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1.
汾河流域土壤重金属垂直分布规律及地域差异 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
山西汾河流域按土属采土样１７４０个，测定镍、铬、铅、锌、砷、铜、汞、镉八种元素的含量。探讨了垂直分布及各地形部位贡献大小和地域差异。在中高山地、山地、低山丘陵、丘陵阶地、二级阶地和平原盆地六个地形部位中，土壤重金属元素含量均未超过土壤污染起始值。各元素不同地形部位贡献大小为：中高山地汞大、山地铜大、低山丘陵铬大，丘陵阶地铅、镍、铜大，二级阶地汞大、锌小，平原盆地镉、汞大、铜小。故二级阶地和平原盆地应施用铜、锌微肥和防止汞、镉污染。地域差异研究表明：东西两山山地土壤多数元素含量差异不显著，利用较为一致。南北两盆地污染重点在太原盆地。上述研究结果为土壤环境质量评价、土壤污染防治和预测，工矿企业合理布局，农业生产结构调整提供了科学依据。 相似文献
2.
长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以西安市某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,分析长期污水灌溉对表层土壤重金属含量及富集状况的影响,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染现状及潜在环境风险进行评价。结果表明：长期污灌已导致农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn7种重金属相对自然背景有不同程度累积,其富集比例依次为100%、82.69%、100%、100%、80.77%、98.08%和100%,仅有土壤As平均含量低于其背景水平;以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,其中Cd和Hg污染表现突出,按其污染指数平均值排序为Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Cu〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Pb;土壤重金属综合潜在环境风险为＂强＂等级,Hg、Cd的环境影响占据主导;随污灌年限增长,离灌渠越近,农田土壤重金属的污染水平和环境风险越高。鉴于该区土壤重金属已呈现较强生态危害性,应及时采取必要防治措施,调整土地利用结构,确保农田环境及农产品安全生产。 相似文献
3.
对山东省露地蔬菜产地的土壤进行了重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni含量的抽样调查分析,并采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对重金属的环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明,莱阳露地蔬菜产地、金乡大蒜、章丘大葱产地土壤各重金属的平均含量均低于＂食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准＂（HJ332—2006）规定的限值,三地土壤重金属的单项质量指数均≤0.7,综合质量指数分别为0.56、0.50和0.43,土壤环境质量均为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害蔬菜。同时发现,部分地区有重金属含量超标现象,莱阳Cu的样本超标率为13.64%,金乡Cd、Cu和Hg的样本超标率分别为5.41%、5.41%和2.70%,章丘Ni的超标率为4.76%。重金属含量之间多呈正相关关系,其中Cd与Zn,Cu与Zn,Pb与Cr之间的相关性达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）,As与Ni,Ni与Zn,Zn与Pb,Pb与Cu,Cu与Cr之间的相关性达到显著水平（P〈0.05）。大部分监测点的重金属含量均高于山东农业土壤自然背景值,表明在监测点土壤中产生了重金属累积。对山东省其他露地蔬菜产区土壤的随机调查,没有发现重金属含量超标。 相似文献
4.
工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。 相似文献
5.
重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属特征研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
研究结果表明重庆市蔬菜地0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量无显著差异,Cd、Hg含量差异显著。不同土壤类型平均重金属含量和变异系数差异均较小。城郊区、工矿区和一般农区重金属Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量及阳离子代换量无显著差异。不同土壤类型和不同区域重金属间均具较强相关性,重金属Cu、Ni、Cr间具有较强伴生关系。重庆市蔬菜地土壤重金属Cd污染较重。 相似文献
6.
贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。 相似文献
7.
福建沿海农田土壤重金属污染与潜在生态风险研究 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
分析了取自福建沿海农田185件表层土壤样品的重金属含量与分布特征,采用连续提出的方法研究重金属元素的赋存状态。结果表明福建沿海稻田土壤中的Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为0.41mgkg-1、0.20mgkg-1、6.62mgkg-1、35.65mgkg-1、12.7mgkg-1、128.39mgkg-1、109.65mgkg-1和63.56mgkg-1。相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是Hg和Cd。有46%样品中的Hg含量高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值,有13%的样品的Cd高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值。Hg高含量的样品主要分布福州、漳州等城镇等附近,同时它在土壤中主要以有机结合态的形式存在,土壤中Hg含量的升高可能主要来自于后期污染的叠加。Cd高含量的样品的分布则较分散,并不都集中在工业活动区,同时它在土壤中是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物态的形式存在,说明其高含量可能更多是受到成土母质的地球化学背景影响。农田土壤中的Hg和Cd具有较高的生态风险。该区主要是栽种水稻,而水稻对Cd具有强吸收的特性,土壤酸化还会促进Cd的吸收。本区土壤呈酸性,所以Cd污染可能导致大米的食品安全应引起足够重视。 相似文献
8.
