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1.
UV absorber compounds were tested to reduce the photolytic decomposition of deltamethrin, applied to 100 % cotton fabric, to be used as a target screen for tsetse fly control. In the absence of UV absorbers, over 90% of deltamethrin was degraded after 6 h irradiation under an Osram UV-sun radiation lamp (equivalent to 96 h sunlight) at 35(±1)°C. The degree of protection increased with increase in the proportion of the U V absorber compound. With a mixture of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (I) and deltamethrin (3 + 1, by mass) 7% of deltamethrin was degraded. Similarly, I protected alpha-cypermethrin and cyfluthrin against photolysis, I and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid (IV) both protected deltamethrin from “Glossinex 200” SC formulation against photolysis, but I was more effective than IV.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Trials to determine if the costs of eradicating G. morsitans by aerial application of endosulfan (Park et al 1972) might be reduced, were carried out using lower quantities of the pesticide. Area dose rates were varied by altering; the swath width, the insecticide output per unit flying time and the insecticide concentration. The trials were judged by the reduction of the adult tsetse population after a single application. Results indicated that eradication of G. m. morsitans under the conditions prevailing in N.W. Botswana, is possible by the repeated application, at 21 day intervals, of 20% endosulfan at 3.0 //km2 (0.6 kg a.i./km2). Applications should be made at a swath interval of 274m, using a single AU 3000 Britten-Norman Micronair unit to produce spray droplets mostly smaller than 40μm diam. The cost (1973) of each application (aircraft and insecticide only) was approximately US $13.00/km2 for an area in excess of 1000 km2.  相似文献   

3.
A range of formulations of deltamethrin were prepared, some containing an ultraviolet (UV) absorber compound or a combination of the UV absorber and an oil, and applied to blue cotton tsetse fly target samples which were then exposed to the effect of simulated sunlight and water in the laboratory. The residue of insecticide remaining on the targets and the activity of the latter against tsetse flies was determined. Formulations containing the UV absorber and coconut oil or silicone oil remained the most effective against tsetse flies. A coconut oil formulation of the insecticide was selected for field evaluation in comparison with a commercial deltamethrin formulation, Glossinex 200′ S.C., which contains 10% UV absorber. Target samples treated with these formulations were exposed to natural tsetse fly habitat in Ghana for a period of five months and evaluated for deltamethrin residues and activity against four species of tsetse fly. After five months, 4–13 times more deltamethrin remained on the targets treated with the coconut oil formulation than on those treated with ‘Glossinex’, and consequently the former were more active against tsetse flies than the latter. Target samples sequentially dipped in the coconut oil formulation resulted in uniform insecticide concentration on the targets, whereas those dipped in ‘Glossinex’ contained gradually decreasing deltamethrin concentrations.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Toxicities o1 12 chemical insecticides to wild‐caught tsetse flies, Glossina palpalis palpalis in Nigeria were measured by topical application. Median lethal doses (as ng per fly) at 48 h after application for older flies, males (females), were: DDT 331 (700), dieldrin 14 (46), endosulfan 8 (15), malathion 193 (273), fenitrothion 47, pirimiphos methyl 31 (45), tetrachlorvinphos 14 (33), sumicidin 28 (58), neopynamin 12 (15), sumithrin 10 (8), permethrin 4.4 (5.9), deltamethrin 0.45 (0.94). Lethality expressed as dose per whole fly can be termed effective toxicity/tolerance and those expressed as dose per weight unit of fly can be termed intrinsic (or true) toxicity/tolerance. Generally, effective tolerance was greater for females than males, especially for older flies. However, intrinsic tolerance was often about equal for the sexes or greater for males. Regardless of sex, effective tolerance increased with increasing fly age and intrinsic tolerance increased during later ageing but not during early ageing. This suggested that protecting mechanisms developed during ageing. Flies fed a few hours before treatment in 1979–1982 were more tolerant of three organochlorines and three organophosphates than flies fed the day before treatment in 1974–1975, probably due to diversion of poisons from sites of action into inert undigested blood. However, results and statistical analysis suggested a slight increase in true tolerance of males to DDT during the intervening years. Continued monitoring of tolerance in the fly populations is recommended.  相似文献   

