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1.
Blanford S Chan BH Jenkins N Sim D Turner RJ Read AF Thomas MB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5728):1638-1641
Using a rodent malaria model, we found that exposure to surfaces treated with fungal entomopathogens following an infectious blood meal reduced the number of mosquitoes able to transmit malaria by a factor of about 80. Fungal infection, achieved through contact with both solid surfaces and netting for durations well within the typical post-feed resting periods, was sufficient to cause >90% mortality. Daily mortality rates escalated dramatically around the time of sporozoite maturation, and infected mosquitoes showed reduced propensity to blood feed. Residual sprays of fungal biopesticides might replace or supplement chemical insecticides for malaria control, particularly in areas of high insecticide resistance. 相似文献
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Efficacy of murine malaria sporozoite vaccines: implications for human vaccine development 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
J E Egan J L Weber W R Ballou M R Hollingdale W R Majarian D M Gordon W L Maloy S L Hoffman R A Wirtz I Schneider 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,236(4800):453-456
As part of a study of potential vaccines against malaria, the protective efficacy of sporozoite subunit vaccines was determined by using the Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. Mice were immunized with recombinant DNA-produced or synthetic peptide-carrier subunit vaccines derived from the repetitive epitopes of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite gene, or with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. Immunization with subunit vaccines elicited humoral responses that were equivalent to or greater than those elicited by irradiated sporozoites, yet the protection against sporozoite challenge induced by either of the subunit vaccines was far less than that achieved by immunization with attenuated sporozoites. Passive and adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that subunit vaccines elicited predominantly antibody-mediated protection that was easily overcome whereas irradiated sporozoites induced potent cell-mediated immunity that protected against high challenge doses of sporozoites. These studies indicate that new strategies designed to induce cellular immunity will be required for efficacious sporozoite vaccines. 相似文献
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Mota MM Pradel G Vanderberg JP Hafalla JC Frevert U Nussenzweig RS Nussenzweig V Rodríguez A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5501):141-144
Intracellular bacteria and parasites typically invade host cells through the formation of an internalization vacuole around the invading pathogen. Plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of the malaria parasite transmitted by mosquitoes, have an alternative mechanism to enter cells. We observed breaching of the plasma membrane of the host cell followed by rapid repair. This mode of entry did not result in the formation of a vacuole around the sporozoite, and was followed by exit of the parasite from the host cell. Sporozoites traversed the cytosol of several cells before invading a hepatocyte by formation of a parasitophorous vacuole, in which they developed into the next infective stage. Sporozoite migration through several cells in the mammalian host appears to be essential for the completion of the life cycle. 相似文献
4.
Protection against malaria by vaccination with sporozoite surface protein 2 plus CS protein. 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
S Khusmith Y Charoenvit S Kumar M Sedegah R L Beaudoin S L Hoffman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,252(5006):715-718
The circumsporozoite (CS) protein has been the target for development of malaria sporozoite vaccines for a decade. However, immunization with subunit vaccines based on the CS protein has never given the complete protection found after immunization with irradiated sporozoites. BALB/c mice immunized with irradiated Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites produced antibodies and cytotoxic T cells against a 140-kilodalton protein, sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2). Mice immunized with P815 cells that had been transfected with either SSP2 or CS genes were partially protected, and those immunized with a mixture of SSP2 and CS transfectants were completely protected against malaria. These studies emphasize the importance of vaccine delivery systems in achieving protection and define a multi-antigen sporozoite vaccine. 相似文献
5.
