕾期自交结实率也较低，但对异交结实影响不大，因此可以直接用于杂种生产。试验对自交结实特别困难的5个人工甘蓝型油菜新品系进行了试管繁殖，采取子叶、下胚轴和茎尖联合培养方式。22株无菌苗经过2个月快繁，获得260株苗。平均繁殖系数为12．4。不同基因型繁殖系数差异较大。变幅为3．3～21．0。 相似文献
2.
利用3个来自云南低纬高原的粳稻品种和3个来自日本、韩国高纬平原地区的粳稻品种,以及应用完全双列杂交获得的30个F1为试验材料,利用加性 显性 母体效应（ADM）遗传模型,在5种不同生长环境下,对单株结实率、特定结实率、穗抽出度和抽穗天数等4个主要耐冷相关性状进行了遗传分析。4个耐冷相关性状中,单株结实率和特定结实率主要受基因型×环境互作效应的影响,不存在母体效应;单株结实率和特定结实率以互作广义遗传率最高,分别为63.5%和56.5%。单株结实率与特定结实率间的表现型、基因型、加性和显性效应的相关均达到极显著水平,相关系数介于 0.717～1.000;单株结实率与穗抽出度间的表现型、基因型、加性和显性效应相关也均达到极显著水平,相关系数介于0.161～0975。穗抽出度的变异系数变幅最大,穗抽出度也是耐冷性鉴定评价中不可忽视的重要性状。穗抽出度和抽穗天数以广义遗传率为最大,分别为59.6%和81.4%。抽穗天数主要受遗传主效应控制,受环境的影响最小。低温胁迫是选择培育耐冷性品种的必要条件,一品稻（Ilpumbyeo）×昆明小白谷是培育强耐冷性粳稻新品种的最优组合。 相似文献
3.
籼型两系杂交稻产量主攻方向的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对１２例籼型两系杂交稻组合在５个播期条件下的播始天数，株高，草株草重，谷草比，单株有效穗，每穗着粒数，实粒数，结实率，千粒重不粒重等１０个性状进行相关及通径分析，结果表明，不仅结实率及谷草比与单株粒重的相关系数（正相关）较大，而且这２个性状对单株粒重的直接通径系数（为正值）也较大，说明现阶段提高结实率及选育强化优势籼型两系杂交稻的主攻方向，作者还对提高结实率的途径进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
为了选育K型不育系的恢复系和配制优势组合,利用72个黄淮麦区优良小麦品种（系）与K型不育系配制测交组合,测定K型不育系的育性恢复性和杂种优势。结果表明,72个测交组合中,高可育和全可育共占比54.16%,说明K型不育系能被黄淮麦区大多数品种恢复育性,其中5个测交组合的国内法自交结实率均超过80%,表现全可育,其国际法自交结实率均超过100%,最高的组合达到158.33%;16个测交组合的国内法和国际法自交结实率均为0,表现全不育,对K型不育系进行回交转育,可培育新的不育系。利用24个测交组合进行超标优势分析,结果表明,8个农艺性状中,单穗粒数的平均超标优势最高,为9.23%,其次为穗长和千粒重,平均超标优势分别为5.80%和5.24%,且这3个性状的超标优势对产量的超标优势贡献最大,其中,3个测交组合的超标优势表现突出,具有增产潜力,可以进行下一步研究。 相似文献
5.
小麦温敏雄性不育系BNY的花粉育性及自交结实性研究 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
BNY是新发现的小麦温敏雄性不育两用系。为了进一步确定BNY的育性敏感时期,对BNY和CK(温麦6号)的花粉育性及自交结实性进行了系统调查,结果表明,BNY不同蘖位、穗位、花位的花粉败育率存在差异,小分蘖败育率高于大分蘖,大分蘖高于主茎;同一穗不同部位的小穗花粉败育率差异不明显;同一小穗不同花位花粉败育率差异明显,下位小花败育率显著高于上位小花。自交结实率主茎穗高于大分蘖穗,大分蘖穗高于小分蘖穗,但均显著低于CK;主茎穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异不显著,而小分蘖穗与主茎穗及小分蘖穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异显著。 相似文献
6.
套袋对小麦结实和种子发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对５个小麦品种（系）进行了４种不同纸袋的套袋处理,比较研究了套袋对小麦结实和种子发育的影响。结果表明,塑料纸袋自交结实率低于对照且差异显著,不宜采用;羊皮纸袋,硫酸纸袋和半透明纸袋自交结实率与其对照比差异不显著,可作为小麦育性鉴定指标,套袋自交结实种子的千粒重显著低于对照,发芽率除塑料纸袋外均高于对照,其剪频处理后的差异更为显著。说明套袋,剪颖处理对种子的发育具有显著的影响。 相似文献
7.
8.
优质油菜新品种湘农油571的选育 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为选育适合长江中游棉区和二熟制地区种植的优质油菜品种,1988 年起在引进的育种材料“瑞典油菜”中,采用选择育种法获得了符合目标要求的油菜新品种“湘农油571”。介绍了该品种的主要特征特性及产量表现,认为有明确的育种目的、在群体选择的基础上进行单株性状选择、减少套袋次数防止自交退化是获得成功的关键。 相似文献
9.
