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1.
Now,lodging is a major constraint factor contributing to yield loss of maize (Zea mays L.) under high planting density.Chemical regulation and nitrogen fertilizer could effectively coordinate the relationship between stem lodging and maize yield,which significantly reduce lodging and improve the grain yield.The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of chemical regulation and different nitrogen application rates on lodging characteristics,grain filling and yield of maize under high density.For this,we established a field study during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons,with three nitrogen levels of N100 (100 kg ha~(–1)),N200 (200 kg ha~(–1)) and N300 (300 kg ha~(–1)) at high planting density (90 000 plants ha~(–1)),and applied plant growth regulator (Yuhuangjin,the mixture of 3% DTA-6 and 27% ethephon) at the 7th leaf.The results showed that chemical control increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),4-coumarate:Co A ligase (4CL),and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and increased the lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents at the bottom of the 3rd internode,which significantly reduced the lodging percentage.The lignin-related enzyme activities,lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer,which significantly increased the lodging percentage.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control increased the number,diameter,angle,volume,and dry weight of brace roots.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control significantly increased the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase),soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme(SBE),which promoted the starch accumulation in grains.Additional,improved the maximum grain filling rate (V_(max)) and mean grain filling rate (V_m),which promoted the grain filling process,significantly increased grain weight and grain number per ear,thus increased the final yield.  相似文献   

2.
Increasing the planting density is one way to enhance grain production in maize. However, high planting density brings about growth and developmental defects such as barrenness, which is the major factor limiting grain yield. In this study, the barrenness was characterized in an association panel comprising 280 inbred lines under normal (67 500 plants ha–1, ND) and high (120 000 plants ha–1, HD) planting densities in 2017 and 2018. The population was genotyped using 776 254 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with criteria of minor allele frequency >5% and <20% missing data. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted for barrenness under ND and HD, as well as the barrenness ratio (HD/ND), by applying a Mixed Linear Model that controls both population structure and relative kinship (Q+K). In total, 20 SNPs located in nine genes were significantly (P<6.44×10–8) associated with barrenness under the different planting densities. Among them, seven SNPs for barrenness at ND and HD were located in two genes, four of which were common under both ND and HD. In addition, 13 SNPs for the barrenness ratio were located in seven genes. A complementary pathway analysis indicated that the metabolic pathways of amino acids, such as glutamate and arginine, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway might play important roles in tolerance to high planting density. These results provide insights into the genetic basis of high planting density tolerance and will facilitate high yield maize breeding.  相似文献   

3.
To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of leaf source reduction on photosynthetic matter production,root function and post-silking N uptake characteristics at different planting densities.In a 2-year field experiment,Xianyu 335,a widely released hybrid in China,was planted at 60 000 plants ha~(–1 )(conventional planting density,CD) and 90 000 plants ha~(–1) (high planting density,HD),respectively.Until all the filaments protruded from the ear,at which point the plants were subjected to the removal of 1/2 (T1),1/3 (T2) and 1/4 (T3) each leaf length per plant,no leaf removal served as the control(CK).We evaluated the leaf source reduction on canopy photosynthetic matter production and N accumulation of different planting densities.Under CD,decreasing leaf source markedly decreased photosynthetic rate (P_n),effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (F_v/F_m) at grain filling stage,reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation,harvest index (HI),and the yield.Compared with the CK,the 2-year average yields of T1,T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 35.4,23.8 and 8.3%,respectively.Meanwhile,decreasing leaf source reduced the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap,post-silking N uptake,and N accumulation in grain.The grain N accumulation in T1,T2 and T3 decreased by 26.7,16.5 and 12.8% compared with CK,respectively.Under HD,compared to other treatments,excising T3 markedly improved the leaf P_n,ΦPSII and F_v/F_m at late-grain filling stage,increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation,HI and the grain yield.The yield of T3 was 9.2,35.7 and 20.1% higher than that of CK,T1 and T2 on average,respectively.The T3 treatment also increased the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap and post-silking N uptake and N accumulation in grain.Compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments,the grain N accumulation in T3 increased by 13.1,40.9 and 25.2% on average,respectively.In addition,under the same source reduction treatment,the maize yield of HD was significantly higher than that of CD.Therefore,planting density should be increased in maize production for higher grain yield.Under HD,moderate decreasing leaf source improved photosynthetic performance and increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation and HI,and thus the grain yield.In addition,the improvement of photosynthetic performance improved the root function and promoted postsilking N uptake,which led to the increase of N accumulation in grain.  相似文献   

