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1.
In the context of climate change, an increased frequency of drought stresses might occur at a regional scale in boreal forests. To assess photosynthetic responses to drought treatment, seedlings of 12 open-pollinated families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) differing in their growth performance were grown in a controlled environment. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as shoot xylem water potential (WP) were measured for 21 successive days after watering was stopped. Net photosynthesis decreased as stomatal conductance decreased. Net photosynthesis was not affected by drought until WP reached –2.0 MPa when stomata were closed. Initial fluorescence (F and basic fluorescence after induction (F00) were not affected by drought. A progressive decrease in maximal (Fm) and variable fluorescences (Fv), maximum photosystem II (PS II) efficiency (Fv = Fm), effective quantum yield of PS II (FII), photochemical efficiency of open PS II (Fp), and photochemical quenching (qP) was observed at WP < - 1.0 MPa, whereas non-photochemical quenching (qN) remained high throughout the drought treatment. White spruce families with inferior growth performance showed higher values of Fm, Fv, Fv = Fm, Fp, and qN at WP< - 2.0MPa. The results indicated that chlorophyll fluorescence variables can be used as drought markers in relation to present or predicted climate conditions. These could be used for selecting planting stock adapted to drought periods or dry environments. These markers showed that slow-growing genotypes are better adapted to drought conditions than intermediate or fast-growing genotypes in present and predicted drought conditions. 相似文献
2.
Adaptive physiological changes were investigated in seven populations of Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) x interior spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss x P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) spanning the Nass-Skeena transition zone in British Columbia, Canada. Each population was represented by an Si rDNA index that was calculated from the relative optical densities on a gel autoradiogram of five ribosomal DNA bands characteristic of Sitka spruce and interior spruce. This index estimates the proportion of the genome contributed by interior spruce. Physiological adaptations were assessed by gas exchange parameters measured under both well-watered and drought conditions. Under well-watered conditions, Sitka spruce populations had higher maximal photosynthesis at saturating light and ambient CO(2), higher quantum yield at the light compensation point, and higher dark respiration than interior spruce populations. Sitka spruce populations also reached maximal photosynthesis at lower photosynthetically active radiation and higher CO(2) concentrations, and had higher stomatal densities that resulted in lower stomatal limitations to photosynthesis than interior spruce populations. In contrast, interior spruce populations exhibited greater drought tolerance than Sitka spruce populations. Their gas exchange rates declined at a slower rate in response to drought. They maintained higher gas exchange rates in response to moderate to severe drought (predawn plant water potentials = -1.5 MPa), and their photosynthetic rates recovered faster when they were rewatered after exposure to drought. Comparison of the seven populations indicated that physiological parameters were significantly related to the Si rDNA index. An increase in Si rDNA index was associated with proportional changes in physiological measurements, suggesting that genetic interchange among species with contrasting ecological adaptations can enhance the environmental adaptation of natural populations. 相似文献
3.
Susceptibility to low-temperature photoinhibition in three conifers differing in successional status 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robakowski P 《Tree physiology》2005,25(9):1151-1160
Susceptibility to photoinhibition of the evergreen conifers Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus mugo Turra was investigated in an unheated greenhouse during winter and spring 2003. Photosynthetic performance of the seedlings was assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyses of chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations in needles. During winter months, maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm) was significantly greater in A. alba than in P. abies and P. mugo. Abies alba also sustained higher maximum apparent electron transport rate (ETRmax) than P. abies and P. mugo. Total concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids in needles decreased during the winter in P. mugo and P. abies, but remained stable in A. alba. For all species, Fv/Fm decreased from December until February and then increased to a maximum in April. Photoinhibition was greatest (Fv/Fm < 0.80) in all seedlings in February, the month with the lowest mean temperature. Saturating photosynthetic photon flux (PPFsat) and ETRmax were positively related to air temperature. All species had lower values of ETRmax and PPFsat in winter than in spring. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) was highest at low air temperatures. Differences among species in susceptibility to winter photoinhibition resulted from their specific light preferences and led to different mechanisms to cope with photoinhibitory stress. The more shade-tolerant A. alba sustained a higher photosynthetic capacity in winter than P. abies and P. mugo. Winter photoinhibition in P. abies, P. mugo and, to a lesser extent, in A. alba may reflect adaptive photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus in winter. 相似文献
4.