茶树人工杂交结实习性的试验探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本阐述了茶树人工有性杂交7年来的试验结果．共组配了72个组合．授粉花朵7286朵,获得杂交F1代材料883份．平均结实率为12．12%。其中不结实的组合12个．占16．67％,结实率20％以上的组合41个．占59.94％．超过20％结实率的组合19个,占26.39％,最高结实率达63．16％;开展了13对正反交组合研究．结果存在差异,但未达到显水平;不同授粉方法试验以上午杂交和一次授粉为宜,下午杂交对授粉授精不利;对人工杂交幼果脱落特性的观察结果,平均落果率为90．24％．主要落果时期分布在四月份的春茶期间,9月份后趋向稳定;同时,对祁门6号自花授粉结实规律的观察表明：自花授粉结实率为0—2．1％,综合分析了茶树人工杂交结实率低的原因并根据试验结果对提高茶树人工杂交结实率提出三点措施。 相似文献
10.
用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育起点温度的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
用人工冷水池与人工气候箱分别对8个水稻光温敏核不育系在它们育志换温敏感期进行5d日均温23.5℃（22－25℃）的冷水与6d日均温23．5℃（19．5－26．0℃）的冷气处理。结果表明：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S在两种低温处理条件下均表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率均为0；培矮64S在人工冷气处理条件下也表现不育，自交结实率与花粉可染率为0，但在人工冷水处理条件下表现轻度可育，自交结实率为0．05％，花粉可染率为5．0％；810S与179S在两种低温处理条件下均表现可育，自交结实率为3．7％－18．5％，花粉可染率为4．3％－41．0％，但人工冷水处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率明显高于人工冷气处理条件下的自交结实率与花粉可染率。说明用人工冷水池鉴定水稻光温敏核不育系雄性不育的起点温度是可行的，而且鉴定的灵敏度比人工气候箱更高。根据人工冷水池与人工气候箱鉴定的结果可知：株S－1、陆18S、96－5－2S、139S及康201S的雄性不育起点温度小于23．5℃，培矮64S的雄性不育起点温度在23．5℃左右，而810S与179S的雄性不育起点温度大于23．5℃。 相似文献
11.
大豆单交及三交组合方式与后代优良品系入选机率的关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为了进一步提高大豆育种研究水平,加快高产、抗病、优质大豆新品种选育进程,对1971～1982年11年的亲本选配及组合配制方式进行了分析,对三交组合即当地良种×(当地良种×外引良种)F_1选出的优良品种及品系的统计分析表明:三交组合较单交组合选出的优良品种及品系机率高,且丰产性能、抗病性能优于生产品种。绥农4、绥农5、绥农6、绥农8号四个大豆新品种均是以三交组合方式选育成功的。育种理论分析、经验和实践都表明三交组合方式值得提倡。 相似文献
12.
玉米脱粒破碎率关键影响因子及其最优预测模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
子粒破碎率高是当前中国玉米机械收获子粒的重要限制因素,解析破碎率变化原因,建立其简便预测模型是需要解决的重要问题。本文采集7个玉米品种在3个种植密度下组合的果穗,在不同子粒含水率梯度条件下开展单穗脱粒试验。种植密度在6万～9万株/hm2范围内对子粒破碎率没有影响,品种、子粒的含水率、抗侧压碎力和穿刺强度等的影响均达到统计显著水平。品种对破碎率变化的偏贡献率为12.7%,且品种的偏贡献率子粒含水率的偏贡献率抗侧压碎力的偏贡献率穿刺强度的偏贡献率,种植密度的偏贡献率接近于零。破碎率的最优预测因子是穿刺强度,预测模型:破碎率=10.25×0.990穿刺强度,满足破碎率不高于5%约束的穿刺强度值不得低于60 MPa。研究结果可为玉米破碎率预测、宜机收玉米新品种培育与鉴定、脱粒机具设计与制造提供数据支撑和技术参考。 相似文献
13.
半矮秆大豆育种组配方式的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大豆窄行密植栽培技术是黑龙汀省目前主要的大豆栽培技术之一,其较常规栽培技术平均增产16%～22%,但现在与该栽培技术配套的半矮秆大豆品种还很少.利用美国矮秆晚熟大豆品种Hobbit与当地早熟大豆品种配制2个单交组合、2个回交组合,通过对各组合后代半矮秆大豆早熟性和矮生性研究,认为改良美国矮秆基冈最佳组配方式为:(当地早熟品种×美国矮秆晚熟品种)×当地早熟品种,其次为当地早熟品种×美国矮秆晚熟品种.利用美国矮秆基因可以选育出适宜当地的半矮秆大豆新品种. 相似文献
14.