Oral Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expressing circumsporozoite protein protects against malaria 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
J C Sadoff W R Ballou L S Baron W R Majarian R N Brey W T Hockmeyer J F Young S J Cryz J Ou G H Lowell 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4850):336-338
Immunization with radiation-attenuated malaria sporozoites induces potent cellular immune responses, but the target antigens are unknown and have not previously been elicited by subunit vaccines prepared from the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. A method is described here for inducing protective cell-mediated immunity to sporozoites by immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium transformed with the Plasmodium berghei CS gene. These transformants constitutively express CS antigens and, when used to immunize mice orally, colonize the liver, induce antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protect mice against sporozoite challenge in the absence of antisporozoite antibodies. These data indicate that the CS protein contains T cell epitopes capable of inducing protective cell-mediated immunity, and emphasize the importance of proper antigen presentation in generating this response. Analogous, orally administered vaccines against human malaria might be feasible. 相似文献
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In Denmark, the weevils Strophosoma melanogrammum and S.capitatum cause economic damage in Noble fir due to the adult stage feeding on the needles.No chemical treatments of these weevils are allowed in Denmark,so biological control is an attractive solution.We evaluated the potential for microbial control of larvae of Strophosoma spp.based on laboratory bioassays and field applications,taking effect on both target and non-target into consideration,as well as persistence of the applied fungus.In the laboratory Beauveria bassiana,Paecilomyces farinosus and Metarhizium anisopliae were able to infect and cause mycosis in Strophosoma larvae.Among the tested isolates the most virulent isolate was M.anisopliae BIPESCO 5,which resulted in 80 % mortality.In the field experiment M.anisopliae,isolate BIPESCO 5,was applied to the soil as a conidial suspension against larvae of Strophosoma spp.The effect of the fungus on the target population was monitored at a weekly basis by counts of emerging adult weevils during their activity periods.The population of Strophosoma spp.was reduced by up to 60% in treated plots compared to control plots.The non-target effects of M.anisopliae were studied by sampling insects and ticks from both treated and control plots.Seven days after treatment,two sampled insect orders (Hemiptera and Coleoptera) and ticks were found with prevalences of M.anisopliae above 50%,compared to no infection in the insects collected from control plots.Infections in coccinellids were found as long as 277 days after treatment.However,the effect on population level of non-target is still unexplored.The persistence of the fungus was documented by plating a soil suspension onto agar.We documented that conidia of M.anisopliae could persist in the greenery plantation for at least 418 days after application. 相似文献
7.
Inhibition of development of exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites by gamma-interferon 总被引：41，自引：0，他引：41
A Ferreira L Schofield V Enea H Schellekens P van der Meide W E Collins R S Nussenzweig V Nussenzweig 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4752):881-884
A specific DNA probe was used to study the effect of recombinant rat, mouse, and human gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) on the course of sporozoite-induced malaria infections. In mice and rats infected with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei, mouse and rat gamma-IFN's strongly inhibited the development of the exoerythrocytic forms in the liver liver cells of the hosts, but not the development of the erythrocytic stages. The degree of inhibition of the exoerythrocytic forms was proportional to the dose of gamma-IFN administered, but was independent of the number of sporozoites used for challenge. A 30 percent reduction in the development of exoerythrocytic forms in rat liver was achieved when 150 units (about 15 nanograms of protein) of rat gamma-IFN were injected a few hours before sporozoite challenge; the reduction was 90 percent or more with higher doses of gamma-IFN. The effect was less pronounced if the gamma-IFN was administered 18 hours before or a few hours after challenge. Human gamma-IFN also diminished the parasitemia in chimpanzees infected with sporozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. The target of gamma-IFN activity may be the infected hepatocytes themselves, as shown by in vitro experiments in which small doses of the human lymphokine inhibited the development of exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei in a human hepatoma cell line. These results suggest that immunologically induced interferon may be involved in controlling malaria infection under natural conditions. 相似文献
8.
Administration of suspensions of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites by the oral route to groups of susceptible animals (A/J mice, young rats, hamsters, and Thamnomys) resulted in high rates of infection (66 to 100 percent).Control animals each given a suspension of 200,000 to 500,000 erythrocytes infected with P. berghei by the same oral route did not develop parasitemia. Direct intubation of sporozoite suspensions into the stomach failed to produce parasitemia. In vitro studies showed that sporozoites kept in medium M 199 acidified to pH 3.6 (the acid environment of the rat stomach) for 5 to 15 mtinutes lost their viability and infectivity. We believe that sporozoites of P. berghei find their way to the bloodstream during their brief sojourn in the esophagus. 相似文献
9.
