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1.
Summary Solanum xedinense Berth., a pentaploid (2n=5x=60) interspecific hybrid between the cultivated potato and the wild speciesSolanum demissum Lindl., represents evidence of genetic exchange between wild and cultivated species. It has been found in Central Mexico at altitudes between 2000 and 3500 meters, growing in and along the edges of cultivated fields, roadside thickets, forest margins and along irrigation ditches. This study examined the hybrid nature of S.xedinense using molecular, cytological and crossability data. RAPD and AFLP markers were used to supportS. xedinense as a hybrid between the cultivated potato andS. demissum. Meiotic analysis and crossability studies were used to examine the potential ofS. xedinense to form offspring. Several accessions ofS. tuberosum L. subsp.tuberosum and subsp.andigena Hawkes,S. demissum and an accession ofS. xedinense were used in the study. Artificial hybrids betweenS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum andS. demissum were included for comparison. Molecular analysis positioned the natural and artificial hybrids as an intermediate group between the parental populations, supporting their relationship with the parental populations. Meiosis was abnormal in both natural and artificial hybrids, and reduced crossability was noted forS. xedinense. Although gene flow appears to happen between wild and cultivated potato, the potential for the natural hybrids to become established may depend mostly on their ability to clonally propagate themselves.  相似文献   

2.
Summary The potato tuber moth (PTM) represents a dangerous pest on potato crop in Italy, spreading out from southern areas to central and northern areas. Introductions ofSolanum berthaultii, S. commersonii, S. pinnatisectum, S. sparsipilum, S. spegazzini, S. sucurense, S. tarijense wild species andS. tuberosum × S. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated for resistance to a PTM population isolated from a field in central Italy, by means of an antibiosis test on tubers in the laboratory and of an antixenosis trial in the field. SeveralS. sparsipilum andS. pinnatisectum clones showed an antibiosis effect on larval survival and antixenosis of the aerial and the hypogeal parts of the plant. In the field, the genotypes with leaf glandular trichomes did not revcal the expected antixenosis effect of the acrial part of the plant.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Four introductions ofSolanum berthaultii wild species and sevenS. tuberosumxS. berthaultii hybrids were evaluated by antibiosis and antixenosis laboratory tests with potato tuber moth. Some morphological and chemical traits related to the trichomes were analysed. Two clones of the wild speciesS. sparsipilum and five ofS. pinnatisectum, characterised by high tuber resistance, were tested for leaf resistance, both by antibiosis and antixenosis assays. The genotypes with high density of trichomes A and with high exudate PPO activity, showed a moderate negative effect on pupal weight and fecundity in the antibiosis tests. Trichomes B exudate showed a strong repulsive effect on oviposition of adult in the antixenosis tests. TheS. pinnatisectum clones revealed a good leaf resistance level, whereas theS. sparsipilum clones showed lower levels of antibiosis and antixenosis.  相似文献   

4.
Seventy-two potato cultivars have been bred at the Scottish Plant Breeding Station and the Scottish Crop Research Institute since 1920. The original genetic base contained resistance to wart disease and to viruses, but not comprehensive resistance to all strains. Introgression of resistance genes from the wild and cultivated potato species of Latin America started for late blight in 1932, for viruses in 1941 and for potato cyst nematodes in 1952. Just seven of the 219 wild tuber-bearing species recognized by Hawkes in 1990 feature in the pedigrees of our cultivars, with Solanum demissum for blight resistance in 58, S. vernei for nematode resistance in 19 and S. microdontum for Potato virus Y resistance in 15, the other four species being S. multidissectum, S. commersonii, S. maglia and S. acaule. Resistance to other fungal and bacterial diseases has been mainly due to chance rather than deliberate breeding. From 1970, selection for yield and quality included processing quality, and despite lack of commercial success, prospects remain good for cultivars resistant to sweetening during cold storage. Since 1990 prebreeding has combined desirable traits through efficient recurrent selection based on progeny testing and provided parents for the commercially funded breeding of finished cultivars. Only one cultivar is a Neotuberosum–Tuberosum hybrid, whereas 15 cultivars have the H1 gene for resistance to Globodera rostochiensis introgressed from group Andigena. Long-day Phureja cultivars are finding a market niche for their flavour attributes. Breeding strategies and methods are critically reviewed from a genetic viewpoint.  相似文献   