4.
旱作地膜玉米密植增产用水效应及土壤水分时空变化   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
【目的】干旱缺水是黄土高原旱作农业最大的限制因素,研究覆膜、增密和品种对旱作玉米增产和水分利用的影响,有助于揭示未来旱作粮食持续增产与水环境的关系。【方法】试验于2012—2015年在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的宁夏彭阳进行,在全膜双垄沟(FPRF)和半膜平铺盖(HPFC)2种种植方式下,选择耐密中晚熟先玉335和吉祥1号及不耐密早熟酒单4号3个杂交种,低密度(4.5万株/hm~2)、中密度(6.75万株/hm~2)和高密度(9.0万株/hm~2)3个水平,随机区组设计,玉米连作定位观测。采用烘干法监测不同降水年型玉米生育时期0—200 cm土层土壤水分,通过Surfer软件绘制土壤水分等值线图,研究旱作覆膜连作玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及土壤水分时空变化。【结果】在地膜覆盖条件下各因素对旱作玉米产量和水分利用的影响达到极显著或显著水平,对籽粒产量和WUE的影响顺序依次为降水年型密度覆膜方式品种,降水年型从干旱、正常、丰水年的变化,玉米产量由7.72和8.79 t·hm~(-2)增加到11.86和11.15 t·hm~(-2),但WUE最高值并不在降水较多的年份,而在正常年型。密度由4.5万株/hm~2增加到6.67万株/hm~2,耗水量、产量、WUE增加10.6 mm、20.0%和3.45 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2),但密度从6.67万株/hm~2增加到9.0万株/hm~2时,耗水量不再增加,而产量和WUE提高12.0%和2.97 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2);FPRF处理较HPFC处理平均增产15.72%,WUE提高21.09%;耐密中晚熟品种吉祥1号和先玉335较耐密性弱早熟品种酒单4号增产15.46%—24.45%,WUE提高13.35%—15.55%。在全膜双垄沟种植条件下,玉米生育期内土壤剖面水分含量始终高于半膜平覆盖种植,尤其是玉米灌浆期0—200 cm土层多蓄积了50—90 mm的土壤水分,在严重伏旱年份发挥了明显的抗旱增产作用。不论降雨年型如何,4年期间全膜双垄沟播玉米产量增加和WUE提高并没有多消耗土壤水分,土壤深层未形成低湿层,也未观察到增密增产对土壤剖面水分循环的负效应,而干旱年份半膜平铺盖形成了一个土壤水分8%的明显干土层,并且随着玉米生长时间的推后干土层厚度增加、范围扩大。【结论】在目前地膜覆盖和生产平均密度5.3万株/hm~2基础上,"全膜双垄沟播+耐密品种+增密1.5万株/hm~2"是年降雨450 mm以上旱作区玉米持续增产和水分高效利用的技术关键,增密增产不会导致土壤深层形成干土层。  相似文献   

5.
Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use, it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). One such method, alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), has been practiced worldwide, but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen (N) rates under APRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth, grain yield and WUE of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. The three N rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1, designated N1, N2 and N3, respectively. The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%, 60–65% and 75–80% field capacity (FC) throughout the maize growing season, designated W1, W2 and W3, respectively, were applied in combination with each N rate. The results showed that W2 and W3 significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, crop growth rate, chlorophyll SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), biomass, grain yield, ears per ha, kernels per cob, 1 000-kernel weight, harvest index, evapotranspiration and leaf area index (LAI) compared to W1 at each N rate. The N2 and N3 treatments increased those parameters compared to N1 in each irrigation treatment. Increasing the N rate from the N2 to N3 resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W3 while it had no impact on those under the W1 and W2 treatments. The W3N3 and W2N2 and W2N3 treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield, respectively. Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI (LAI at the silking stage) and Pn under W3, suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development, and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize. The W2N2, W2N3 and W3N3 treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments. Thus, either 60–65% FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha−1 or 75–80% FC coupled with 300 kg N ha−1 is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments. These results can provide a basis for in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.  相似文献   