【目的】检测鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫体外刺激的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞活力及分泌的细胞因子目的是了解球虫对免疫细胞增殖及产生的免疫相关分子的影响。【方法】无菌条件分离鸡外周血和脾淋巴细胞,淋巴细胞和HD11巨噬细胞分别与鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫子孢子体外共培养,采用MTT、Griess、ELISA、RT-PCR法、流式细胞术等方法检测细胞增殖、免疫相关分子水平。【结果】子孢子组鸡外周血和脾淋巴细胞增殖明显高于对照组(P0.05);子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞NO和iNOS的分泌量明显增加(P0.05),外周血和脾淋巴细胞NO和iNOS分泌量升高,但统计差异不显著,脾淋巴细胞iNOS分泌量低于对照组差异不显著,但子孢子组免疫细胞上iNOS基因表达水平上调且显著高于对照组(P0.05);子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞和外周血淋巴细胞IL-2分泌量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),且IL-2mRNA表达下调;HD11巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞IFN-γ量极明显高于对照组(P0.01),而外周血淋巴细胞IFN-γ分泌量明显降低,IFN-γmRNA表达量与对照组无显著统计差异;子孢子组HD11巨噬细胞吞噬能力及明显强于对照组(P0.01),其表达MHC-Ⅱ分子的阳性细胞百分率显著高于对照组,细胞上表达KUL01表面分子阳性百分率显著降低,但阳性细胞平均荧光强度都极明显高于对照组(P0.01)。【结论】鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫刺激免疫细胞增殖,提高巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞NO和iNOS的分泌量明显增加及iNOS基因表达水平上调,但IL-2分泌量下降其mRNA表达下调,免疫相关分子(MHC-II)表达量增加,结果表明鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫能不同程度影响免疫细胞增殖及产生免疫相关分子。 相似文献
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橙斑白条天牛是福建省杨树的一种新害虫,应用不同球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)和金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)菌株对橙斑白条天牛幼虫进行致病力测定,旨在筛选出感染该虫的高致病力菌株,为生物防治提供新的资源。结果表明,接种后,该天牛幼虫的累积死亡率随时间的延长而逐渐增高,接种绿僵菌Ma1291-2和Ma1775菌株14 d后,幼虫的校正死亡率分别为91.69%和86.50%;接种白僵菌BbDp-06菌株14 d后,幼虫校正死亡率达71.05%。绿僵菌Ma1291-2和Ma1775菌株对该幼虫的LT50分别为5.73和5.39 d,白僵菌BbDp-06菌株的LT50为8.02 d。Ma1291-2菌株对该幼虫的LC50为3.82×104孢子.mL-1,白僵菌BbDp-06菌株的LC50为3.88×104孢子.mL-1。说明绿僵菌对该幼虫的致病力较强,尤其是Ma1291-2和Ma1775菌株,在橙斑白条天牛的生物防治中将有较好的应用价值。 相似文献
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【目的】探讨柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）入侵细胞与钙信号转导之间的关系,揭示鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的发生机制。【方法】采用体外狗肾细胞（madin-darby canine kidney cell,MDCK细胞）培养技术,检测了细胞外缺钙、Ca2+内流阻断剂（硝苯地平）和钙调蛋白抑制剂（三氟拉嗪）对E. tenella子孢子入侵率的影响,并测定了培养细胞上清液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和细胞活性。【结果】E. tenella子孢子入侵细胞的抑制率随着细胞外Ca2+浓度的降低而升高。钙离子浓度降低到600 μmol•L-1时,入侵率（23.33%）均极显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）;细胞外无钙时,入侵抑制率高达53.18%;硝苯地平和三氟拉嗪均能极显著抑制子孢子的入侵（P＜0.01）,其中10 μmol•L-1的硝苯地平和50 μmol•L-1三氟拉嗪分别对子孢子的入侵抑制率达71.41%和97.13%,二者合用入侵抑制率可达98.59%。在E. tenella子孢子入侵细胞的过程中,MDCK细胞的活性均在90%以上,与对照组差异不显著（P＞0.05）,接种E. tenella子孢子的MDCK细胞培养液中LDH的活性与未接种的活性差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】细胞外钙缺乏、钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平和钙调蛋白抑制剂三氟拉嗪对E.tenella子孢子入侵MDCK细胞均有抑制作用,但子孢子入侵对MDCK细胞的活性无明显影响。 相似文献
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使用RT-PCR方法,从高毒力金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae HN1中,克隆得到一个全长为1275bp的几丁质酶基因,经Blast分析此基因序列与M．anisopliae E6的chil基因（AF02749）同源率为96％。将此基因克隆到pGEX-6p-1载体上,使之与载体上一个约26kD大小的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）相连,构建pGEX-chi融合表达载体,转化到大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BL21中,经SDS-PAGE结果分析显示：表达出的融合蛋白大小为68kD,此目的蛋白占表达总量的64．5％。经破碎处理后可检测到几丁质酶活性。 相似文献
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应用绿僵菌防治马尾松毛虫初探 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：18
绿僵菌在室内对马尾松毛虫3～4龄幼虫的毒力与白僵菌相当，其LD50＝7．95×107个／L，LT50＝6．61～13．08天（孢子数在1．0×1011～1．0×107个／L）．本文还比较了绿僵菌和白僵菌在不同温度、湿度下的分生孢子萌发率．实验结果表明，绿僵菌在防治马尾松毛虫上具有较大的开发应用价值． 相似文献
16.