5.
为探究细胞色素P450基因在星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera体内的表达特性及对溴氰菊酯胁迫的响应,采用反转录PCR技术克隆其细胞色素P450基因并进行序列分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术分析其在星豹蛛各发育阶段及雌雄成蛛不同部位的表达水平,同时分析其在溴氰菊酯不同浓度胁迫下和不同处理时间后的表达模式。结果显示,在星豹蛛雌成蛛中克隆得到1个细胞色素P450基因,其开放阅读框为1 473 bp,编码490个氨基酸,命名为PaCYP3001U16(GenBank登录号为MZ643213)。PaCYP3001U16基因在星豹蛛各发育阶段均有表达,其中在成蛛期的表达量最高,在6龄幼蛛期的表达量最低;该基因在雌雄成蛛腹部的表达量显著高于在头胸部及足部的表达量。星豹蛛雄成蛛经LC10(5.151 mg/L)、LC30(8.619 mg/L)和LC50(12.311 mg/L)溴氰菊酯处理12 h,PaCYP3001U16基因的表达量均被抑制,且在LC50处理下表达量最低。PaCYP3001U16基因经LC30溴氰菊酯处理...  相似文献   

6.
A simple and rapid paralysis assay was developed to detect and characterise knockdown resistance in larvae of the house fly and pink bollworm. Pyrethroidtreated larvae unable to perform a stereotypic curling movement when probed with a warm needle, 10 min (house fly) or 60 min (pink bollworm) after treatment, were considered to be paralysed. Responses in a susceptible strain of house fly were compared with those of the pyrethroid-resistant strains kdr and super-kdr. In this assay, the kdr strain displayed over 28 fold resistance to deltamethrin, and super-kdr larvae were unaffected by doses up to 100μg. These results are in good qualitative agreement with previous studies. The assay detected no significant fenvalerate resistance in pink bollworm larvae collected from the field; this was consistent with mortality bioassays performed on wild adult males. The limitations and potential utility of the paralysis bioassay in resistance screening are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) is one of the most important migratory pests of rice in Asia. When normal concentrations of deltamethrin are applied to control lepidopteran pests of rice in the field, it is likely that S. furcifera will be exposed to sublethal concentrations of this chemical. Therefore, we examined the sublethal effects of deltamethrin on the development and reproduction of S. furcifera using the rice stem dipping method. The results showed that exposure of 3rd instar S. furcifera to LC10 and LC25 deltamethrin significantly increased the emergence rates compared with the F0 generation control group, but there was no significant difference in the nymphal stage duration, adult longevity and female fecundity. Nymphal duration of the F1 generation was significantly prolonged under both treatments. Female fecundity also increased in this generation, with a significant difference between the LC25 treatment group and controls. The relative fitness of the LC10 and LC25 treatment groups was 0.84 and 0.80, respectively. The results showed that sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin stimulate the reproduction of S. furcifera, but decrease the relative fitness of the population. These results provided a reference point for the application of insecticides to control S. furcifera.  相似文献   

8.
The genetic basis of deltamethrin resistance or sensitivity in two strains of Drosophila melanogaster was studied by means of chromosomal analysis. Eight homozygote combinations of resistant (SR) and sensitive (HS1) strains were constructed by chromosome substitution and were tested using topical bioassay and electrophysiological tests. The analysis of the data showed that resistance to lethal effects was multigenic, with the major factor(s) located on the first (X) and second chromosomes. One significant positive interaction between the two chromosomes was also found. For the resistance to knockdown (measured by time-based topical test), the second chromosome was found to be much more important than the first and third chromosomes. However, analysis of the onset of the deltamethrin-induced electrical activity for each constructed strain suggested that reduced nerve sensitivity (probably associated to the deltamethrin resistance) was linked to both chromosomes X and 2. Similarly, bursts of large excitatory junctional currents (which were observed in sensitive and wild strains following topical application of deltamethrin) were not observed in resistant strains when these two chromosomes originated from the SR strain. A good correlation was found between the latency and LD50 suggesting that the same factors might be involved in the electrophysiological effects and the lethal effects. In our strains, resistance most probably corresponds to reduced nerve sensitivity. Our data are consistent with the location of the sodium channel gene in Drosophila on the chromosome X but clearly demonstrate that this major gene cannot by itself explain target site resistance to deltamethrin.  相似文献   