6.
In 2010, Chinese maize yields increased from 961.5 kg ha?1 in 1949 to 5 453.8 kg ha?1. This increase is the result of genetic improvements, an increase in nitrogen application, and refinement of planting densities. The objective of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for maize production research by analyzing the maize yield gain characteristics. Six varieties of maize were selected for the study; each selection is representative of a typical or commonly used maize variety from a specific decade, beginning from the 1950s and continuing through each decade into the 2000s. The selections and their corresponding decade were as follows: Baihe, 1950s; Jidan 101, 1960s; Zhongdan 2, 1970s; Yedan 13, 1980s; Zhengdan 958, 1990s; and Xianyu 335, 2000s. Each variety was planted under four different densities (37 500, 52 500, 67 500, and 82 500 plants ha?1) and four different nitrogen applications (0, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha?1) to study the effects on yield gain characteristics. The obtained results demonstrated that there was a maize yield increase of 123.19% between the 1950s variety and the 2000s variety. Modern Chinese maize varieties had a higher yield advantage. They also displayed the additional potential to acquire higher yield under increased planting densities and nitrogen applications. At the present cultivation levels (planting at 67 500 plants ha?1 with 225 kg ha?1 nitrogen application), the contribution types and corresponding yield increase percentages were as follows: genetic improvement, 45.37%; agronomic-management improvement, 30.94%; and genotype× agronomic-management interaction, 23.69%. At high-yielding cultivation levels (planting at 82 500 plants ha?1 with 300 kg ha?1 nitrogen application), the contribution types and corresponding yield increase percentages were as follows: genetic improvement, 31.30%; agronomic-management improvement, 36.23%; and genotype × agronomic-management interaction, 32.47%. The contribution of agronomic-management and genotype × agronomic-management interaction to yield increase would be larger with the corresponding management improvement. To further increase maize grain yield in China, researchers should further examine the effects of agronomic-management on maize yield and the adaptation of variety to agronomic-management.  相似文献   

7.
【目的】探索不同集雨种植方式春玉米旱作田土壤水分转运、分配、土壤温度的时空变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,为试区玉米高产、水分高效持续利用型种植模式提供理论依据。【方法】2013-2014年在宁夏彭阳区设置传统露地平作（CK）为对照,分析4种不同集雨覆膜种植方式下春玉米各生育期的土壤水分、土壤温度、水分利用效率及产量变化。4种集雨覆膜种植方式分别为双垄沟全覆膜种植（D）、半膜平铺种植（F）、沟播垄膜双行种植（R1）、沟播垄膜单行种植（R2）。沟播垄膜双行处理和半膜平铺处理覆膜宽度均为60 cm,沟播垄膜单行处理垄宽50 cm、沟宽10 cm,双垄沟全覆膜大垄宽70 cm,垄高15 cm、小垄宽50 cm,垄高10 cm。播种密度均为75 000株/hm2。播前基施化肥102 kg N·hm-2和90 kg P2O5·hm-2,拔节期追施153 kg N·hm-2,试验为随机区组设计,3次重复。【结果】各覆膜处理较CK可明显改善土壤水温条件,在玉米苗期（0-30 d）,D、F、R1、R2处理0-200 cm土层的贮水量比CK分别增加了10%、8.9%、10.9%和14.4%。在玉米生长中后期（90-120 d）,受降雨量与不同覆膜种植方式下玉米耗水量不同,各覆膜处理0-200 cm土层贮水量表现出差异,2013年（前期降水为309.4 mm）各覆膜处理显著低于CK,覆膜处理间无显著差异,2014年（前期降水为104.9 mm）R1、R2处理贮水量均显著高于其他覆膜处理。2年试验中,R1处理0-40 cm土层贮水量显著高于其他处理,平均增加了5%;D、F、R1、R2 处理0-25 cm土层土壤温度在玉米苗期较CK分别增加了3.5、2.3、0.9和1.1 ℃;玉米全生育期总干物质积累量呈“S”型曲线,在0-60 d,积累量较小,各处理仅占整个生育期的4.3%-15.4%,各处理大小顺序为：D＞R2＞F＞R1＞CK;在60-120 d（大喇叭口期至灌浆期）,积累了玉米干物质的74.5%,此期D、R2的干物质积累速率达309.3和324.1 kg·hm-2·d-1;2013年（玉米全生育期降雨量为594.1 mm）D、F、R2的水分利用效率和玉米产量较CK分别提高13.4%、21.2%、13.3%和18.0%、11.2%、20.3%;2014年D、R1、R2（玉米全生育期降雨量为341.9 mm）的水分利用效率和玉米产量比CK分别显著提高了31.1%、33.8%、35.1%和42.5%、39.9%、40.8%,D、R1、R2处理间产量无明显差异。各覆膜处理在降水较少的年份水分利用效率和产量增加幅度较大,且R1效果明显。【结论】沟垄集雨种植方式可明显改善宁南半干旱地区土壤浅层水分状况,提高土壤温度,增加物质积累量;沟播垄膜种植在降水较少的年份集雨优势明显,双垄沟全覆膜、沟播垄膜单行种植的水分利用效率和产量最佳。该项研究丰富了宁南半干旱地区旱作集水种植模式,对进一步完善和筛选适合半干旱地区玉米高产稳产的可持续发展种植模式提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
种植密度对旱地不同株型春玉米品种光合特性与产量的影响   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  
【目的】研究种植密度对渭北旱塬不同株型春玉米品种光合特性与产量差异的影响,旨在揭示旱地不同株型玉米品种对种植密度的响应规律,确定与降水资源相适应的适宜种植密度。【方法】于2015—2016年以豫玉22、郑单958和先玉335为供试品种,设置D1(5.25万株/hm~2)、D2(6.75万株/hm~2)、D3(8.25万株/hm~2)和D4(9.75万株/hm~2)4个种植密度处理,研究玉米各生育时期光合特性、叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质量和产量相关性状的变化规律。【结果】(1)随着种植密度增加,光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均降低,而LAI增加,密度每增加1万株/hm~2,Pn降低1.32μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,Tr降低0.297 mmol·m-2·s-1,LAI增加0.181。(2)有效穗数随种植密度增加而显著增加,但穗粒数和千粒重显著降低(P0.05),密度每增加1万株/hm~2,穗粒数平均减少45粒,千粒重平均减小12 g。3个品种籽粒产量均以D2密度最高,2015年豫玉22、郑单958、先玉335产量分别为10.52、9.59、9.14 t·hm-2,2016年分别为11.37、9.73、9.77 t·hm-2。密度从5.25万株/hm~2增加到6.75万株/hm~2,两年内平均籽粒产量分别提高了21.9%、19.5%和7.5%;密度从6.75万株/hm~2增加加到9.75万株/hm~2,籽粒产量分别降低了19.8%、15.4%和7.7%。(3)春玉米基部茎粗、穗长随种植密度增加而逐渐减小。密度每增加1万株/hm~2,穗长平均降低0.86 cm,基部茎粗平均减小0.09 cm,豫玉22和郑单958倒伏率随之增高,但先玉335各密度下均未出现倒伏。(4)收获指数在两年间差异较大,平均表现为2015年高于2016年,品种间表现为先玉335郑单958豫玉22。水分利用效率和光能利用率均随着种植密度增加而先增大后降低。【结论】渭北旱塬旱地豫玉22、郑单958和先玉335最适种植密度分别为7.25、7.40、7.32万株/hm~2,其中豫玉22稳产性和丰产性较高,不同类型玉米品种最适种植密度范围为7.26—7.40万株/hm~2,稀植型品种宜采用较低密度,密植型品种宜采用较高密度。  相似文献   