6种杀菌剂对金龟子绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
测定了6种杀菌剂对金龟子绿僵菌分生孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对金龟子绿僵菌的抑制作用不同,且随着杀菌剂浓度的下降而减小。其中以腈菌唑的抑制效果最弱,除Ma103菌株外,对其他菌株抑制率均低于35%。代森锌对Ma202,Ma201和Ma203菌株的平均抑制率都较小。其他几种杀菌剂都明显抑制绿僵菌大部分菌株分生孢子的萌发,特别是百菌清和甲基托布津对Ma103,Ma205,Ma207和Ma208菌株的平均抑制率都为100%。2种药剂也强烈抑制其他菌株分生孢子的萌发。因此,应该尽量避免百菌清和甲基托布津与金龟子绿僵菌同时同地使用,否则会明显影响金龟子绿僵菌制剂的应用效果。 相似文献
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榛实象甲是目前我国榛园中导致产量损失的首要害虫,生产中以化学防治为主,易导致果品化学残留超标问题。本研究的目的在于筛选榛实象甲的高毒力菌株,以期为其生物学防治提供科学依据。本研究使用2株绿僵菌(CGMCC No.3.7986、3.4607)、1株白僵菌(CGMCC No. 12108)接种榛实象甲成虫,检测其侵染榛实象甲累积死亡率随时间的变化,并用解剖镜与扫描电镜观察了白僵菌侵染榛实象甲成虫的过程。结果表明,白僵菌菌株12108侵染榛实象甲后,在处理后的第4天与第6天累积死亡率分别达到91.67%和100%,远高于同期绿僵菌3.7986的6.67%和17.5%及绿僵菌3.4607的10.0%和22.5%;白僵菌菌株12108的LT50和LT90值分别为2.56和4.42d,远小于绿僵菌3.7986的11.40和17.70d及绿僵菌3.4607的8.80和12.80d;在侵染开始时,白僵菌菌株12108一般从口器、触角、胸足基部、胸足关节等有缝隙的部位开始生长,接种后10d时,该虫表面被浓密的菌丝所覆盖,胸腔内部也充满菌丝,体表开始形成大量分生孢子。以上研究结果确认白僵菌菌株12108对榛实象甲有强致病力,这为榛实象甲生物农药的开发提供了重要依据。 相似文献
18.
化学杀虫剂对绿僵菌的影响及菌药混用研究 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
研究 6种化学杀虫剂对金龟子绿僵菌分生孢子萌发的影响 ,结果表明 6种化学杀虫剂皆对绿僵菌分生孢子有程度不同的抑制作用 ,浓度愈高 ,抑制作用愈强 ,但氧化乐果对绿僵菌孢子萌发抑制作用最小 .对马尾松毛虫的生物测定结果表明 :绿僵菌 (含孢量为 1 .9× 1 0 10个· L-1)与敌杀死 ( 1∶ 60 0 0 0 ) ,辛硫磷 ( 1∶ 1 0 0 0 0 ) ,灭杀毙 ( 1∶ 2 5 0 0 0 )和灭幼脲 ( 1∶ 1 5 0 0 0 )混用有明显的增效作用 ,其 LT50 值比单用绿僵菌 (含孢量为 1 .9× 1 0 10个· L-1)分别提前了 7、6、5和 3d 相似文献
19.
M F Good L H Miller S Kumar I A Quakyi D Keister J H Adams B Moss J A Berzofsky R Carter 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4878):574-577
Current vaccine development strategies for malaria depend on widespread immunological responsiveness to candidate antigens such as the zygote surface antigens and the sporozoite coat protein, the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. Since immunological responsiveness is controlled mainly by genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the humoral immune response to the zygote surface antigens and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the CS protein were examined in MHC-disparate congenic mouse strains. Only two of six strains responded to the 230-kilodalton zygote surface antigen and another two strains responded to the 48/45-kilodalton surface antigen. From two mouse strains, expressing between them five different class I MHC molecules, there was recognition of only a single CTL epitope from the CS protein, which was from a polymorphic segment of the molecule. The restricted CTL response to this protein parallels the restricted antibody response to this protein observed in humans and mice. These findings suggest that subunit malaria vaccines now being developed may be ineffective. 相似文献
20.
几种表面活性剂及营养物对虫生真菌孢子萌发的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
研究了球孢白僵菌、金龟录僵菌和粉拟青霉在吐温－８０及６种不同的洗衣粉中的分散性及活力。结果表明,３种真菌在这些表面活性剂中的分散指数差异不显著。白僵、绿僵不同浓度的吐温－８０液中的发芽同于不加表面活性剂的对照。多数洗衣粉显著抑制３种真菌的萌发,但白僵菌在０．１％和０．０５％白猫牌无泡超浓缩洗衣粉中发芽 对照差异不显著,在５％和２％葡萄糖液,２％和１％蛋白胨液中,白僵菌孢子在发者发育率最高。 相似文献