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1.
The residues of aldicarb and of its main metabolites (aldoxycarb, 2-mesyl-2-methylpropionitrile, and 2-mesyl-2-methylpropan-1-ol) were measured, by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure, in the leaves of ripe sugar beet plants from cultures made by several farmers. The sugar beet plants had been grown in normal fields and treated at sowing with aldicarb at the usual rate of 1 kg ha?1 in the form of ‘Temik’, the commercial formulation of aldicarb which contains 10% by weight of aldicarb. The samples of sugar beet plants were taken from three fields of different soil types. The residue concentrations, ranged in order of soil type, were: sandy loam > silt loam > clay. 相似文献
2.
Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in-furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha?1) at planting. Some plants (the growing plants) were harvested 99 days after sowing and the rest (the ripe plants) 196 days after sowing. The percentages of the weights of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (the total aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and sulphone, plus all the other metabolites of [14C]aldicarb which contain 14C, expressed as aldicarb equivalents) incorporated into the beet plants, relative to the weight applied to the soil, were 2.8 and 1.8, respectively for the growing and ripe plants. The concentrations of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (mg kg?1 fresh weight) in the growing and ripe plants, respectively were: blades of the external leaves, 3.16 and 0.93; blades of the internal leaves, 0.63 and 0.68; petioles of the external leaves, 0.51 and 0.26; petioles of the internal leaves, 0.15 and 0.05; crowns, 0.14 and 0.15; roots, 0.16 and 0.13. The proportions of the extractable aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone determined by gas-liquid chromatography (expressed as aldicarb equivalents) relative to [14C]aldicarb equivalents, in the external and internal leaf blades of the growing beets, were 56 and 60%, respectively; these values declined to 25 and 19%, respectively in the ripe plants. The proportion was 21 % or less in all other parts of the growing and ripe plants. 相似文献
3.
Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in-furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha?1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the blades and petioles of the leaves were analysed separately. In the whole leaves, 15% of the 14C (all the percentages of 14C are relative to the total 14C incorporated into the whole leaves) was insoluble in ethanol+ water (1+1 by volume), 31% was organo-soluble (and thus unconjugated in the leaves), and 54% was water-soluble (mainly conjugated to plant constituents). The weights and concentrations (as aldicarb equivalents) of various identified metabolites of aldicarb, incorporated into the leaves, were determined; no aldicarb, as such, was detected. 相似文献
4.
在甘肃省张掖市甘州区明永乡甜菜种植基地上,采用田间试验方法,连续3a进行了有机物料组合肥还田对耕地质量及甜菜品质和效益影响的研究.结果表明:羊粪+改性糠醛渣+葵花籽饼组合肥有利于提高土壤的总孔隙度、>0.25 mm团聚体、持水量和CEC,降低容重、pH值和全盐含量,与传统化肥比较,土壤总孔隙度和>0.25 mm团聚体分... 相似文献
5.
Willy Dejonckheere Guy Melkebeke Walter Steurbaut Rent H. Kips 《Pest management science》1982,13(4):341-350
The breakdown of aldicarb and its oxidation products (the sulphoxide and the sulphone, aldoxycarb), under field conditions in 1976, were studied on three different types of soil (a sandy loam, a silt loam and a sandy clay loam that were normally cropped with sugarbeet). Residues were determined in leaves, stems, roots and soil, and related to aphid counts. Higher doses were needed on heavy soils in order to obtain a sufficient concentration in the leaves and thus provide an efficient treatment for aphid control. Weather conditions, especially rainfall, also affected the residue content. At harvest, the sugar beet tops used for fodder can contain residues which vary widely, depending on dosage, soil type and climatic conditions. 相似文献
6.
Aldicarb and its oxidation product aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) were applied separately to columns of fallow, sandy loam soils under field conditions. The breakdown and movement of these compounds were monitored, as was the behaviour of aldicarb sulphoxide and aldoxycarb formed by oxidation of the applied aldicarb. The behaviour of these compounds was simulated by a computer model using laboratory data for adsorption and rates of degradation in soil. The model simulated the observed behaviour reasonably well, although redistribution of chemicals was often more rapid than predicted. Production of aldoxycarb from the sulphoxide was less in the field than was expected from the laboratory incubations. Accumulation of chemicals near the soil surface in dry periods was overestimated, indicating that the processes occurring under these conditions are not well described by the model. About 4 months after application, only aldoxycarb, in small amounts, remained in the soils. 相似文献
7.