9.
明确不同种植密度对施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征的影响，对通过种植密度调控玉米个体光合作用与群体产量关系，实现玉米稳产丰产具有理论和实践指导意义。在甘肃河西走廊，通过3 a田间试验，以施氮360 kg/hm2(N360)和不施氮(N0)为主区，玉米种植密度75 000株/hm2(D1)、87 000株/hm2(D2)和99 000株/hm2(D3)为副区，研究施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征对不同种植密度的响应。结果表明，试区玉米灌浆期光合有效辐射和大气温度最大值出现在14:00，最小值出现在6:00，而空气相对湿度最大值出现在6:00，最小值出现在14:00。施氮能够显著增加玉米灌浆期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)，N360较N0在8:00-18:00的Pn平均增加19.5%~41.7%、Tr平均增加27.4%~44.1%、Gs平均增加27.4%~44.1%，但叶片胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著降低；随着种植密度的增大，玉米灌浆期8:00―18:00的Pn、Tr、Gs呈降低趋势；N360D2与N360D1玉米灌浆期Pn差异不显著，显著大于其他处理。施氮水平和种植密度对玉米灌浆期8:00―16:00的叶片水分利用效率均无显著影响。N360较N0同时增加玉米籽粒产量和生物产量，但使玉米收获指数降低3.5%~5.3%；在N0中D2玉米籽粒产量大于D1和D3，而在N360中D2玉米籽粒产量与D3无显著差异，均显著大于D1；N360D2与N360D1的玉米籽粒产量无显著差异，均大于其他处理。总之，在施氮360 kg/hm2条件下，种植密度从75 000株/hm2增加到87 000株/hm2，能够使玉米灌浆期叶片光合速率保持在较高水平，提高收获指数，促进生物产量向籽粒产量的转化效率，获得最大籽粒产量。  相似文献   

