2. TEX-OE® is a patented total extract of the fruit of Opuntia ficus indica, which has been demonstrated to accelerate the development of HSPs in several animal species.
3. One-day-old commercial broiler chicks were treated with TEX-OE®; HSP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a large commercial field trial investigated key performance indicators (KPIs) in treated versus untreated controls chicks.
4. TEX-OE® significantly increased HSP concentrations in treated chicks versus controls. Final cumulative mortality, liveweight and percentage factory-rejects were better than in controls.
5. The accelerated HSP response may enable chicks to cope with early stressors, which is reflected in improved KPIs. 相似文献
2. Growth rate, food intake, food utilisation and proportion of dietary nitrogen retained were much poorer in chicks receiving salseed meal.
3. The chicks receiving salseed meal developed pathological lesions in liver and kidney.
4. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume of the chicks receiving salseed meal were lower than those of chicks receiving maize.
5. The apparent metabolisable energy value of salseed meal was determined as 6.83 MJ/kg. 相似文献
2. Increments of 25 g grass meal/kg and 7.3 g maize oil/kg replaced a mixture of soyabean, wheat and barley meals in the control diet.
3. Gain: food ratio (y) of the birds decreased linearly as dietary grass meal content (x) increased such that y = 0.4295 ? 0.0032x.
4. Carcass analyses indicated that the decrease in gain : food ratio was caused by less deposition of body fat.
5. Skin colour became significantly yellower as the dietary grass meal content increased. 相似文献
2. Addition of 10 g ascorbic acid/kg to the control diet (without excess tyrosine) produced no beneficial effects on performance. Excess dietary tyrosine caused depressions in all measures of performance.
3. Adding 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 g ascorbic acid/kg to the diet containing excess tyrosine tended to improve performance.
4. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid/bird d to chicks receiving excess tyrosine brought about a significant improvement in body‐weight gain.
5. The elevation of plasma free tyrosine caused by excess dietary tyrosine decreased as dietary ascorbic acid increased.
6. Ascorbic acid can alleviate, though not completely counteract, the adverse effect of excess dietary tyrosine. 相似文献
2. Egg, yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane weights increased, whereas the egg shape, specific gravity and shell thickness decreased between 49 and 154 days of age.
3. Yolk, albumen and shell plus membrane comprised 32–59%, 53–57% and 7–80%, respectively of the total egg weight.
4. Regression between the quail's age and the characteristics of eggs were derived and correlation coefficients ranged from —0–42 to — 0–86. The albumen weight was more highly correlated with egg weight than yolk weight.
5. Relationships were also derived between egg shape and specific gravity, and egg shape and albumen weight.
6. It was concluded that the eggs’ characteristics were modified as the quails aged, and the best criterion of the shell's strength was the egg shape. 相似文献
2. The tendency was for the proteolytic activity to be increased and the amylase activity to be decreased in conventional chicks. These differences were statistically significant in the caecum.
3. All of the additional proteolytic activity detectable in the caecum of conventional chicks was inhibited by soyabean trypsin inhibitor. However, the increased activity was not detectable in the small intestine and was, therefore, not due to pancreatic trypsin.
4. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro bacterial production of a trypsin‐like enzyme were unsuccessful. 相似文献
2. Four different alkaliphilic microbes were isolated and shown to degrade poultry feathers.
3. Two of the isolates were phylogenetically identified as Lysinibacillus and the others were identified as Nocardiopsis and Micrococcus.
4. The best microbial co-culture for white and black feather degradation was optimised for pH, temperature and relative population of the isolates to achieve almost 96% of degradation compared with a maximum of 31% when applying each isolate individually.
5. The maximum activity of keratinase was estimated to be 1.5 U/ml after 3 d for white feathers and 0.6 U/ml after 4 d for black feathers in a basal medium containing feather as the main carbon source. Additionally, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 4 and 3 protease activity bands for white and black feather, respectively.
6. This study provides a robust method to develop potential new mixtures of microorganisms that are able to degrade both white and black feathers by applying a Central Composite Design. 相似文献
2. Food passage in the crop was significantly reduced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of LPS while it did not affect the number of defecations, suggesting that LPS may affect food passage only in the upper digestive tract.
3. Similar to LPS, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), one of the mediators of LPS, also reduced crop-emptying rate in chickens while it had no effect on the number of defecations.
4. Pretreatment with indomethacin, which is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), a prostaglandin synthase, had no effect on LPS-induced inhibition of crop emptying.
5. IP injection of LPS did not affect the mRNA expression of COX2 in the upper digestive tract of chickens.
6. It is therefore likely that LPS and PGE2 reduced food passage rate in the crop by a prostaglandin-independent pathway in chickens. 相似文献
2. Egg weight was poor with the low fat basal diet but increased in relation to the amounts of maize oil (4 and 30 g/kg) included in the diet.
3. With a diet containing 30 g olive oil/kg, egg weight was similar to that obtained with the diet containing the same amount of maize oil.
4. Rearing the birds on diets containing low or moderate amounts of linoleic acid did not affect the response to fatty acid content of the layer's diet.
5. It is concluded that the requirement of the laying hen for linoleic add is not higher than 9 g/kg but that egg weight does respond to higher dietary amounts of readily absorbable fatty acids. 相似文献
2. Half the hens had undergone beak trimming at 18 weeks, but in many cases regrowth had occurred.
3. Plumage damage and loss was significantly reduced in beak‐trimmed birds compared with birds with normal beaks. Tier and cage design had no effect.
4. This finding supports the idea that feather pecking is the important factor in causing plumage damage, rather than abrasion.