5.
Glycoalkaloids are anti-nutritional compounds commonly found in wildSolanum species used as resistance sources to major potato pathogens. It is therefore important for breeding purposes to know whether selecting for resistance using such species necessarily selects also for high glycoalkaloid contents in the tubers. To test this hypothesis, we used six partial progenies from crosses betweenSolanum tuberosum and accessions ofS. andigena, S. berthaultii, S. phureja, andS. vernei to investigate the possible correlation between resistance toPhytophthora infestans and/or toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica and the concentration of glycoalkaloids in tubers. Concentrations of α-solanine and α-chaconine in the tubers segregated in each progeny, as did resistance to each pathogen. Some, but not all, clones from each progeny showed hypersensitive reactions to the isolate ofP. infestans used. Furthermore, clones within each progeny also differed for components of partial resistance toP. infestans, suggesting that all four wild species could be used as sources of both race-specific and partial resistance to late blight. With the exception of low, but statistically significant, correlations between concentration of α-solanine and two late blight resistance components (incubation period and spore production per unit lesion area) in progenies derived fromS. vernei, and despite a trend towards higher glycoalkaloid concentrations in the tubers of the clones most resistant to soft rot within progenies derived fromS. berthaultii andS. vernei, no consistent relationship between resistance to either disease and concentrations of α-solanine and/or α-chaconine was observed. These results indicate that neither race-specific nor partial resistance to late blight and soft rot in the accessions used as progenitors of resistance depend on high solanine or chaconine concentrations. These resistance sources could thus prove useful in breeding programs for improved behaviour againstP. infestans and/orE. carotovora.  相似文献   

6.
Summary Accessions of tuber-bearingSolanum spp. related toS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum were obtained from the German-Dutch collection (Braunschweig, Germany) and the Inter-regional potato collection (Sturgeon Bay, USA). They were screened for resistance toG. rostochiensis Rol andG. pallida Pa2/3. Among 1567 clones from 52 accessions, 135 clones (23 accessions) were resistant toG. rostochiensis. They mainly representedS. andigena, gourlayi, spegazzinii andvernei. Among 1689 clones (74 accessions), 105 clones (32 accessions) were resistant toG. pallida. They representedS. gourlayi, spegazzinii, sparsipilum andvernei. About 25 clones were resistant to both species.  相似文献   

7.
Type A glandular trichomes confer insect resistance to the wild potato,S. berthaultii Hawkes by oxidatively polymerizing their contents upon breakage, resulting in insect entrapment. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for the oxidative polymerization of Type A glandular trichome exudate.S. tuberosum L. trichomes possess low amounts of PPO and lack the ability to either polymerize their contents or entrap insects. Polyclonal antibodies raised against purifiedS. berthaultii glandular trichome PPO were used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify PPO content ofS. berthaultii, S tuberosum, and hybrid type A glandular trichomes. The PPO ELISA and immunoblots were used to quantify PPO expression as a function of leaf development and genetic background. PPO accumulates to its maximal levels in trichomes prior to completion of leaflet expansion. In advanced breeding generations, trichome PPO is expressed at levels varying from that found inS. tuberosum to that found inS. berthaultii. By serving as an initial screen for trichome PPO, this ELISA may be useful to assist rapid introgression of this insect resistance trait into adaptedS. tuberosum backgrounds.  相似文献   

8.
Clones selected from the wild diploid species,Solanum berthaultii, have been shown to possess valuable levels of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), as well as to insects such as aphids, flea beetles, leafhoppers and the potato tuber moth. Resistance is associated with the presence of glandular trichomes on the foliage ofS. berthaultii (2). Six generations after producing a hybrid between the diploid species and a tetraploid variety, a clone with good beetle and leafhopper resistance, as well as reasonable agronomic characteristics has been produced.  相似文献   