10.
A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant density on tassel and ear differentiation, anthesissilking interval(ASI), and grain yield formation of two types of modern maize hybrids(Zhongdan 909(ZD909) as tolerant hybrid to crowding stress, Jidan 209(JD209) and Neidan 4(ND4) as intolerant hybrids to crowding stress) in Northeast China. Plant densities of 4.50×104(D1), 6.75×104(D2), 9.00×104(D3), 11.25×104(D4), and 13.50×104(D5) plants ha~(-1) had no significant effects on initial time of tassel and ear differentiation of maize. Instead, higher plant density delayed the tassel and ear development during floret differentiation and sexual organ formation stage, subsequently resulting in ASI increments at the rate of 1.2–2.9 days on average for ZD909 in 2013–2014, 0.7–4.2 days for JD209 in 2013, and 0.5–3.7 days for ND4 in 2014, respectively, under the treatments of D2, D3, D4, and D5 compared to that under the D1 treatment. Total florets, silking florets, and silking rates of ear showed slightly decrease trends with the plant density increasing, whereas the normal kernels seriously decreased at the rate of 11.0–44.9% on average for ZD909 in 2013–2014, 2.0–32.6% for JD209 in 2013, and 9.7–28.3% for ND4 in 2014 with the plant density increased compared to that under the D1 treatment due to increased florets abortive rates. It was also observed that 100-kernel weight of ZD909 showed less decrease trend compared that of JD209 and ND4 along with the plant densities increase. As a consequence, ZD909 gained its highest grain yield by 13.7 t ha~(-1) on average at the plant density of 9.00×104 plants ha~(-1), whereas JD209 and ND4 reached their highest grain yields by 11.7 and 10.2 t ha~(-1) at the plant density of 6.75×104 plants ha~(-1), respectively. Our experiment demonstrated that hybrids with lower ASI, higher kernel number potential per ear, and relative constant 100-kernel weight(e.g., ZD909) could achieve higher yield under dense planting in high latitude area(e.g., Northeast China).  相似文献   

11.
《农业科学学报》2023,22(7):2067-2079
Climate change has a significant impact on agriculture. However, the impact investigation is currently limited to the analysis of meteorological data, and there is a dearth of long-term monitoring of crop phenology and soil moisture associated with climate change. In this study, temperature and precipitation (1957–2020) were recorded, crop growth (1981–2019) data were collected, and field experiments were conducted at central and eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia, China. The mean temperature increased by 0.36°C, and precipitation decreased by 11.17 mm per decade. The average evapotranspiration (ET) of winter wheat in 39 years from 1981 to 2019 was 362.1 mm, demonstrating a 22.1-mm decrease every 10 years. However, the ET of spring maize was 405.5 mm over 35 years (1985–2019), which did not show a downward trend. Every 10 years, growth periods were shortened by 5.19 and 6.47 d, sowing dates were delayed by 3.56 and 1.68 d, and maturity dates advanced by 1.76 and 5.51 d, respectively, for wheat and maize. A film fully-mulched ridge–furrow (FMRF) system with a rain-harvesting efficiency of 65.7-92.7% promotes deep rainwater infiltration into the soil. This leads to double the soil moisture in-furrow, increasing the water satisfaction rate by 110-160%. A 15-year grain yield of maize increased by 19.87% with the FMRF compared with that of half-mulched flat planting. Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize increased by 20.6 and 17.4% when the density grew from 4.5×104 to 6.75×104 plants ha–1 and improved by 12.0 and 12.7% when the density increased from 6.75×104 to 9.0×104 plants ha–1, respectively. Moreover, responses of maize yield to density and the corresponding density of the maximum yield varied highly in different rainfall areas. The density parameter suitable for water planting was 174 maize plants ha–1 with 10 mm rainfall. Therefore, management strategies should focus on adjusting crop planting structure, FMRF water harvesting system, and water-suitable planting to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and enhance sustainable production of maize in the drylands.  相似文献   