5. A comparison between 64 birds in which beak regrowth had occurred, and 64 in which it remained truncated, showed that both groups had similar plumage scores.
6. It appears to be the beak‐trimming procedure which is important; subsequent regrowth being irrelevant. 相似文献
2. A randombred control population of known pedigree was used to measure the environmental trends.
3. Selection in pure lines resulted in concomitant improvement in the crosses for the selected as well as the correlated traits.
4. Cross performance was comparatively more than expected on the basis of mid‐parent values, indicating involvement of non‐additive gene action in the expression of cross performance.
5. Crosses responded better to independent culling level selection for egg weight than their parents.
6. Heterosis appeared to increase in later generations as compared with initial generations of selection. 相似文献
2. In each group of birds the concentration of plasma GH was inversely related to age. The mean prolactin concentration was highest in the youngest (20‐d‐old) birds.
3. The concentration of plasma GH in the intermittently‐fed birds deprived of food for 24 h (depleted birds) was significantly higher than that in the controls at 33, 56 and 83 d of age. The mean GH concentration in the intermittently‐fed birds 24 h after refeeding (repleted birds) was less than that in the depleted ones.
4. The overall mean concentration of plasma prolactin in the depleted birds was significantly less than that in the control and repleted birds.
5. These results are consistent with the effects of fasting on GH and prolactin secretion and demonstrate that growth retardation in the intermittently‐fed birds was not due to impaired GH secretion. 相似文献
2. At 8 weeks of age, birds receiving 50 and 75 g sand/kg diet were significantly heavier than those receiving the basal diet and 100 g sand/kg diet.
3. Birds receiving 0 and 100 g sand/kg diet consumed similar quantities of basal diet and yielded similar corrected food:gain ratios.
4. Dietary dilution with sand had no significant effect on mortality, apparent carcase yield, preventriculus weight, gizzard weight and intestinal length. Crop weights were significantly greater in birds given 100 g sand/kg diet to the age of 4 weeks.
5. The litter moisture content was significantly less in pens containing birds receiving 75 or 100 g sand/kg diet after 5 weeks of age. 相似文献
2. A comparison with an unselected control flock (C) over 50 weeks of lay in the final generation indicated a number of statistically significant correlated responses in commercially important traits in the S line in addition to the direct response of + 0.004 in specific gravity.
3. With an increase in specific gravity, there was a decrease of 3.4 in the percentage of soft‐shelled eggs laid.
4. The weight and albumen height of eggs measured within 1 hour of lay declined by 1.8 g and 2.1 Haugh units respectively.
5. There were reductions in the weight and albumen height losses of eggs stored over a 10‐d period (C 0.74, S 0.62 g and C 17.9, S 15.0 Haugh units respectively), so that at the end of this period the albumen heights in both lines were the same.
6. Average body weight and daily food intake were less by 0.28 kg and 7.5 g respectively.
7. Although there was no change in egg production, the average age at first egg was reduced by 11.3 d. 相似文献
2. Environmental enrichment improved body‐weight gain, relative body‐weight gain and gain: food ratio but had no effect on circulating GH or prolactin concentrations.
3. Weight gain and gain : food ratio were greater in the broilers than in the layer chicks, while plasma GH and prolactin (females only) concentrations were less.
4. There were no sex differences in weight gain and relative weight gain but gain : food ratio was significantly greater in females than in males. In both strains plasma GH concentrations were higher in males than in females and prolactin concentrations were higher in male than in female broilers. 相似文献
2. Tissue residue profiles (liver, kidney, lung and muscle) and plasma were also studied after multiple intramuscular and oral administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight, once daily for 5 consecutive days.
3. Following intravenous injection, plasma concentration–time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model.
4. After intramuscular and oral administration of moxifloxacin, the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 2.14 and 1.94 μg/ml and were obtained at 1.40 and 1.87 h (Tmax), post administration, respectively.
5. The systemic bioavailabilities following intramuscular and oral administration, respectively, of moxifloxacin were 92.48 and 87.94%.
6. Tissue concentrations following i.m. and p.o. administration were highest in liver and kidney, respectively, and decreased in the following order: plasma, lung and muscle. No moxifloxacin residues were detected in tissues and plasma after 120 h after i.m. or oral administration. 相似文献
2. Some plants and their respective volatile oils and extracts have the potential to alleviate coccidiosis and reduce its severity.
3. Most plant bioactives improve some, but not all, aspects of coccidiosis with variable effectiveness against different species of Eimeria.
4. Difficulties in comparing research findings have arisen from the use of different experimental models, different active components and infectious dose of Eimeria.
5. Current knowledge of their potential anti-coccidial effects may provide guidance for the use of botanical extracts in the control of the coccidiosis. 相似文献
2. Lower body weights and lower feed consumption were observed in 4-week-old poults given 10 and 20 g/kg of AT-402 compared to poults given 0 or 5 g/kg.
3. Floor-reared poults, given either 5 or 10 g/kg AT-402 to 4 weeks of age, were significantly heavier than controls (0 g/kg AT-402), and feed conversion ratios for AT-402 given poults were improved.
4. Xylose uptake in 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults was significantly greater than in poults given AT-402 at 0 and 10 g/kg, reflecting increased body weights of 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults.
5. Delayed access by poults to the AT-402 until 10 d of age also improved 4-week body weights, suggesting that the AT-402 might improve performance as soon as it is given.
6. AT-402 at 5 g/kg was most efficacious as demonstrated by improved body weights and feed conversions. 相似文献