共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
植物检疫术语是进行植物检疫工作交流的前提与基础,对植物检疫工作具有重要意义。本文通过梳理及规范有害生物相关术语及其定义,明确了有害生物与外来物种的相互关系;通过对有害生物风险分析相关术语及其定义进行整理和规范,提出判定植物检疫性有害生物的评估方法,评估过程可结合适生性分析、传播途径、寄主情况及潜在的经济/环境影响等因素,从进入、定殖、扩散可能性及后果评估等方面进行分析。检疫性有害生物与外来入侵物种有一定交集,因此检疫性有害生物的防控对生物入侵防控具有积极作用。而对有害生物和有害生物风险分析相关术语进行规范也为植物检疫性有害生物名单的制修订提供了科学思路。本文提出的定义修改建议及植物检疫性有害生物评估方法较为概括,仅为定义和名单的制修订工作提供参考。 相似文献
2.
M. Kenis S. Bacher R. H. A. Baker E. Branquart S. Brunel J. Holt P. E. Hulme A. MacLeod J. Pergl F. Petter P. Pyšek G. Schrader A. Sissons U. Starfinger U. Schaffner 《EPPO Bulletin》2012,42(1):21-27
Assessing the potential environmental impact of alien plants and plant pests is notoriously difficult. New protocols have been developed in the framework of the EC project PRATIQUE to provide guidance on environmental impact assessment in the EPPO pest risk analysis (PRA) decision‐support scheme and enhance consistency between risk assessors and risk ratings for different pests. A set of questions with rating guidance and examples is provided, and individual scores are summarized into final scores, using a hierarchy of risk matrices, to assess current and potential environmental impacts. Two separate protocols are available: for alien plants and for other pests. These protocols could also be used to assess environmental impact in other PRA schemes as well as to assign alien species to regional black lists or to prioritize species for management decisions. 相似文献
3.
Weeds may serve as reservoirs for new and invasive insect pests. The cassava root scale ( Protortonia navesi ) is a recent pest in the Brazilian 'Cerrado' that causes qualitative and quantitative damage by sucking plant sap. Recently, field surveys revealed that many common weeds in this region act as host for P. navesi in cassava fields. In a discrete survey, 15 weed species were identified that were hosting P. navesi . Among these, 13 species occurred during the cropping season and five were observed 4 months after cassava harvest. Eight months after harvest, only cassava volunteer plants were found to be hosting P. navesi . This survey provided a real example of the problem created when weeds host new crop pests. The management of weeds (including crop volunteers) needs to be considered as part of generalised pest management and pest invasion prevention schemes. Effective weed management can be a means of limiting the survival of new pests and the re-infestation of susceptible crop species in subsequent years. Simple studies like this point to a practical need to create greater collaborations between pest management researchers working within discrete pest categories. 相似文献
4.
玉米Zea mays作为一种重要的粮食和饲料作物,在生产中受到多种有害生物的严重危害,尤其是外来有害生物,我国高度关注其外来物种入侵防控工作。该文在概述玉米外来有害生物及其全球扩散途径的基础上,对近10年来我国玉米外来物种入侵防控技术的主要研究与应用进展进行分析,涉及风险分析、疫情监测、检测诊断、检疫处理及田间治理技术,并提出加强植物生物安全专业教育与公众教育、科学研究与理论创新、技术研发与推广应用、法规建设与监管服务、国际合作与共同发展的措施建议。 相似文献
5.
S. Brunel E. Branquart G. Fried J. Van Valkenburg G. Brundu U. Starfinger S. Buholzer A. Uludag M. Joseffson R. Baker 《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(3):407-422
Although invasive alien plants are gaining increased attention within EPPO countries, there is no existing widely agreed method to identify those alien plants that are considered invasive and represent the highest priority for pest risk analysis. In the framework of the ad hoc Panel on Invasive Alien Species, EPPO proposes a prioritization process for invasive alien plants designed (i) to produce a list of invasive alien plants that are established or could potentially establish in the EPPO region and (ii) to determine which of these have the highest priority for an EPPO pest risk analysis. The process consists of compiling available information on alien plants according to pre‐determined criteria, and can be run at the EPPO region level, or at a country or local area level. These criteria examine whether the species is alien in the area under study, and whether it is established or not. The criteria used primarily rely on observations in the EPPO region but, if the species is not established, the invasive behaviour of the species in other countries should be investigated, as well as the suitability of the ecoclimatic conditions in the area under consideration. The spread potential, the potential negative impacts on native species, habitats and ecosystems, as well as on agriculture, horticulture or forestry are considered. If the species qualifies as an invasive alien plant of major concern through this first set of questions, the process then investigates the efficiency of international measures (to be justified through a pest risk analysis) to prevent the entry and spread of the species. The second set of questions are designed to determine whether the species is internationally traded or enters new countries through international pathways for which the risk of introduction is superior to natural spread, and whether the species still has a significant suitable area for further spread. If used by several EPPO countries, this prioritization process represents an opportunity to provide consistent country lists of invasive alien plant species, as well as a tool for dialogue and exchange of information. 相似文献
6.