9.
中国太原市农业土壤的重金属污染状况 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
To evaluate the current state of the environmental quality of agricultural soils in Taiyuan City, a hotspot for China’s industrial development, the concentrations of 8 heavy metals in soils were investigated by means of extensive sampling in farmlands, forestlands, and grasslands in the city. Statistical analyses and spatial distribution maps were used to identify the most significant heavy metal pollutants. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr were slightly higher than their background values in Taiyuan’s topsoil, but were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations in the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for agricultural soils. Farmland soils in Taiyuan had the highest average Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cr concentrations, but the As and Ni concentrations did not differ significantly among the farmland, forestland, and grasslands. Soil contamination by Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Cr was mainly derived from farming practices, especially the use of sewage water for irrigation. In contrast, As and Ni might derive mainly from the soil parent material. The identification of heavy metal sources in agricultural soils may provide a basis for taking appropriate action to protect soil quality. 相似文献
10.
Ruiping Li Guanqing Cai Jing Wang Wei Ouyang Hongguang Cheng Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1806-1817
Purpose
The concentration of human activities in urban systems generally leads to urban environmental contamination. Beijing is one of ancient and biggest cities on the world. However, information is limited on Beijing’s soil contamination, especially for roadside and campus soils. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the contents and chemical forms of toxic heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the road-surface dust, roadside soils, and school campus soils of Beijing. In addition, enrichment and spatial variation of these toxic heavy metals in the soils and dust were assessed.Materials and methods
Topsoil samples were collected from the schools and roadside adjacent to main ring roads, and dust samples were collected from the surface of the main ring roads of Beijing. These samples were analyzed for total contents and chemical forms of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sc, Zn, Al, and Fe. Enrichment factors (EFs, relative to the background content) were calculated to evaluate the effect of human activities on the toxic heavy metals in soils.Results and discussion
Heavy metal contents in the road dust ranged from 0.16 to 0.80, 52.2 to 180.7, 18.4 to 182.8, 11.9 to 47.4, 23.0 to 268.3, and 85.7 to 980.9 mg kg?1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the roadside soil and school soil, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents ranged from 0.13 to 0.42, 46.1 to 82.4, 22.7 to 71.6, 20.7 to 29.2, 23.2 to 180.7, and 64.5 to 217.3 mg kg?1, respectively. The average EF values of these metals were significantly higher in the dust than in the soils. In addition, the average EF values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the soils near second ring road were significantly higher than those near third, fourth, and fifth ring roads. Anthropogenic Cd, Pb, and Zn were mainly bound to the carbonates and soil organic matter, while anthropogenic Cu was mainly bound to oxides. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the urban soils of Beijing generally decreased in the following order: Cd?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cu?>?Ni?>?Cr; while in the dust, they decreased in the following order: Zn, Cu, and Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cr.Conclusions
Both EF and chemical forms documented that Cr and Ni in the soils and dust mainly originated from native sources, while Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn partially originated from anthropogenic sources. In overall, Beijing’s road dust was significantly contaminated by Cd and Cu and moderately contaminated by Cr, Pb, and Zn, while Beijing’s roadside soil and school soil were moderately contaminated by Cd and Pb. However, the maximal hazard quotients (HQs) for individual Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and comprehensive hazard index (HI) of these metals in the dust and soil were less than 1, indicating that the heavy metals in the dust and soil generally do not pose potential health effects to children, sensitive population. 相似文献11.
太原市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对太原市污灌区土壤重金属分布特征进行了分析评价,结果表明重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Hg、Cd含量均值均未超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）,但其平均值均显著高于太原市土壤背景值。各重金属间的相关分析表明,Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cr、As、Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这8种元素污染源可能相同。Hg是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Hg〉Cd〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr〉Mn〉Ni。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值均大于1,综合污染指数为2.81,总体上,污染水平为中度及其以上。各种重金属单因子污染指数和综合指数在研究区有相似的空间分布格局,总体分布趋势为东南部小店地区和中南部晋源区相对较高,南部清徐县相对较小;通过因子分析并结合污灌区污染源调查,表明Hg除受污水灌溉的影响外,燃煤释放的Hg可能是重要来源之一,Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu可能来自污水灌溉和大气沉降,以污水灌溉的贡献为主,Ni、Mn、As、Cr来自污水灌溉。Hg、Cd是太原市污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属。 相似文献
12.
松嫩平原产油区农田土壤重金属含量及污染风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
13.