9.
Summary Ten different types of wild potatoes from South America were tested for resistance against 3 populations ofHeterodera rostochiensis from West Germany. The results of the pot trials showed that 2 species were completely resistant to all three populations. A varying degree of resistance was observed in other wild potatoes. Differences in the activity of root diffusates from South American wild potatoes were observed. There was no correlation between the degree of resistance and the activity of root diffusates. A high activity was observed for the first time in root diffusates fromS. vernei. The South American wild potatoes suitable for breeding for resistance have been discussed.
Zusammenfassung Zehn südamerikanische Wildkartoffeln wurden auf ihre Resistenz gegen drei verschiedene Populationen des Kartoffelnematoden (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) geprüft. Es handelte sich um die ArtenSolanum boliviense (EBS 1194),S. sparsipilum (EBS 1801),S. vernei (EBS 2867),S. brevicaule (EBS 1812),S. canasense (EBS 1896),S. megistacrolobum (EBS 1787 und 1793),S. berthaultii (EBS 1799), undS. gourlayi (EBS 1815 und 1864). Die Nematodenpopulationen kamen aus Hiltrup (A), Harmerz (AB) und Pont (Rassenzugeh?rigkeit noch nicht genau definiert). Die Ergebnisse von Topfversuchen zeigten, dassS. boliviense undS. sparsipilum gegen alle drei Nematodenpopulationen hochresistent waren.S. vernei undS. brevicaule besassen eine hohe Resistenz gegen Hiltrup, aber nur eine mittlere gegen Harmerz und Pont. S. canasense undS. megistacrolobum (EBS 1787) zeigten eine mittlere Resistenz gegen Hiltrup und Harmerz, die erstgenannte Art auch noch gegen Pont.S. megistacrolobum (EBS 1793) war anf?llig für Hiltrup und m?ssig resistent gegen Harmerz und Pont.S. berthaultii undS. gourlayi (EBS 1815) erwiesen sich als anf?llig für Hiltrup und m?ssig resistent gegen Harmerz. Die letztgenannte Herkunft war auch anf?llig für Pont.S. gourlayi (EBS 1864) war sehr anf?llig für Hiltrup und Harmerz und m?ssig resistent gegen Pont. Die Schlüpfversuche mit den Wurzelsekreten dieser Wildkartoffeln ergaben, dass beiS. gourlayi (EBS 1815 und 1864),S. boliviense, S. brevicaule undS. canasense nur sehr wenige Larven schlüpften.S. berthaultii undS. sparsipilum besassen nur eine m?ssig starke Schlüpfwirkung, w?hrendS. vernei und beide Herkünfte vonS. megistacrolobum das Larvenschlüpfen sehr stark anregten. Zwischen dem Resistenzgrad und der St?rke der schlüpff?rdernden Wirkung bestand kein Zusammenhang. Eine starke Steigerung des Schlüpfens durchS. vernei wurde in den vorliegenden Versuchen zum ersten Male nachgewiesen. Die Bedeutung der gefundenen Eigenschaften für die Resistenzzüchtung wird kurz diskutiert.
Résumé Dix pommes de terre sauvages d'Amérique du Sud ont été testées au sujet de leur résistance à l'égard de trois différentes populations du nématode de la pomme de terre (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) Il s'agit des espèces:Solanum boliviense (EBS 1194),S. sparsipilum (EBS 1801),S. vernei (EBS 2867),S. brevicaule (EBS 1812),S. canasense (EBS 1896),S. megistacrolobum (EBS 1787 et 1793),S. berthaultii (EBS 1799) etS. gourlayi (EBS 1815 et 1864). Les populations de nématodes venaient d'Hiltrup (A), Harmerz (AB) et Pont (appartenance des races pas encore définie). Les résultats d'expériences en pot montrent que:S. boliviense etS. sparsipilum sont hautement résistantes à toutes les trois populations de nématodes.S. vernei etS. brevicaule possèdent une haute résistance Hiltrup mais seulement une résistance moyenne à Harmerz et à Pont. S. canasense etS. megistacrolobum (EBS 1787) possèdent une résistance moyenne à Hiltrup et Harmerz, l'espèce la première nommée également à l'égard de Pont.S. megistacrolobum (EBS 1793) est réceptive à Hiltrup et, modérément résistante à Harmerz et Pont.S. berthaultii etS. gourlayi (EBS 1815) s'avèrent réceptives à Hiltrup et modérément résistantes à Harmerz. La dernière plante citée est aussi réceptive à Pont.S. gourlayi (EBS 1864) est aussi très réceptive à Hiltrup et Harmerz et modérément résistante à Pont. Les expériences de l'éclosion larvaire sous l'effet des sécrétions de racines de ces pommes de terre sauvages démontrent que: chezS. gourlayi (EBS 1815 et 1864),S. boliviense, S. brevicaule etS. canasense, il n'y a que très peu de larves écloses.S. berthaultii etS. sparsipilum possèdent seulement une intensité d'éclosion relativement forte tandis queS. vernei et les deux sortesS. megistacrolobum stimulent très fortement l'éclosion. Il n'existe aucun rapport entre le degré de résistance et l'intensité de l'éclosion larvaire. Au cours des expériences effectuées, il se révèle pour la première fois une forte, augmentation de l'éclosion parS. vernei. L'auteur discute brèvement l'importance des caractères découverts pour la sélection de variétés résistantes.