Johan H. Smelt Abraham Dekker Minze Leistra Norbert W. H. Houx 《Pest management science》1983,14(2):173-181
2-Methyl-2-(methylsulphinyl)propionaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime (aldicarb sulphoxide), aldoxycarb, oxamyl and methomyl were incubated at 10°C in soil samples taken from layers above and below shallow ground-water tables at four locations in the Netherlands. Soil samples from above the water table were incubated under moist and aerobic conditions. The anaerobic conditions below the water table were simulated by incubating the soil samples under 0.5-1 cm of ground water, and a nitrogen atmosphere. During incubation, the pH and redox potentials were measured. Less than 5% of the oxamyl and methomyl remained after one day in four water-saturated, anaerobic subsoils. The half-lives of aldicarb sulphoxide and aldoxycarb ranged from 5.1 to 131 days in the four anaerobic subsoils. Conversion rates in the aerobic soil layers above the water table were from 8 to more than 100 times lower than in the water-saturated layers in the same soil profile. Half-lives in the aerobic soils ranged from 26 days for oxamyl in loamy fine sand (pH 8.0), to 1100 days for aldoxycarb in fine sand (pH 5.0). When soil from below the water table was incubated aerobically, the conversion rates of oxamyl and aldoxycarb were drastically reduced. The opposite was found when an originally aerobic soil was incubated anaerobically. Autoclaving the incubation systems retarded the conversions. 相似文献
8.
为明晰补水移栽对纸筒育苗甜菜苗期生长及产量品质的影响,研究比较了地下式补水与传统的地上式补水的土壤润湿结构特征,补水量对甜菜苗期地下部根系与地上叶片发育的影响,以及补水移栽在两种土壤条件下的甜菜产量与品质效应。结果表明,地下式补水创造了环裹于秧苗纸筒底部的土壤湿润球,利于向秧苗供水与田间有效保水。随补水量的增加,甜菜苗期侧根数、主根长、主根粗、根鲜重、叶片量、叶面积随之显著增长。在华北寒旱区砂质栗钙土农田,以成活率与壮苗为目标的甜菜移栽补水量为150～200 ml·株-1、壤质草甸栗钙土农田为100～150 ml·株-1为宜,较不补水甜菜块根增产68.78%～81.82%,糖产量提高65.57%～81.82%。地下式补水移栽,是提高甜菜成活率的关键;适量补水实现培育壮苗,成为甜菜高产的基础。 相似文献
9.
Charles V. Eadsforth Alan Gray Keith R. Huckle Christopher Inglesfield 《Pest management science》1993,38(1):17-25
In a dietary toxicity study, laying hens received a diet containing the rodenticide flocoumafen at concentrations of 1.5, 5, 10 and 50 mg kg?1 for five consecutive days. The LC50 at termination following a 28-day observation period was 16.4 mg kg?1. Livers of birds which received doses of flocoumafen between 5 and 50 mg kg?1 had concentrations of flocoumafen (1.5 nmol g?1) that were independent of dose. The data indicate the presence in hen liver of a saturable high-affinity flocoumafen binding site with similar characteristics and capacity to that of the quail and rat. Residues of flocoumafen in samples of breast and leg muscle were low in all exposure groups. Higher, dose-related residues were found in samples of abdominal fat and skin-associated fat and there was a clear demonstration of the transfer of dose-related residues into eggs. In a separate study in which hens were dosed with [14C]flocoumafen for five consecutive days at a daily rate of 1 and 4 mg kg?1 body weight, the majority (68 %) of the daily radioactive dose was eliminated over the following 24 hours via excreta. Residues in liver at death or when killed accounted for < 1 % of the cumulative administered radioactivity. Residues in eggs were located primarily in the yolk with maximum concentrations 1.0 mg kg?1 or 0.18% of the low dose; 2.1 mg kg?1 or 0.06% of the high dose as [14C]flocoumafen equivalents were observed at 10 days after start of dosing. Some 40 % of the total activity in the yolk was unchanged flocoumafen. 相似文献
10.
Aldicarb is taken up by earthworms from aqueous solution to give concentrations in the worms comparable to that in the external aqueous solutions. Uptake from waterlogged soils is similar, but much less aldicarb is taken up from drier soils. Aldicarb sulphoxide [2-methyl-2-(methylsulphinylpropionaldehyde O-methylcar-bamoyloxime], aldoxycarb and oxamyl are poorly taken up, giving concentrations in the worm of about 5% of the external aqueous concentration. In worms, aldicarb is rapidly converted to the sulphoxide which has a half-life in worms of 19 h at 15°C, and 50 h at 5°C. 相似文献
11.