花生野生资源品质分析及杂交试验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对供试３４份花生野生资源进行了抗病性鉴定，其中部份参试材料作了品质分析及杂交试验．结果表明，花生野生种对三大叶部病害抗性较强；高蛋白质材料较多，也有高油份材料；花生区组二倍体野生种正反交其花果率差异较大，杂种Ｆ１经染色体加倍后，地上部超亲杂种优势明显，正反交后代花粉粒可育率相差悬殊；花生不同区组远缘杂交授粉后施用激素的花针率比不施激素的高，施用赤霉素比激动素效果好；适宜的赤霉素施用浓度为８７．５ｐｐｍ。 相似文献
15.
Masakazu Hara Fumio Ito Tatsuo Asai Toru Kuboi 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2009,64(3):188-192
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is a root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family which shows amylolytic activity in the taproot. However, there is little
information about differences in these amylolytic activities among radish cultivars. We analyzed the amylase activities and
starch contents of 7 kinds of radish cultivars. The Koshin cultivar showed the highest amylase activity, with a level approximately
6 times higher than that of the Sobutori cultivar, which had the lowest. Cultivars with higher amylase activities showed higher
starch contents. These results suggest that there are intraspecies variations in amylolytic activities in radishes, and positive
correlations between amylase activity and starch content. 相似文献
16.
A study of plant establishment showed that a considerable depletion in the size of the grass poptilation occurred during the first few months after sowing. In this experiment, two months after reseeding, the surviving grass seedlings amounted to about 20% of the viable seed sown; this figure was further reduced to about 10% before the swards were twelve months old.
In swards based on several cultivars within a species the casualty rate varied from cultivar to cultivar, and may be further modifted by manuring and management.
Evidence from older swards indicated that within a period of six years one cultivar could suppress another almost completely.
The data suggest that not only is there a strong selection pressure within a sward during its early life, but also that the environment (produced in this case by manuring and management) eternities the relative persistency and aggressiveness of the individual cultivars. This illustrates how a sward originally composed of several plant types eventually settles to a narrow range, provided the management is not varied. 相似文献
In swards based on several cultivars within a species the casualty rate varied from cultivar to cultivar, and may be further modifted by manuring and management.
Evidence from older swards indicated that within a period of six years one cultivar could suppress another almost completely.
The data suggest that not only is there a strong selection pressure within a sward during its early life, but also that the environment (produced in this case by manuring and management) eternities the relative persistency and aggressiveness of the individual cultivars. This illustrates how a sward originally composed of several plant types eventually settles to a narrow range, provided the management is not varied. 相似文献
17.
Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jacob M. Blauer Lisa O. Knowles N. Richard Knowles 《American Journal of Potato Research》2013,90(5):470-496
Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L?1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L?1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing. 相似文献
18.
A series of host-choice tests were conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the host selection behavior of the Bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris on commercial cruciferous seedlings. In addition, a separate choice test was conducted to investigate the selection behavior of B. hilaris adults for broccoli plants of various growth stages: cotyledon, 1-leaf, 2-leaf, and 4-leaf plant stages. In comparing host selection among the commercial seedlings, observations on host attractiveness, host acceptance and host susceptibility of the cruciferous cultivars to B. hilaris adults were measured by recording numbers of adults per plant, the time at which feeding damage was first observed, and the time plant mortality occurred for each cultivar, respectively. Results showed that significantly more adult B. hilaris were attracted to a commercial radish cultivar than all other hosts, followed by red and green cabbage. Measurements of host acceptance varied among the cruciferous cultivars, however in terms of feeding damage, alyssum, arugula and broccoli appeared to be relatively less acceptable hosts for B. hilaris. Similarly, all host plants were susceptible to B. hilaris feeding damage and plant mortality varied among cultivars. In the broccoli growth-stage trials, experiments were designed in a similar fashion except that the experiment was conducted in plastic cages. A greater number of B. hilaris adults were attracted to 4-leaf-stage broccoli than other growth stages, but feeding damage was observed more quickly on cotyledon-stage plants. The implications of these findings for developing alternative pest management approaches for B. hilaris in commercial cruciferous crops are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Christopher Wheatley Guillermo Gómez 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1985,35(2):121-129
The susceptibility to physiological deterioration and the hardness (penetration) of fresh peeled cassava roots as well as the cooking time, taste and texture of cooked roots of four (one local and three promising) cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) were evaluated. Variety or cultivar, plant age and their interactions significantly affected all these parameters. Roots produced by the local cultivar (M Col 113) had lower DM contents and susceptibility to physiological deterioration, a longer cooking time and higher penetration measurements than the promising cultivars. Physiological deterioration and penetration values tended to decrease, whereas cooking time increased as the plants became older. The variation in correlation coefficients between quality and chemical parameters among the different cultivars was substantial, with no correlation being significant in all four cultivars. The experimental results demonstrate the great variability among cassava cultivars in the root quality factors. 相似文献
20.
以高产、高蛋白、高脂肪三类5亲本轮配杂交的F_1代资料,按Griffing方法模型1,对5种主要农艺性状分析了正反交效应和配合力。全部10组合平均各性状正反交差异均不显著,不存在母体效应。配合力分析表明:不同类亲本性状水平与值大小关系密切,值与值有一定关系。优质性状、产量性状与籽粒外观品质性状的配合力存在符合育种要求的互补作用。优质亲本的其它农艺性状水平也很重要。 相似文献