From India as Fellow of the German Academic Exchange Service, Bad Godesberg.  相似文献   

10.
Wild potatoes are important sources of genes for resistance to disease and insect pests. A collection of wild Mexican and South AmericanSolarium species from the US potato Genebank was evaluated under laboratory and/or field conditions for their reaction to late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Colorado potato beetle (CPB,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), and blackleg (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (van Hall) Dye) in order to identify individual genotypes with multiple resistance genes. Late blight inoculations using aggressive isolates (US-8/A2 and US-11/A1 mating types) of P.infestans revealed a wide range of variation for resistance between and within the accessions of the wild species tested. For late blight, susceptible as well as moderately to highly resistant genotypes were observed in all the species tested. However, at least one accession from the three Mexican and one South American wild diploid species tested showed a relatively uniform high level of resistance toP. infestans. These includedS. bulbocastanum, S. pinnatisectum, S. cardiophyllum, andS. circaeifolium. Two accessions from South American speciesS. commersonii were highly susceptible to late blight. For the Colorado potato beetle test, only one species,S. pinnatisectum appeared uniformly resistant to CPB under field conditions. Results of screening for blackleg resistance showed that there were major differences between genotypes in the wild species. Accessions ofS. circaeifolium PI 498119 andS. bulbocastanum PI 243504 were identified as having significantly higher blackleg resistance than cultivated potato and the other wild species tested. However, genotypes from these two accessions were more susceptible to late blight and CPB. Characterization of theP. infestans isolate P1801C.16 used for late blight evaluation and multi-locus isolate tests using US-8/A2 and US-11/A1 races revealed that the resistance inS. pinnatisectum genotypes tested corresponded to a race-non-specific genetic system, which was different from any existing R genes.Solanum pin-natisectum genotypes with both high levels of late blight and CPB resistance as well as blackleg resistance genotypes identified in the present study represent a diverse gene pool that may be useful for development of new potato cultivars with multiple disease and insect resistance. The potential utilization of these valuable sources for improvement of cultivated potato is discussed.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to investigate the utility of systematic screening at the genotype level withinSolanum accessions highly resistant to the Colorado potato beetle. Evaluations of clonally replicated genotypes showed that most accessions reported to be uniform when screened as populations contained small but significant variation among genotypes for resistance to oviposition, larvae, and defoliation, differences for numbers of larvae being most common. Adult counts and percentage defoliation were not as useful in evaluating among-genotype variability in beetle resistance. Genotypes ofS. pinnatisectum WRF 343 andS. tarijense PI 473227 were the most uniformly and highly resistant to Colorado potato beetle. Genotypes of S.berthaultii PI 473331,S. chacoense PI 473405, andS. tarijense PI 473336 were moderately to highly resistant, and genotypes ofS. bukasovii PI 473494 andS. canasense PI 230511 were uniformly susceptible to Colorado potato beetle. Nonparametric correlation analyses indicated that number of egg masses, small larvae, large larvae, and defoliation scores were positively correlated, negatively correlated, or not correlated, depending on the species. One generation of selection attempting to segregate resistance and susceptibility in nearly uniform and highly resistantS. pinnatisectum WRF 343 resulted in “divergent” populations that could not be distinguished from each other or the base population. Thus, through genotype (“fine”) screening and selection, we showed that some existing populations are virtually pure for extreme resistance. Use of individuals from such families would make screening breeding populations more efficient, and reduce the risk of losing resistance genes that have non-dominant effects. Fine screening, recurrent selection, and maintenance of such elite populations is recommended as an extension of population-based evaluation usually done by genebanks.  相似文献   

12.
Fifteen accessions ofSolarium berthaultii Hawkes andS. berthaultii xS. tarijense Hawkes were assessed for resistance to field infestations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), and potato fleabeetle,Epitrix cucumeris (Harris). Accessions bearing both Type A and Type B glandular trichomes were much more resistant to the green peach aphid and potato leafhopper than accessions bearing Type A hairs alone. All accessions had significantly smaller populations of these 3 pests than S.tuberosum cultivars. Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of foliage and tubers was not correlated with insect populations. Foliar TGA levels of field-grown plants varied among accessions, ranging from < 2–240 mg/100 g fresh wt. Solasonine and solamargine were the major foliar glycoalkaloids while solamarines predominated in tubers.  相似文献   

13.
The highly heterozygous and tetraploid nature of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum) has hampered discovery of its wild ancestral species. Chloroplast DNA is a very reliable indicator to trace maternal ancestry of crops. Most of the common potato (grown worldwide) has unique, T-type chloroplast DNA derived from Chilean cultivated potato (both areS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum). Analyzing seven different chloroplast DNA markers, I found all the T-type accessions of cultivated potatoes shared the same chloroplast DNA haplotype only with some accessions ofS. tarijense Hawkes and its derived hybrids. Thus, I conclude that some populations ofS. tarijense acted as the maternal ancestor of potato.  相似文献   