L. Benjamini 《Phytoparasitica》1981,9(1):11-17
The effect of high-level treatment with aldicarb on sugar beet seed germination and on sprout growth rate was tested. Ten to 20 mg of Temik 10% granules (1–2 mg aldicarb) per seed was found to be the most appropriate. Due to the slow movement of aldicarb in soils, its absorbance rate from loess soil was found to be highly dependent on the distance between the granules and seeds. 相似文献
12.
G. Tuitert Y. Hofmeester 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1994,100(1):19-53
A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation. 相似文献
13.
L. Benjamini 《Phytoparasitica》1981,9(1):3-9
The cotyledons and stems of sugar beet sprouts from seeds each treated with 8 mg Temik granules containing 0.8 mg aldicarb, were noxious to adult Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and to 3-week-old chickens of domestic fowl. Mortality rate, intensity of poisoning situation, and the time interval between feeding and appearance of poisoning signs, corresponded with the number of sprouts fed. The taste of aldicarb residues in the sprouts was discriminable by the birds as well. 相似文献
14.
为了解决长期施用化肥导致土壤质量下降,甜菜产量低,品质差的问题,在甘肃省张掖市甘州区明永镇甜菜种植基地,采用田间试验方法,连续3 a进行了不同比例羊粪与化肥配施对土壤质量及甜菜含糖率和效益影响的研究。结果表明:施用100%羊粪比其他处理有利于改善土壤质量,提高甜菜含糖率,与100%化肥比较,土壤容重、pH值和全盐降低10.45%、15.14%和15.35%,孔隙度和团聚体增加5.29和5.81个百分点,总持水量、CEC、有机质、有机碳和有机碳密度增加10.69%、16.85%、29.90%、29.93%和16.33%,蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性增加18.93%、27.27%、21.74%和17.95%,甜菜含糖率增加2.74个百分点;施用100%化肥比其他处理有利于提高土壤全盐和氮磷钾含量,与100%羊粪比较,全盐含量提高18.14%,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量提高1.23、1.78倍和1.22倍;施用50%羊粪+50%化肥比其他处理更有利于提高甜菜产量和经济效益,与100%化肥比较,甜菜叶丛高度、根体长度、根直径、单株根重、根产量、施肥利润和肥料投资效率增加6.40%、8.75%、19.00%、6.96%、5.33%、0.10万元·hm~(-2)和0.02元·元~(-1)。 相似文献
15.
Following seed treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with 14C-labelled triticonazole at a dose of 1·8 g kg-1 seed, the uptake of radioactivity by shoots and roots was investigated from the two- to three-leaf stage up to the beginning of the booting phase, 80 days after sowing. Triticonazole equivalents taken up by wheat plants reached 5·7% and 14·6% of the applied dose in the shoots and the roots, respectively. Between the two- to three-leaf stage and the beginning of the booting phase, the concentration of triticonazole equivalents in the shoots decreased from 2·5 to 0·15 μg g-1 fresh weight. This was attributed to uptake of triticonazole by roots not keeping pace with shoot growth and increased retention in the roots of triticonazole taken up. The main factor limiting the uptake of triticonazole by the roots may be the rapid growth of the uptake-active apical root parts out of the dressing zone which had formed in the soil. Distribution of triticonazole equivalents taken up by the main shoot showed a decreasing concentration gradient from the oldest to the youngest leaf. An increase in the seed treatment dose was investigated as a way to increase the concentration of triticonazole in the shoots, but its influence remained limited. © 1998 SCI 相似文献
16.
Biljana Kiprovski Djordje Malenčić Milan Popović Vera Stojšin Dragana Budakov Živko Ćurčić Dario Danojević 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(2):199-203
The correlation between intensity of lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant capacity of sugar beet plants (cv. ‘Drena’) infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kühn isolate (AG 2-2 IIIB group) was studied. Successful inoculation was confirmed by the presence of infection cushions in a cross section of leaf petioles. On the 7th day of the experiment, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC. 4.3.1.5) activity was in negative correlation with intensified lipid peroxidation process in leaves of sugar beet plants (r= –0 .99). Also, in leaves and roots of inoculated sugar beet plants, total flavonoids content (35% and 20%, respectively) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity (80% and 55%, respectively) were significantly reduced. Necrotic processes resulting from R. solani infection of sugar beet plants was followed by induction of plant phenolics metabolism; however, antioxidant capacity of these plants was reduced. 相似文献
17.