9.
The present study was carried out to investigate the sub-lethal toxicity of technical grade deltamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) of concentration 1.61 μg/L (1/3rd of 96 h LC50) on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla (Catla catla) fingerlings and its amelioration through dietary vitamin C. The deltamethrin exposed fishes were fed with different levels of supplemented vitamin C such as 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg diet to see its ameliorating effect by assaying hematological parameters viz. total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin content (Hb), total serum protein, albumin, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio and biochemical parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), total adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), magnesium adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+-ATPase) and sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activities. The finding of this study showed that deltamethrin had negative effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters of Catla catla. The experimental group, which was exposed to deltamethrin and fed with normal diet showed significantly lower values (P ? 0.05) of all parameters studied except ALT activity. This might be due to possible disruption of hematopoiesis and proteosynthesis. However, the fish fed with varied concentration of vitamin C in diets neutralized the toxic effect of deltamethrin, as evidenced by significantly lowered hematological and biochemical response. Vitamin C @ 1000 mg/kg diet was the most effective in amelioration of harmful effect of deltamethrin on hematological and biochemical parameters of catla fingerlings. The result suggests that vitamin C can be effectively used to neutralize the toxic effect of deltamethrin on catla.  相似文献   

10.
Mosquito netting side panels of targets used for tsetse control were treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, either dissolved in a mixture of acetone and a chlorohydrocarbon oil, ‘Cereclor’® > (ICI, UK) or as a conventional wettable powder formulation suspended in water. Treated netting samples were weathered under natural conditions in full sun in Zimbabwe. Following brief tarsal contact of test insects (adults of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) with treated netting, the wettable powder induced 100% knockdown for four months after treatment but 24-hour mortality levels were reduced from the third month onwards. The oil formulation induced 100% knockdown for up to ten months following treatment and 100% mortality at 24 hours for up to eight months. Chemical assay showed that after two months there had been a rapid reduction in the amount of active ingredient to only 20% of that applied using the wettable powder, whereas the oil formulation took seven months to fall to this level. Provided that at least 5% of the original amount of pyrethroid remained on the fabric it was quite effective and the superiority of the oil formulation was further enhanced by the observation that the starting concentration was only 25% of that of the wettable powder.  相似文献   

11.
采用药液浸渍法、沙柱法以及与荧光染料Cy3共孵育的方法,以丙溴磷、克百威和阿维菌素为对照药剂,测定了溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor的毒力以及对其运动扩散和摄食的影响。结果表明:溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫具有一定的杀灭活性,其LC50值为459.8mg/L,活性低于丙溴磷(159.9mg/L)、克百威(331.9mg/L)和阿维菌素(257.3mg/L);溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫运动扩散的抑制作用IC50值为3.1mg/L,其活性低于阿维菌素(0.8mg/L),但高于丙溴磷(8.3mg/L)和克百威(16.1mg/L)。当丙溴磷和克百威质量浓度分别低至0.6和40mg/L时,可刺激90%以上的线虫摄食;当丙溴磷和克百威质量浓度最低分别为360和300mg/L时,可抑制全部线虫的摄食;溴氰菊酯与阿维菌素则对线虫的摄食无刺激作用;用10mg/L的丙溴磷处理线虫2h后再分别用阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯处理,发现阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯质量浓度最低分别为20和200mg/L时可抑制全部马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的摄食。研究表明,溴氰菊酯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫具有较高的活性,其在线虫防治领域的开发应用潜力较好。  相似文献   