Assessing the potential distribution of insect pests: case studies on large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L) and horse‐chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) under present and future climate conditions in European forests 
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下载免费PDF全文 J. I. Barredo G. Strona D. de Rigo G. Caudullo G. Stancanelli J. San‐Miguel‐Ayanz 《EPPO Bulletin》2015,45(2):273-281
Forest insect pests represent a serious threat to European forests and their negative effects could be exacerbated by climate change. This paper illustrates how species distribution modelling integrated with host tree species distribution data can be used to assess forest vulnerability to this threat. Two case studies are used: large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L) and horse‐chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimi?) both at pan‐European level. The proposed approach integrates information from different sources. Occurrence data of insect pests were collected from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), climatic variables for present climate and future scenarios were sourced, respectively, from WorldClim and from the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), and distributional data of host tree species were obtained from the European Forest Data Centre (EFDAC), within the Forest Information System for Europe (FISE). The potential habitat of the target pests was calculated using the machine learning algorithm of Maxent model. On the one hand, the results highlight the potential of species distribution modelling as a valuable tool for decision makers. On the other hand, they stress how this approach can be limited by poor pest data availability, emphasizing the need to establish a harmonised open European database of geo‐referenced insect pest distribution data. 相似文献
7.
Hugh F. Evans 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1999,4(4):295-299
The minor position of microbial insecticides within the global pesticide market can be attributed to a number of causes, including high cost of production, high specificity, poor application technology, poor persistence and slow speed of kill. These aspects are discussed in relation to the potential for use of microbial insecticides against forest pests. Many of the constraints are not limiting in forestry and some of the ways in which they can be overcome are discussed, including the concept of a better appreciation of the ecological context. This approach encompasses knowledge of the behaviour of the target host species, both for improved targeting and for maximum exploitation of secondary inoculum. These, and other aspects are brought together in discussing the future for microbial insecticides in forest pest management. 相似文献
8.
害虫生物防治新技术——载体植物系统 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的系统是害虫生物防治长期追求的理想目标。载体植物系统（banker plant system）又称开放式天敌饲养系统,是近年来开发出的一种集保护利用本地天敌、人工繁殖释放天敌以及异地引进天敌等传统技术特点为一体的新型生物防治技术。载体植物（banker plants）、替代食物（alternative foods）和有益生物（beneficial）是该系统的三个基本要素。本文对载体植物和载体植物系统概念、特点以及近年来国际上的研究进展进行了综述,并结合自身的研究实践,举例介绍载体植物系统的应用,以推动国内外对载体植物系统的研究和应用。 相似文献
9.
Richard C. Axtell 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1999,4(1):53-73
Modern commercial poultry production under large companies is expanding worldwide with similar methods and housing, and the accompanying arthropod and rodent pest problems. The pests increase the cost of production and are factors in the spread of avian diseases. The biology, behavior and control of ectoparasites and premise pests are described in relation to the different housing and production practices for broiler breeders, turkey breeders, growout (broilers and turkeys), caged-layers, and pullets. Ectoparasites include Ornithonyssus fowl mites, Dermanyssus chicken mites, lice, bedbugs, fleas, and argasid fowl ticks. Premise pests include Alphitobius darkling beetles, Dermestes hide beetles, the house fly and several related filth fly species, calliphorid blow flies, moths, cockroaches, and rodents. Populations of these pests are largely determined by the housing, waste, and flock management practices. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach, tailored to the different production systems, is required for satisfactory poultry pest control. Biosecurity, preventing the introduction of pests and diseases into a facility, is critical. Poultry IPM, based on pest identification, pest population monitoring, and methods of cultural, biological, and chemical control, is elucidated. The structure of the sophisticated, highly integrated poultry industry provides a situation conducive to refinement and wider implementation of IPM. 相似文献
10.