山东省沂源县土壤重金属来源分布及风险评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为建设高标准农田及保证食品安全,对土壤重金属污染状况进行精确评估极为关键。选取山东省山地丘陵区典型区域—沂源县为研究区,系统采集427个表层土壤样品(0~20 cm),测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Hg和Zn共10种重金属含量;采用多元统计分析和地统计分析方法,揭示了土壤重金属的主要来源;进一步分析得出研究区重金属的空间分布以及与成土母质、工业排放和农业生产污染之间的关系。研究表明:1)沂源县表层土壤中10种重金属元素的平均含量值均高于土壤背景值但未超过国家二级土壤元素限定值,存在一定程度的重金属富集。2)经主成分分析和单因素方差分析后将研究区重金属的来源主要分为3类:As、Co、Cu和Mn主要来源于成土母质,属自然源因子;Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb受到母质和工农业污染双重控制,属于混合来源;Cr和Ni主要是成土母质影响下的自然来源。3)自然来源重金属含量的高值区主要与石灰岩成土母质类型分布相一致,Hg、Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量的高值区与工业区分布基本一致。4)通过潜在生态风险评价,沂源县表层土壤目前处于中度潜在生态风险等级,其中Hg和Cd潜在生态风险最强,达到中度生态危害,其他元素具有轻微的潜在生态危害。研究中通过多元统计-地统计模拟分析法有效的揭示了土壤重金属污染源汇特征,可作为评估该区土壤污染现状和对土壤重金属污染进行风险评价的重要依据。 相似文献
14.
H. D. Mohr 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1980,143(2):129-139
Heavy metal content of roots and shoots of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) after fertilization with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni and Cr from garbage-sewage-sludge-compost in vineyard soils, vines and must was studied in field-and pot-experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. In a field experiment, in which garbage-sewage-sludge-compost was applied, a marked soil enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr was found. It was most evident at the 0–20 cm depth but also obvious at the 40–60 cm depth thus indicating downward migration. The soil was not enriched with Co and Ni. The heavy metal content of leaves, berries and must of riesling vines did not increase on the plots treated with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost. 2. In a pot trial, using an acid and an alkaline soil each mixed with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost, it was observed that only the uptake of Zn and Cu increased into the leaves, tendrils and wood of the riesling cuttings. In relation to the content of the substrate, the heavy metals were detected in the roots percentually in the following order: Cu, Cd > Zn > > Pb, Co, Ni, Cr The root contents were mostly substantially higher than those of the shoot. The migration from root to shoot decreased in the following percentual order: Zn > Cu > Cd, Pb 3. The heavy metal content decreased considerably from the roots to the upper plant organs. This was reflected in low concentrations of heavy metals in the vine must. 相似文献
15.
贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
研究采集万山汞矿区典型农田土壤样品,分析测试其Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni含量,利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评估农田土壤的污染状况及生态风险,结合相关分析和主成分分析解析农田土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,该农田土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均含量分别为4.29、117.6、0.43、59.06、48.99、43.77、29.13、18.80 mg kg~(-1)。土壤重金属综合污染指数为7.16,表明该农田土壤重金属重度污染,其中100%的位点Hg、As重度污染,66.7%的位点Pb轻度污染,25%的位点Cd轻度污染。土壤重金属的综合潜在生态危害指数为469.0,生态风险强,Hg对综合潜在生态危害指数的贡献率为78.30%,是该农田土壤生态风险的主要来源。该农田中重金属的来源包括:交通运输源、矿业污染源、农业污染源和自然活动源,主要污染物Hg来源于矿业活动,As来源于交通运输和矿业活动,Cd来源于农业活动,Pb来源于交通运输。 相似文献
16.
P. Ditter 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1982,145(4):390-397
Heavy metals in soil of a sewage sludge experimental field The total amounts of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni were determined in different depths of soils which have obtained sewage sludges in amounts between 180 and 1620 dt dry matter/ha. The elements Zn, Cd. Pb and Cu have been most enriched in the first twenty cm of the soils. The contents of Zn, Cd and Pb in the depth of 40–60 cm also showed a significant increase. The treshold values for Zn and Cd in soils were almost attained respectivly slightly exceeded in the first twenty cm of the soil which has obtained 1440 dt dry matter sewage sludge per ha. 相似文献
17.