14.
The genetic resources available for the improvement of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are reviewed along with progress in their utilisation. The conclusions are as follows. The wild and cultivated species of potato have been utilised in potato breeding to good effect, but only a very small sample of the available biodiversity has been exploited. New knowledge and technology will open possibilities for much greater use of these genetic resources in breeding. The strategy for utilising the cultivars native to Latin America will either be the introgression of desirable genes or the direct use of parents from improved populations, depending on how far modern S. tuberosum cultivars have genetically diverged from them and the extent to which S. tuberosum cultivars have been improved in the process. Molecular marker-assisted selection will be used for faster introgression of desirable genes from wild species, and the possibility exists of moving genes directly from wild species to cultivated potato with transgenic methods. New cultivars will continue to come from crosses between pairs of parents with complementary features but adapted to local growing conditions. However, increasingly these parents will possess desirable genes which have been introgressed from wild species and may also be from complementary groups of cultivated germplasm to exploit hybrid vigour. Successful cultivars may be genetically modified, if consumers see benefits in the use of the technology, to introduce genes not present in cultivated potatoes and their wild relatives to achieve novel biochemistry and further desirable improvements.  相似文献   

15.
Potato is one of the most important world vegetables with respect to value of production and nutritional impact. Frost susceptibility reduces or precludes production on millions of hectares worldwide. In contrast to disease and pest problems, cultural or chemical treatments are not likely to be helpful in combating frost, so genetic improvement must be sought. Fortunately, wild relatives of the cultivated potato have been shown to exhibit frost tolerance far superior to that of cultivated species. In this research, over 2,600 accessions representing 101 species in the US potato collection at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin were visually screened after natural frosts in a uniform field in 1992. This provided a more comprehensive survey of germplasm accessions, further characterized species’ hardiness and intraspecific variation. The most hardy species wereSolanum acaule, S. albicans, S. commersonii, andS. demissum. An additional previously unreported extremely frost hardy species (Solanum paucissectum) was discovered. This information should expand the insights and germplasm options available to those intent on breeding desirable varieties with high levels of frost hardiness.  相似文献   

16.
Tetralobulate (Type A) glandular trichomes are present on foliage of many wild as well as cultivated species of potatoes. These trichomes confer resistance to insect pests if their density, gland size and biochemical products are similar as those ofSolanum berthaultti Hawkes andS. polyadenium Greenm. Hybrids ofS. tuberosum L. ×S. berthaultii have been screened for resistance by measurement of phenolic oxidation activity in their Type A trichomes by use of an enzymic browning assay. However, variability in the procedure has prompted the development of an improved assay.  相似文献   

17.
One hundred accessions of 18 wild diploid potato species were screened for resistance to scab through three cycles of selection, from which a total of 322 clones were selected as resistant. The putative ancestral species of the cultivated potatoes (Solanum bukasovii, S. canasense andS. multidissectum) produced resistant clones with significantly higher rates. Thus, these are primary gene sources for conferring scab resistance to cultivated potatoes.  相似文献   

18.
Wild Solanum species offer a valuable source of genetic diversity for potato improvement. Most of these species are found in equatorial South and Central America and they do not tuberise under long-day photoperiods typical of those in the major potato production areas of North America, Europe and Asia. Crosses between two haploids of Solanum tuberosum Chilotanum Group as females and two wild Solanum species clones generated four hybrid families. The parents and progeny were subjected to two greenhouse trials to evaluate tuberisation at 20-, 14-, and 8-h photoperiods. Parents and offspring tuberised most readily at the 8-h photoperiod, and poorly or not at all at the 20-h photoperiod. Segregation for tuberisation in hybrids was apparent at the 14-h photoperiod and depended on the cultivated parent, but not the wild species parent. The data support previous studies and best fit a model in which tuber production under long photoperiods is controlled by two dominant genes in cultivated × wild species hybrids.  相似文献   

19.
Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Two species of wild potato,S. brevidens andS. fernandezianum, were surveyed for six potato-infecting viruses in their natural habitats in the Puerto Montt Region and Robinson Crusoe Island of Chile, respectively. Potato viruses S (PVS), M (PVM) and X (PVX) and potato yellowing virus (PYV) were found in some clones of the Chilean Potato Germplasm Collection, whereas only one population ofS. brevidens out of six was virus-infected, namely by PVS. The cultivated potatoes on Robinson Crusoe Island were infected by PVS, PVM and PVX and infested byAulacorthum solani andMyzus persicae, whereasS. fernandezianum was infected by PYV and infested byA. circumflexum, A. solani andAphis spp.  相似文献   

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