12.
应用作者所在实验室自制的、对溴氰菊酯具有特异性亲和力的多克隆抗体和酶标半抗原,建立了包被抗体-酶标半抗原直接竞争酶联免疫吸附分析法(DC-ELISA)。小白菜样品经超声提取、浓缩和10%甲醇定容后采用DC-ELISA法测定,并采用高效液相色谱法进行验证。结果表明:在抗体包被浓度为2.0 mg/L、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记溴氰菊酯半抗原稀释2.0×105倍、包被介质为pH 7.2 PB、反应介质为含0.125 mol/L NaCl pH 6.8 PB的优化条件下,DC-ELISA法检测溴氰菊酯的线性范围为0.10~10 mg/L,溴氰菊酯对抗体-酶标半抗原反应的抑制中浓度(IC50)为1.68 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.11%,IC10值为0.16 mg/L。在5、1和0.2 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,DC-ELISA法测定小白菜中溴氰菊酯的平均回收率分别为97%、106%和95%,RSD(n=5)分别为8.5%、8.1%和8.1%。高效液相色谱法同步测定小白菜中添加0.2 mg/kg溴氰菊酯的回收率为107%。本研究建立的DC-ELISA法可用于小白菜中溴氰菊酯含量的快速测定。  相似文献   

13.
The initiation of flight from loss of tarsal contact (flight reflex responses) and the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM) responses evoked by brain stimulation were analyzed during carbofuran, permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDT poisoning in the house fly. Blockage of the flight reflex by LD50 doses of permethrin or deltamethrin was rapid, but the effects of DDT on the flight reflex took hours to develop. In addition, carbofuran treatment induced spontaneous flight in blocked preparations by an action in the central nervous system. This result suggests that pyrethroid blockage of the flight reflex was due to an action on sensory nerves, since the central flight program and its associated efferent systems were functionally intact. The relevance of this finding in terms of pyrethroid knockdown is discussed. The TTM response was unaffected by permethrin or deltamethrin both early and late in the poisoning process, possibly because the evoked TTM response does not involve peripheral sensory nerves, which seem to be important sites of pyrethroid action early in poisoning. Carbofuran induced repetitive firing and blockage of the TTM response within 1 hr, but normal responses were observed late in poisoning, which is consistent with the reversibility of carbamate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. DDT caused no change in the evoked TTM response until bursts were recorded about 15 hr after treatment; this was another example of a slowly developing DDT effect. The protracted development of various DDT actions was concordant with a hypothesis of reduced efficacy at a proposed target site, viz., the sodium channels of nerve membranes.  相似文献   

14.
Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals prepared from whole rat brain were used to evaluate the action of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by measuring calcium influx and endogenous glutamate release. Deltamethrin-enhanced K+-stimulated calcium influx and subsequent Ca2+-dependent glutamate release. The effect of deltamethrin was concentration-dependent, stereospecific, blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC but unaltered in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are a site of action at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Electrophysiological studies were carried out using rat brain Cav2.2 and β3 subunits coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to validate such action. Deltamethrin reduced barium peak current in a concentraion-dependent and stereospecific manner, increased the rate of activation, and prolonged the inactivation rate of this channel. These experiments support the conclusion that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel operation is altered by deltamethrin.  相似文献   

15.
为明确菊酯类药剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,采用点滴法在室内测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和茚虫威原药对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定3龄幼虫在这5种药剂诱导不同时间下其体内钠离子通道基因片段的表达量变化。结果显示,高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、茚虫威和高效氯氰菊酯这5种药剂处理草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫24 h后的LD50值分别为74.911、83.280、152.662、179.372、567.250 mg/L;处理48 h后的LD50值分别为18.946、67.874、120.888、132.790、461.635 mg/L;同时发现草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫钠离子通道基因的表达均呈现不被诱导或诱导下调现象,表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫可通过降低靶标基因的表达量进而减少药剂对其的毒性。表明供试4种拟除虫菊酯类药剂和1种氯虫苯甲酰胺类药剂可作为草地贪夜蛾田间应急防控药剂施用。  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of some pesticides on rainbow trout erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. The enzyme was purified 1691-fold with a specific activity of 16.235 U/mg protein and a yield of 63%. Cypermethrin, and propoxur inhibited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in vitro and deltamethrin inhibited both in vivo and in vitro. The obtained IC50 values for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and propoxur were 0.63, 1.02, and 12 mM, respectively. The activity of the control was determined as 5.17 ± 0.62 U/g Hb in in vivo studies. The enzyme activities of the groups treated with 0.25 g/L deltamethrin were measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and found to be 4.32 ± 0.47, 3.57 ± 0.39, 3.47 ± 0.45, 2.86 ± 0.37, and 2.31 ± 0.32 U/g Hb. In vivo experiments showed that deltamethrin significantly inhibited the G6PD enzyme activity after the 48th h (p < 0.05).  相似文献   