小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为明确小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式10点取样法,在调查秋播前麦田地下害虫种类和数量的基础上,研究冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期地下害虫为害造成的麦苗死亡率。在陕西武功,秋播前麦田地下害虫有20种,其中以金针虫和蛴螬为优势种,分别占地下害虫发生总量的58.66%和21.91%。地下害虫为害引起的死苗现象主要发生在冬前秋苗期,供试5块田的死苗率达4.4%～9.1%;春季返青拔节期的死苗率较低,仅为1.0%～2.3%。相关分析表明,地下害虫为害造成的冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期死苗率与其虫口密度密切相关。 相似文献
11.
Willocquet L Elazegui FA Castilla N Fernandez L Fischer KS Peng S Teng PS Srivastava RK Singh HM Zhu D Savary S 《Phytopathology》2004,94(7):672-682
ABSTRACT A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed. This approach enabled the modeling of scenarios pertaining to different pest management strategies within the agroecological contexts of rice production and their associated pest injuries. Rice pests could be classified into two broad research priority-setting categories with respect to simulated yield losses and management efficiencies. One group, including weeds, sheath blight, and brown spot, consists of pests for which effective pest management tools need to be developed. The second group consists of leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown plant-hoppers, for which the efficiency of current management methods is to be maintained. Simulated yield losses in future production situations indicated that a new type of rice plant with high-harvest index and high-biomass production ("New Plant Type") was more vulnerable to pests than hybrid rice. Simulations also indicated that the impact of deployment of host resistance (e.g., through genetic engineering) was much larger when targeted against sheath blight than when targeted against stem borers. Simulated yield losses for combinations of production situations and injury profiles that dominate current lowland rice production in tropical Asia ranged from 140 to 230 g m(-2). For these combinations, the simulated efficiency of current pest management methods, expressed in terms of relative yield gains, ranged from 0.38 to 0.74. Overall, the analyses indicated that 120 to 200 x 10(6) tons of grain yield are lost yearly to pests over the 87 x 10(6) ha of lowland rice in tropical Asia. This also amounts to the potential gain that future pest management strategies could achieve, if deployed. 相似文献
12.
樟树是江西省省树,在全省范围推广种植多年,樟树虫害发生呈逐年上升趋势。据前期调查数据及文献资料,汇总统计江西樟树害虫179种,其中,重要害虫26种,占14.5%,次重要害虫23种,占12.8%,非重要害虫130种,占72.6%,包括重要食叶害虫樟叶蜂、泡桐叶甲、黄刺蛾、丽绿刺蛾、褐边绿刺蛾、樗蚕、龙眼裳卷蛾、樟巢丛螟等;重要刺吸性害虫六点始叶螨、樟脊网蝽、黑刺粉虱、樟木虱、樟白轮盾蚧、思茅壶蚧等;重要钻蛀性害虫家白蚁、黄翅大白蚁、黑翅土白蚁、吉安樟筒天牛等;重要地下害虫粉白金龟、黑绒金龟等。据危害方式、发生特点将其归为强生态适应性害虫、r类害虫、隐蔽性害虫与嗜食性害虫,由此有针对性地提出其IPM策略。 相似文献
13.
G. Schrader R. Baker Y. Baranchikov L. Dumouchel K. S. Knight D. G. McCullough M. J. Orlova‐Bienkowskaja S. Pasquali G. Gilioli 《EPPO Bulletin》2021,51(1):216-228
Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is an important component of risk analysis for plant pests and invasive alien species (IAS), and a standardized and consistent methodology has recently been developed for evaluating their impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity. This paper presents the application of this innovative methodology for ERA to Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, which causes significant mortality to Fraxinus (ash) species in forests and urban areas of North America (here: USA and Canada, excluding Mexico) and Russia. The methodology follows a retrospective analysis and summarizes information and observations in invaded areas in North America and Russia. Uncertainty distributions were elicited to define quantitatively a general pattern of the environmental impact in terms of reduction in ecosystem provisioning, supporting and regulating services, and biodiversity components. The environmental impacts of A. planipennis are time‐ and context‐dependent, therefore two time horizons of 5 and 20 years after introduction and two ecosystems (urban and forest) were considered. This case study shows that the quantitative assessment of environmental impacts for IAS is both possible and helpful for decision‐makers and risk managers who have to balance control costs against potential impacts of IAS. 相似文献
14.