12.
为探究增密后对带状套作玉米产量的调控效应,分别设置种植模式、密度、施氮量三因素裂区田间试验,主因素为种植模式：带状套作玉米(A1)和单作玉米(A2),副因素为种植密度：60 000(B1)和75 000株/hm2(B2),副副因素为施氮水平：0(C1)、225(C2)、300(C3)、375 kg/hm2(C4),连续2年的短期定位大田试验,测定并分析各生育时期2种种植模式下玉米的产量、干物质积累、叶面积指数及叶绿素含量。结果表明,随着密度从60 000增至75 000株/hm2,单作和带状套作玉米分别增产5.36%和5.87%,带状套作玉米增产幅度较单作玉米高8.69%;在2种密度条件下,带状套作玉米施氮量达到300和375 kg/hm2时,产量较不施氮处理增加15.94%和14.28%,单作玉米施氮量达到225和300 k...  相似文献   

13.
Improving grain yield (GY) and reducing grain moisture (GM) are urgent demands for directly harvesting kernels with combine harvesters in maize production. GY and GM are both related to leaf, stem and root characteristics, but the relationships are not fully understood. To better understand these relationships, we conducted a field trial involving 12 maize hybrids with two sowing dates in 2017 and 10 maize hybrids with one sowing date in 2019. GY ranged from 6.5–14.6 t ha–1 in early-sown varieties and 9.3–12.7 t ha–1 in late-sown varieties in 2017, and 5.9–7.4 t ha–1 in 2019, respectively, with corresponding GM variations of 29.8–34.9%, 29.4–34.5% and 31.9–37.1% at harvest. A large maximum leaf area contributed to a high yield, a fast leaf senescence rate accelerated grain dehydration in the late growth period, and a compact root structure resulted in both of high-yield and fast-grain dehydration. A strong stem improved lodging resistance but maintained a high GM at harvest, and it is challenging to combine high GY and low GM in maize. High GY co-existed with low GM in some varieties that should have a rapid grain filling, a relatively long grain-filling duration, and a rapid grain dehydration in the late growth period. A high daily temperature in the late growth period also improved GY and reduced GM by influencing grain filling and dehydration, suggesting that adjusting the sowing date should be an alternative strategy to combine high GY and low GM in kernel harvesting.  相似文献   

14.
Improving radiation use efficiency(RUE) of the canopy is necessary to increase wheat(Triticum aestivum) production. Tridimensional uniform sowing(U) technology has previously been used to construct a uniformly distributed population structure that increases RUE. In this study, we used tridimensional uniform sowing to create a wheat canopy within which light was spread evenly to increase RUE. This study was done during 2014–2016 in the Shunyi District, Beijing, China. The soil type was sandy loam. Wheat was grown in two sowing patterns:(1) tridimensional uniform sowing(U);(2) conventional drilling(D). Four planting densities were used: 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, and 4.5 million plants ha–1. Several indices were measured to compare the wheat canopies: photosynthetic active radiation intercepted by the canopy(IPAR), leaf area index(LAI), leaf mass per unit area(LMA), canopy extinction coefficient(K), and RUE. In two sowing patterns, the K values decreased with increasing planting density, but the K values of U were lower than that of D. LMA and IPAR were higher for U than for D, whereas LAI was nearly the same for both sowing patterns. IPAR and LAI increased with increasing density under the same sowing pattern. However, the difference in IPAR and LAI between the 3.6 and 4.5 million plants ha–1 treatments was not significant for both sowing patterns. Therefore, LAI within the same planting density was not affected by sowing pattern. RUE was the largest for the U mode with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1 treatment. For the D sowing pattern, the lowest planting density(1.8 million plants ha–1) resulted in the highest yield. Light radiation interception was minimal for the D mode with a planting density of 1.8 million plants ha–1 treatment, but the highest RUE and highest yield were observed under this condition. For the U sowing pattern, IPAR increased with increasing planting density, but yield and RUE were the highest with a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1. These results indicated that the optimal planting density for improving the canopy light environment differed between the sowing patterns. The effect of sowing pattern×planting density interaction on grain yield, yield components, RUE, IPAR, and LMA was significant(P0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that there is a positive significant correlation between grain yield and RUE(r=0.880, P0.01), LMA(r=0.613, P0.05), and spike number(r=0.624, P0.05). These results demonstrated that the tridimensional uniform sowing technique, particularly at a planting density of 3.6 million plants ha–1, can effectively increase light interception and utilization and unit leaf area. This leads to the production of more photosynthetic products that in turn lead to significantly increased spike number(P0.05), kernel number, grain weight, and an overall increase in yield.  相似文献   