龙游硫铁矿区农田土壤重金属污染的空间 变异及在水稻中的积累 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了解浙江龙游硫铁矿区农田重金属污染状况,采集矿区265件农田土壤样品,分析8种重金属Cu、As、Hg、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr元素全量,利用地统计学软件GS+9.0对研究区土壤各元素指标进行半变异函数拟合,并利用普通克里格法进行插值并绘制空间分布图。采集30件水稻籽粒样品,分析重金属在研究区中水稻籽粒的累积特征,并进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:矿区土壤中8种重金属元素的变异系数从0.72到1.76,离散程度较高。8种重金属的土壤空间半变异函数Cu、As、Hg元素符合指数模型,Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb符合球状模型,Cr符合高斯模型。元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的块金值与基台值的比值C0/C0+C都小于0.25,说明空间变化主要受地质背景等因素影响;元素Cd、Hg和As的块金值与基台值的比值C0/C0+C在0.25~0.75之间,说明除了地质背景因素,人为活动等随机因素也有影响。矿区水稻籽粒中重金属Ni和Cd的变异系数最高,分别为0.95和0.87,说明Ni和Cd元素可能存在异常积累。矿区水稻籽粒对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、As、Hg、Cr、Pb。健康风险评价结果表明矿区农田水稻籽粒中元素As、Cd的风险商大于1,存在潜在健康风险;而其他6种重金属Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr基本属于安全范围。 相似文献
18.
长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染的空间变异特征——以江苏省太仓市为例 总被引：44，自引：1，他引：44
城市化、工业化和农业集约化的发展影响着土壤环境和健康质量。本研究以位于长江三角洲地区的江苏省太仓市为典型区，采用地统计学方法对其耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、M、Hg、Pb、Zn和As等8种重金属结构特征和空间分布格局进行了分析，并用模糊数学法综合评价了土壤重金属的污染程度，结果表明：太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度，呈对数正态分布；Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度，呈正态分布。除Cd、Cr和Pb略低于背景值外，其他重金属均高于其背景值，其中以As污染指数和超标率最高。土壤重金属复合污染严重，模糊综合评价污染结果为一级。通过半方差函数模型拟合发现Hg、Cd符合球状模型，其他重金属均符合指数模型，8种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了耕层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图，发现土壤重金属含量与母质、土壤质地、有机质含量以及工业化、城市化和农业集约化程度密切相关。 相似文献
19.
Yu. N. Vodyanitskii 《Eurasian Soil Science》2012,45(3):321-328
In line with the present-day ecological and toxicological data obtained by Dutch ecologists, heavy metals/metalloids form
the following succession according to their hazard degree in soils: Se > Tl > Sb > Cd > V > Hg > Ni > Cu > Cr > As > Ba. This
sequence substantially differs from the succession of heavy elements presented in the general toxicological GOST (State Norms
and Standards) 17.4.1.02-8, which considers As, Cd, Hg, Se, Pb, and Zn to be strongly hazardous elements, whereas Co, Ni,
Mo, Sb, and Cr to be moderately hazardous. As compared to the general toxicological approach, the hazard of lead, zinc, and
cobalt is lower in soils, and that of vanadium, antimony, and barium is higher. The new sequence also differs from that of
the metal hazard in soils according to the Russian standard on the maximal permissible concentration of mobile metal forms
(MPCmob): Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Zn. Neither an MPCmob nor an APCmob has been adopted for strongly hazardous thallium, selenium, and vanadium in Russia. The content of heavy metals in contaminated
soils is very unevenly studied: 11 of them, i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Co, Hg, and Se, are better known, while
the rest, much worse, although there are dangerous elements (Ba, V, Tl) among them. 相似文献
20.
A total of 50 farmland soil samples were collected from the Yanqi County, Xinjiang, China, and the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by standard methods. The spatial distribution, pollution level and ecological risk status of heavy metals were analyzed based on GIS technology, the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Results indicated that: (1) The average contents of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn of farmland soils exceeded the background values of irrigation soils in Xinjiang by 1.5, 1.40, 1.33, 2.63, and 4.92 times, respectively. Cd showed a no-pollution level, Zn showed a partially moderate pollution level, Pb showed a slight pollution level, and Cr, Cu, As, Mn, and Ni showed no-pollution level, compared to the classification standard. The PLI values of heavy metal elements of farmland soils varied from 0.83 to 1.89, with an average value of 1.29, at the moderate pollution level. (2) The Individual Potential Ecological Risk Index for heavy metals in the study area was ranked in the order of: As > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr> Zn. The RI values of heavy metals of farmland soils varied from 3.45 to 11.34, with an average value of 6.13, at the low ecological risk level. (3) Cu and Mn of farmland soils were mainly originated from the soil parent material and topography of the study area. As, Cd, Ni and Pb were mainly originated from human activities, and Cr and Zn may originated from both natural and anthropogenic factors in the study area. 相似文献