L. Benjamini 《Phytoparasitica》1981,9(2):89-94
Temik, the granular formulation of aldicarb [2-methyl-2(methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime], was placed together with sugar beet seeds during sowing along the rows, at a rate of 1.4 g/m, in a 1.5-ha experimental area within a 6-ha sugar beet field in an arid area with a long history of bird damage. Thirty-three chukar partridges, a major pest of sprouting crops, were observed foraging in the experimental area throughout the 4-week period between sowing and assessment of damage. Damage was restricted to the borders of the field, with a significant difference in level of damage between treated and control plots located along the borders; the size of damaged areas was about five times smaller in the treated plots than in the control plots. The results were interpreted as reflecting the repellent effect of aldicarb absorbed by the sprouts, and as establishment of a conditioned aversion by the chukars to sugar beet sprouts. The high toxicity of the treated sprouts was demonstrated when adult Japanese quail were fed sprouts collected from treated plots. 相似文献
18.
为探明内蒙古冷凉干旱区不同施氮水平对膜下滴灌甜菜生长速率和氮素分配、转移及利用效率的影响,并进一步筛选出适宜该地区膜下滴灌甜菜的最佳施氮量。本文通过两年田间试验,分析了不同施氮水平对甜菜全生育期干物质积累、不同器官氮素积累量以及氮素增长速率和产量构成因素的动态变化规律,揭示了不同施氮水平下甜菜的氮肥利用效率、产量及含糖率的差异效应。通过田间定位试验,采用单因素随机区组设计,重复4次。结果表明,甜菜各农艺性状随施氮量的增大呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,其中以50、100 kg·hm~(-2)和150 kg·hm~(-2)处理较好。甜菜含糖率随氮肥用量的增加而降低,且无底肥施氮量为0 kg·hm~(-2)较在磷钾肥基础上施氮量为0、50、100、150 kg·hm~(-2)和200 kg·hm~(-2)处理甜菜含糖率分别增加了3.20%、3.63%、8.30%、13.07%和12.24%。甜菜氮素积累量随施氮水平的增加及生育时期的推进均呈增加趋势;随施氮量的增加氮肥吸收利用率呈先增加后降低的变化规律,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力则呈降低趋势。综合甜菜农艺性状、产量、含糖量及氮肥利用率的分析可知,该地区膜下滴灌甜菜的最佳施氮量为100 kg·hm~(-2)。 相似文献
19.
In Europe, sugar beet is often produced in a 3‐year rotation with cereals, leaving stubble fields fallow from cereal harvest until primary tillage in autumn in the year prior to sugar beet production. The weed flora on such fields could include host plants of Heterodera schachtii that is one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Crop sequences with non‐hosts and cover cropping with resistant cruciferous hosts during this period have been crucial for its management. Availability of resistant and tolerant sugar beet cultivars could entice growers to forego cover cropping, exacerbating weed problems during the fallow period. The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive potential of H. schachtii on weeds that develop during this period. Under glasshouse conditions, reproduction on 39 plant species was compared with that on oilseed radish and sugar beet of differing nematode host status. In 2 years in field microplots, 18 previously tested species were grown in H. schachtii‐infested soil during the typical fallow period at 60 plants m?2, and nine of these species were also grown at 180 plants m?2. There were variable results between years after 8 weeks of growth, but most weeds allowed lower reproduction (<10%) than the susceptible sugar beet; only Stellaria media at 180 plants m?2 and Thlaspi arvense at both plant densities increased nematodes. Such weed densities may seldom occur under commercial conditions; thus, weed management for nematological considerations during the stubble period may have limited importance. 相似文献
20.
The degradation of triphenyltin chloride on the leaves of sugar beet proceeds via di- and mono-phenyltin compounds to inorganic tin( IV ). This degradation scheme has also been observed in rats, as the same metabolites were found in urine and faeces of these animals. After a single application of triphenyltin chloride, more than 90% of the tin given is excreted within one week (approx. 88% with the faeces and approx. 3% with the urine). The experiments were performed with radioactive (C6H5)3113SnCl. 相似文献