15.
Plant-to-plant variability is a crop stability component. The objective of this study in maize (Zea mays L.) was to test the validity of the theoretical background of the hypothesis that the coefficient of variation (CV) for grain yield per plant and mean yield are connected exponentially, following the Taylor's Power Law (TPL) Model. Field experimentation was conducted across two sites, two seasons, and two planting densities. Densities were the main plots, corresponding to the typical practice of 8.89 plants m–2 (TCD) and the low-input optimal of 5.33 plants m–2 (LCD), while hybrids were the subplots. Data from 26 subplots in the first site averaged CV values of 22.6% at the TCD and 21.9% at the LCD, and mean yields of 19.1 and 13.9 t ha–1, respectively, following the TPL Model. The same was true for the second site, with average CVs and means of 41.5% and 14.3 t ha–1 at the TCD and 36.8% and 11.5 t ha–1 at the LCD. A test was performed on the simple correlation between the logarithms of variances and their respective means to investigate whether there is a systematic variance dependence on mean, thus questioning the reliability of TPL. The validity of TPL was verified in the first site. Nevertheless, there was a systematic dependence of yield variance on mean yield in the second site, implying that the CV-yield correlation might be not biologically meaningful. Conversion of the variance to remove its dependence on the mean did not validate the CV-yield negative relationship, meaning that caution is needed when interpreting the CV as a stability index for intra-crop variation. Whether the determinant factor of invalidity of TPL was the extensive intra-crop variation in the lower yielding second site can be assessed in future research.  相似文献   

16.
以耐密植大豆品种铁豆119号和普通大豆品种辽豆11号为材料,设置8.0、14.0、20.0、26.0、32.0、38.0万株/hm2共6个种植密度,研究了不同种植密度对两个耐密性不同的大豆品种的产量性状及产量的影响。结果表明：耐密植品种铁豆119号的单株荚数、单株粒数和粒茎比均多于普通品种辽豆11号。随种植密度的增加,单株荚数、单株粒数减少,百粒重与种植密度关系不显著。耐密植品种铁豆119号的籽粒产量高于普通品种辽豆11号,随种植密度的增加,铁豆119号和辽豆11号的籽粒产量随种植密度增加而先增后减。在一定种植密度范围内是如此,超过了一定种植密度,会因倒伏带来减产,特别是普通品种。铁豆119号的适宜种植密度为32.0万株/hm2,辽豆11号为14.0万株/hm2,铁豆119号在种植密度变化时籽粒产量水平较辽豆11号稳定,说明适宜的增加种植密度可以提高大豆的籽粒产量,铁豆119号更适于密植栽培。  相似文献   

17.
基于AquaCrop模型的北京地区冬小麦水分利用效率   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
【目的】作物水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)是农业水分管理与决策的重要指标。北京是严重缺水的城市,其主要种植作物冬小麦灌溉用水占比高,开展冬小麦产量水分利用效率的分析研究,可为北京地区的冬小麦节水灌溉与增产平衡提供决策信息支持。【方法】利用2011—2012、2012—2013和2013—2014年国家精准农业示范研究基地冬小麦不同生育期不同灌溉处理下的田间实测数据,对AquaCrop作物模型进行参数本地化。统计北京地区2004—2014年冬小麦生育期的日降雨量数据,利用Pearson-Ⅲ型分布划分了3种降雨年型:湿润年(2012—2013年生育期)、平水年(2009—2010年生育期)和干旱年(2005—2006年生育期)。应用AquaCrop研究分析了3种不同降雨年型、14种灌溉情景下冬小麦籽粒产量水平和产量水分利用效率特征变化。【结果】基于AquaCrop模型的产量模拟值和实测值的R 2、RMSE和d分别为0.99、0.3 t·hm~(-2)、0.99。模型模拟的冬小麦产量水分利用效率:2011—2012年正常灌溉条件下为1.72 kg·m~(-3),2012—2013年正常灌溉条件下为1.67 kg·m~(-3),2013—2014年雨养、正常灌溉和过量灌溉条件下分别为1.27、1.74和1.64 kg·m~(-3),正常灌溉条件下产量水分利用效率最高,其次是过量灌溉,雨养条件下产量水分利用效率最低。在此基础上应用AquaCrop模型模拟分析了3种不同降雨年型冬小麦籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率随灌溉量变化的响应特征,其中,湿润年产量水分利用效率和籽粒产量达到最大值时所需的灌溉量分别为35和50 mm;平水年达到最大值所需的灌溉量分别为35和40 mm;干旱年达到最大值所需的灌溉量均为65 mm。【结论】AquaCrop模型可以很好预测北京地区不同年份不同灌溉条件下冬小麦的籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率。冬小麦产量与产量水分利用效率均随着灌溉量的增加逐渐增大,至最大值后开始减小,在干旱的情况下,植物通过自身适应策略会提高水分利用效率,随着水分的增加,水分利用率将降低,因此3种不同年型的产量水分利用效率的大小顺序依次为干旱年、平水年和湿润年。因此,在制定冬小麦灌溉策略时,要做到产量和产量水分利用效率兼顾。以上研究结果表明,利用Aqua Crop模型可以为北京地区冬小麦田间灌溉和决策提供指导。关于降雨年型本研究仅对湿润年、平水年和干旱年3种年型在越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期不同灌溉量和籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率之间的关系进行模拟,对于不同时期不同灌溉量对籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率的影响没有考虑,需要进一步研究验证。  相似文献   