17.
The release of [3H]neurotransmitters was used as a functional assay to assess the actions of selected neurotoxins on the synaptosomal membranes prepared from the invertebrate nervous systems of squid and house fly. A reproducible release of [3]neurotransmitter was evoked by pulsed-depolarization in the presence of elevated K+ or of veratridine. Pretreatment with deltamethrin resulted in a substantial enhancement of [3H]neuro-transmitter release during pulsed-depolarization. This enhanced neurotransmitter release was greatly reduced or absent when synaptosomes of knockdown-resistant house flies were examined. No enhanced neurotransmitter release due to deltamethrin pretreatment was apparent from any synaptosomal preparation under non-depolarizing conditions. Under similar conditions, collaborative experiments demonstrated that deltamethrin causes a significant change in protein phosphorylation activities which follow depolarization. The most significant change caused by deltamethrin was the prolonged elevation of the level of phosphorylation on a number of key synaptic proteins beyond the normal time of their recovery to the dephosphorylated state. The most notable protein reacting to deltamethrin in this manner was calcium-cadlmodulin-dependent protein kinase.  相似文献   

18.
Screening techniques are described for the evaluation of the activity of tick repellents in vitro and in vivo, for the control of ticks of veterinary importance. In addition a modification of the in-vitro technique is described whereby the knockdown activity of chemicals may be assessed. There was a lack of correlation between results obtained in vitro and those obtained in vivo. Butopyranoxyl and N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, which were highly active in vitro, showed only medium to low activity in vivo. Conversely, benzyl benzoate and dimethyl carbate, which were highly active in vivo, showed only low activity in vitro. Chemical breakdown, volatility, the ability of the chemical to bind to hair and skin, and differences in the behaviour and the morphology and physiology of the sense organs between larval and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Neumann 1897) are suggested as likely explanations for these differences in activity. Of the four synthetic pyrethroids tested, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate, only the first three were shown to have good knockdown activity but only two, deltamethrin and permethrin, produced significant mortality of the exposed larvae. Further tests would be required to determine whether there is a correlation between knockdown and mortality.  相似文献   

19.
A non-toxic formulation containing fluorescent tracer was dispersed as an aerosol over savannah woodland in stable meteorological conditions, with only light wind, shortly after sunrise. Droplet deposition on wild caught tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans) was measured by means of a fluorescent tracer technique and compared with the deposit levels predicted from rotary sampler measurements using droplet collection efficiency data for samplers and flies derived from a laboratory wind tunnel study. Good correlation was found between the predicted and observed dose. An additional comparison, based only on rotary sampler data, between a typical spray (measured v.m.d. 27 μm) and a spray with smaller drop size (measured v.m.d. 21 μm) suggested that the latter might be significantly more effective as a means of control.  相似文献   

20.
Insecticides have been extensively used for house fly control in China, with dichlorvos and deltamethrin being widely used. Knowledge about the current status of insecticide resistance and the underlying genetic changes is crucial for developing effective fly control strategies. The susceptibility to dichlorvos and deltamethrin, and the frequencies of genetic mutations involved in insecticide resistance were studied in five field populations of the house fly collected across China. Bioassay results show that flies exhibit 14- to 28-fold resistance to dichlorvos and 41- to 94-fold resistance to deltamethrin, indicating that dichlorvos and deltamethrin resistance are common in house fly populations in China. Molecular analysis reveals that flies from the five various locations carry resistance alleles at multiple loci and have diverse allelic types, different relative frequencies and combinations of each allele. Four non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (i.e. V260L, G342A/V, F407Y) in acetylcholinesterase (Ace) and two mutations (W251L/S) in a carboxylesterase (MdαE7) were commonly present in the field house flies. The L1014H rather than L1014F mutation in the voltage sensitive sodium channel gene (Vssc) was widely distributed in Chinese house flies. CYP6D1v1, which confers pyrethroid resistance, was found in all the five tested populations in China, although its frequency in house fly from Shandong province was very low. Our results suggest that resistance monitoring and management of house flies should be customized for a given location.  相似文献   

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