G. Schrader 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2004,56(3):75-79
The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) aims to prevent the entry and spread of organisms harmful to both cultivated and wild plants. Basing their activities on those of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Plant Protection Convention, the EPPO is developing a new concept for invasive alien species and ‘plants as pests’. A pest risk analysis is necessary in most cases to identify which organisms should be regulated and how. In accordance with the International Plant Protection Convention, an EPPO risk assessment standard exists for this purpose which has now been revised to be applicable also to potentially invasive alien plants and assess the effects they pose to the uncultivated environment. In 2003, the EPPO sent a questionnaire to its 44 member states asking for plants which have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced and are considered invasive. The member countries reported hundreds of species, of which 42 were selected for further assessment. This may result in recommendations for regulations and measures against the introduction and spread of all or some of these plants. 相似文献
15.
入侵昆虫基因组研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随着全球贸易的加速发展,入侵物种对农林业、生态环境及人类健康的威胁日益严重。基因组学研究为阐明外来有害生物入侵的分子机制与生态适应性过程以及研发新型防控技术提供了新手段、新平台与大数据。本文综述了入侵昆虫基因组学研究的发展现状,系统总结了基因/基因家族、转座子/重复序列等基因组信息在决定昆虫入侵性中的重要作用,着力探讨了基因组学研究在助力害虫RNAi、昆虫不育技术(SIT)、化学生态防治和物理防治等防控新技术/新产品开发方面的潜力,并展望了基因组学研究应用于入侵昆虫综合防控的前景。 相似文献
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17.
BACKGROUND: Economic costs of spotted wing drosophila (SWD) include yield and associated revenue losses, labor and material costs for monitoring and management and revenue losses due to the closure of export markets should fruit from SWD‐infested regions be banned by trading partners. This analysis focuses on two types of loss in the California raspberry and strawberry industries: yield losses in the absence of management, and insecticide material costs on a per treatment basis. It computes the cost of a specific management program for raspberries in California's Central Coast region. RESULTS: Insecticide material and application costs per treatment and the cost of the management program are small relative to the yield losses in the absence of management that are observed by growers, researchers and others in initial infestations. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to evaluate precisely the share of pest management program costs due to SWD because insecticides are sometimes used to manage multiple pests, and because labor‐intensive field sanitation efforts to control SWD are recommended practices already. Given these considerations, this analysis finds that the benefits to SWD management well outweigh the costs examined here. Evaluating the efficacy of managing SWD is essential in assessing the risks that SWD poses and the benefits of pest management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Carruthers RI 《Pest management science》2003,59(6-7):827-834
Invasive pests cause huge losses both to agricultural production systems and to the natural environment through displacing native species and decreasing biodiversity. It is now estimated that many thousand exotic insect, weed and pathogen species have been established in the USA and that these invasive species are responsible for a large portion of the $130 billion losses estimated to be caused by pests each year. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has responded with extensive research and action programs aimed at understanding these problems and developing new management approaches for their control. This paper provides an overview of some of the ARS research that has been conducted on invasive species over the past few years and addresses both different categories of research and some specific pest systems of high interest to the US Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
19.
Physiologically based demographic models streamline identification and collection of data in evidence‐based pest risk assessment 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The distribution and abundance of species that cause economic loss (i.e., pests) in crops, forests or livestock depends on many biotic and abiotic factors that are thought difficult to separate and quantify on geographical and temporal scales. However, the weather‐driven biology and dynamics of such species and of relevant interacting species in their food chain or web can be captured via mechanistic physiologically based demographic models (PBDMs). These models can be implemented in the context of a geographic information system (GIS) to predict the potential geographic distribution and relative abundance of pest species given observed or climate change scenarios of weather. PBDMs may include bottom‐up effects of the host on pest dynamics and, if appropriate, the top‐down action of natural enemies. When driven by weather, PBDMs predict the phenology, age structure and abundance dynamics at one or many locations enabling the distribution of the interacting species to be predicted across wide geographic areas. PBDMs are able to capture relevant ecosystem complexity within a modest number of measurable parameters because they use the same ecological models of analogous resource acquisition and allocation processes across all trophic levels. The use of these analogies makes parameter estimation easier as the underlying functions are known. This is a significant advantage in cases where the biological data available to build an evidence base for pest risk assessment is sparse. 相似文献
20.
云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系的建立 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPMs)为依据,通过对云南外来有害生物入侵现状的分析,总结国内外在有害生物风险分析中的研究成果,建立云南外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系。该体系中的目标层(R值)包含了5个准则层(Pi),其下级为指标层(Pij),由17个多指标因子组成,并根据各层次之间的相互关系建立数学模型。R值的分值范围在0和3之间,并对其进行4个等级分级:0.5(不包含)以下为低度风险,0.5~1.5(不包含)为中度风险,1.5~2.5(不包含)为高度风险,2.5以上为极高风险,以此为据确定云南入侵有害生物风险等级。 相似文献