18.
2019-2021年连续3年在陕西省泾阳县试验示范基地选取不同类型夏玉米品种,研究了4种密度对植株性状和产量的影响,探索各品种在关中灌区最佳种植密度。结果表明：各品种同一年度间株高、穗位、倒伏率、倒折率和空秆率随种植密度的增加有增高趋势,穗行数、行粒数和穗粒数有降低趋势,在4.5万株/hm2和6.0万株/hm2密度条件下百粒重较大。关中灌区陕单650最佳种植密度为7.5~9.0万株/hm2,郑单958最佳种植密度为6.0~7.5万株/hm2,陕单609最佳种植密度为9.0万株/hm2,东单60最佳种植密度为6.0~7.5万株/hm2。  相似文献   

19.
种植密度对春玉米干物质、氮素积累与转运及产量的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
以玉米品种陕单609和郑单958为材料,设置4.5(D1)、6.0(D2)、7.5(D3)、9.0(D4)万·hm-2 4个种植密度,研究种植密度对春玉米产量及干物质、氮素转运的影响。结果表明,在D1到D4密度区间,2个品种产量均随密度的增加而增加,在D4密度下最高,分别为13 660.5和13 452kg·hm-2。与D1密度相比,陕单609在D2、D3、D4密度下的产量分别增加16.75%、28.74%、35.34%;郑单958在D2、D3、D4密度下的产量分别增加16.38%、29.96%、37.06%。通过回归方程可知,陕单609最高产密度为10.238万·hm-2,郑单958为9.049 8万·hm-2。叶面积指数、光能截获率随种植密度增加显著增大,而底层透光率显著减小。2个品种的群体干物质积累量和各器官的干物质及氮素积累量、转运量(率)、物质转运对籽粒的贡献率均随种植密度增加而增大。各器官中,氮素积累量、转运量与干物质积累量、转运量呈显著性相关。说明,种植密度通过干物质积累与转运来影响氮素的积累与转运。增加玉米种植密度,有助于增加光合面积、提高有效光能截获率、提高干物质及氮素的积累量和转运量,从而提高玉米籽粒产量。  相似文献   

20.
The goal of this research was to determine the potential for use of site-specific management of corn hybrids and plant densities in dryland landscapes of the Great Plains by determining (1) within-field yield variation, (2) yield response of different hybrids and plant densities to variability, and (3) landscape attributes associated with yield variation. This work was conducted on three adjacent fields in eastern Colorado during the 1997, -98, and -99 seasons. Treatments consisted of a combination of two hybrids (early and late maturity) and four plant densities (24,692, 37,037, 49,382 and 61,727 plants ha-1) seeded in replicated long strips. At maturity, yield was measured with a yield-mapping combine. Nine landscape attributes including elevation, slope, soil brightness (SB) (red, green, and blue bands of image), ECa (shallow and deep readings), pH, and soil organic matter (SOM) were also assessed. An analysis of treatment yields and landscape data, to assess for spatial dependency, along with semi variance analysis, and block kriging were used to produce kriged layers (10 m grids). Linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine associations between kriged average yields and landscape attributes. Yield monitor data revealed considerable variability in the three fields, with average yields ranging from 5.43 to 6.39 Mg ha-1 and CVs ranging from 20% to 29%. Hybrids responded similarly to field variation while plant densities responded differentially. Economically optimum plant densities changed by around 5000 plants ha-1 between high and low-yielding field areas, producing a potential savings in seed costs of $6.25 ha-1. Variability in yield across the three landscapes was highly associated with landscape attributes, especially elevation and SB, with various combinations of landscape attributes accounting for 47%, 95%, and 76% of the spatial variability in grain yields for the 1997, -98, and -99 sites, respectively. Our results suggest site-specific management of plant densities may be feasible.  相似文献   

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