From January 1999 to May 2001, we investigated seasonal variations in the photosynthetic capacity of Taiwan spruce (Picea morrisonicola Hay.) growing in the subalpine region of subtropical Taiwan (23 degrees 29' N, 120 degrees 53' E, 2600 m a.s.l.). Photosynthetic capacity (near light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, Pnsat, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and soluble protein concentration of needles all increased from mid or late spring to early winter. Even when minimum air temperature of the measuring day dropped to near 0 degrees C, Pnsat remained at about 20% of the highest value observed in winter. There was a curvilinear relationship between Fv/Fm and the minimum or mean air temperature of the measuring day. The increase in Fv/Fm with temperature was slowed when the daily mean air temperature was above 7 degrees C, or the minimum air temperature was above 3 degrees C; however, when air temperatures dropped below these values, Fv/Fm varied sharply. Seasonal variations in Pnsat paralleled those in Fv/Fm and needle soluble protein concentration. In early or mid spring when air temperature and Fv/Fm increased, Pnsat and soluble protein concentration remained low. Multiple regression analysis showed that seasonal variations in Pnsat were affected by Fv/Fm, air temperature and needle soluble protein concentration, and the multiple regression equation could be used to estimate Pnsat in different seasons. We conclude that the decrease in photosynthetic capacity of Taiwan spruce in winter and its subsequent recovery in spring were mainly caused by photoinhibition and its reversal, and changes in needle soluble protein concentration. Another possible explanation for the delayed recovery of photosynthetic capacity in spring may be associated with the slow increase in needle soluble protein concentration. 相似文献
5.
Assessment of Root Freezing Damage of Two-year-old White Spruce,Black Spruce and Jack Pine Seedlings
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):343-353
Whole root systems of 2-yr-old containerized white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings, with intact root plugs, were exposed to various frost temperatures, which a preliminary test indicated would induce approximately 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and nearly 100% frost damage. Damage to root systems was evaluated using: (1) two measures of electrolyte leakage (relative conductivity and total tissue leakage after autoclaving); (2) water loss after pressurization; (3) chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, maximal PSII photochemical efficiency) measured 4, 21 and 30 days after the beginning of seedling regrowth and (4) live root dry mass measured 21 days after the artificial frost and 60 days after the beginning of regrowth. Seedling survival and growth after the artificial frost were evaluated using live root dry mass measured after 60 days of regrowth and new shoot length, stem diameter, and root and shoot dry mass. Live root dry mass, dead tissue leakage, jack pine root water loss and fluorescence measurements were all significantly correlated with one or more of the growth variables and the number of significant correlations varied with species. Dead tissue leakage measurements appear to be the most promising method for evaluating root damage to 2-yr-old well-developed root systems of these species. 相似文献
6.
试验以连翘(Forsythia suspensa)、水蜡(Ligustrum obtusifolium)、紫丁香(Syringa oblata)为材料,研究了不同干旱胁迫对3种灌木叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,3种灌木的最大荧光(F_m)、原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)和光合量子产额(Yield)逐渐下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)逐渐上升,初始荧光(F_o)先下降后上升。3种灌木各参数的变化幅度不同,运用隶属函数对3种灌木进行分析,得出抗旱性强弱次序为水蜡紫丁香连翘。 相似文献
7.
Eight populations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) seedlings were sampled from a zone of Sitka-interior spruce introgression in British Columbia, Canada. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were used to define species-specific hybridization patterns for the Sitka spruce and interior spruce populations. Hybridization was estimated from an index based on the relative abundance of polymorphic rDNA combining bands for each population. Sitka x interior hybrid seedlings had an index value for the relative abundance of interior spruce rDNA (Si-rDNA) ranging from 0.07 (Lower Nass; the most westerly collected source) to 0.95 (Bulkley Valley low-elevation seed orchard). During shoot elongation, osmotic potential at saturation (Psi(sat)) and turgor loss point (Psi(tlp)) increased, whereas total turgor (Psi(PTotal)) decreased. After bud set in the summer and throughout the fall, Psi(sat) and Psi(tlp) decreased, whereas Psi(PTotal) increased. At all times of year, populations with a higher Si-rDNA index had lower Psi(tlp) and Psi(sat) and higher Psi(PTotal) than populations with a lower Si-rDNA index. During the fall, Sitka x interior hybrid seedlings exhibited a seasonal decline in the temperature causing 50% needle electrolyte leakage (LT(50)) and in the critical temperature indicating the initial point of freezing injury. Seedlings with a higher Si-rDNA index had lower LT(50) and critical temperature values indicating greater freezing tolerance in the fall. Throughout most of the year, seedling population Si-rDNA index was related to the degree of drought and freezing tolerance. 相似文献
8.
Spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence are rapid non-invasive methods that can be used to quantify plant stress. Because variation in ambient light (e.g., diurnal patterns of solar radiation) may have a confounding effect on these measurements, branches are often excised in the field and then measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. We studied four temperate tree species (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (balsam fir), Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern. (paper birch), Picea rubens Sarg. (red spruce) and Sorbus americana Marsh. (mountain-ash)) to determine how quickly reflectance and fluorescence change following branch cutting. We hypothesized that conifer species, which have tough xeromorphic foliage, would exhibit changes more slowly than broadleaf species. Furthermore, we hypothesized that keeping broadleaf samples cool and moist would delay the onset of reflectance and fluorescence changes. In one set of experiments, we did not use any treatments to maintain the freshness of cut branches. During the first 12 h following cutting, changes in reflectance and fluorescence were slight for all species. Two or 3 days after branch cutting, the two conifers still showed only small changes in the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and most reflectance indices, whereas paper birch and mountain-ash showed larger and more rapid declines in Fv/Fm and most reflectance indices. We attribute these declines to loss of water. As a consequence of xeromorphic leaf structure, the conifers were better able to minimize water loss than the two broadleaf species. In another experiment, paper birch that had been kept cool and moist after cutting showed only slight changes in fluorescence and reflectance, even after 3 days, indicating that with careful handling the time interval between collection and measurement of reflectance and fluorescence of many broadleaf specimens can be extended to several days. We conclude that measurements of reflectance and fluorescence need not be made in situ to be accurate and reliable. 相似文献
9.
Eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck) is a hemiparasitic angiosperm that infects white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and red spruce (P. rubens Sarg.) in northeastern North America. The effects of mistletoe infection differ substantially between white and red spruce, with white spruce suffering greater infection-induced mortality. In the present study, we sought to determine the role that species-specific differences in needle-scale responses to parasitism may play in the observed differences in the effect of infection on host tree health. Based on the measurements made, the most apparent effect of parasitism was a reduction in needle size distal to infections. The magnitude of this reduction was greater in white spruce than in red spruce. Eastern dwarf mistletoe was a sink for host photosynthate in red spruce and white spruce; however, there were no adjustments in needle photosynthetic capacities in either host to accommodate the added sink demands of the parasite. Needle total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations (TNC) were also unaltered by infection. Red spruce needles had higher TNC concentrations despite having lower overall photosynthetic capacities, suggesting that red spruce may be more sink limited and therefore better able to satisfy the added sink demands of parasitic infection. However, if carbon availability limits the growth of the mistletoe, one may expect that the extent of the parasitic infection would be greater in red spruce. Yet in the field, the extent of infection is generally greater in white spruce. Taken together, these results suggest that dwarf mistletoe may not substantially perturb the carbon balance of either host spruce species and that species-specific differences in needle-scale responses to the parasite cannot explain the contrasting effects of infection on white spruce and red spruce. 相似文献
10.
Effects of hybridization on physiological performance were investigated in seven natural introgressive populations and one F(1) population of Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) x interior spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss. x P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.). Each population was represented by a Sitka-interior spruce ribosomal DNA (Si rDNA) index that was calculated from the relative abundance of species-specific DNA polymorphisms. Gas exchange parameters were measured under well-watered conditions on current-year needle tissues, which were also analyzed for carbon isotope discrimination. Sitka spruce populations had higher gas exchange rates (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance to water vapor), but lower carbon isotope discrimination values than interior spruce populations. The natural hybrid populations had intermediate values of these parameters consistent with their Si rDNA index. The F(1) population had gas exchange parameters resembling those of Sitka spruce populations, but its carbon isotope discrimination was skewed toward that of interior spruce populations. These results confirmed previous findings that physiological performance of introgressive hybrid spruce populations varied as their DNA constitution changed. 相似文献
11.
Leaf reflectance at visible and near-infrared wavelengths (400-1000 nm) is related primarily to pigmentation, leaf structure and water content, and is an important tool for studying stress physiology and relationships between plants and their growth environment. We studied reflectance of two co-occurring Alaskan conifers, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), at elevations from 60 to 930 m a.s.l. along a latitudinal gradient from 61 degrees to 68 degrees N. Black spruce samples were collected from 24 sites and white spruce from 30 sites. Overall, reflectance spectra of the two species were similar, but from 400 to 700 nm, needle reflectance was consistently higher in black spruce than in white spruce (all P 相似文献
12.
The acquired thermotolerance of first-year seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) hardened at 36, 38, 40 or 42 degrees C for 90, 180 or 360 minutes and of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) hardened at 34, 36, 38 or 40 degrees C for 30, 90, 180 or 360 minutes was determined by comparison of needle damage to that of non-hardened seedlings (25 degrees C) following exposure to temperatures of 49 and 47.5 degrees C, respectively. Compared to seedlings kept at 25 degrees C, heat injury sustained from exposure to high temperatures was markedly reduced following hardening for 180 minutes at 36 and 38 degrees C in jack pine and black spruce, respectively. Increasing the exposure time at 36 degrees C in jack pine, and at 36 to 40 degrees C in black spruce, also reduced needle damage. The duration of increased thermotolerance was investigated in jack pine, black spruce and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) by comparing heat injury from high temperatures in non-hardened seedlings and in seedlings hardened at 38 degrees C for 180 minutes a day for either 1, 3 or 6 days. In all three species, the duration of acquired thermotolerance increased with the number of days of heat hardening. For jack pine and white spruce seedlings hardened at 38 degrees C for 6 days, increased thermotolerance persisted for at least 14 and 10 days, respectively, after the end of the hardening treatment. In contrast, the thermotolerance of black spruce seedlings hardened at 38 degrees C for 6 days remained elevated for only 4 days. 相似文献
13.
Polyamines in embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and red spruce (Picea rubens) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Embryogenic cultures of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were initiated from dissected mature zygotic embryos. The tissues were grown on either proliferation medium or maturation medium. On proliferation medium, the embryogenic tissue continued to produce early stage somatic embryos (organized meristems attached to elongated, suspensor-like cells), whereas on maturation medium fully mature embryos developed from the embryonic tissue. Analysis of polyamines in tissues grown on these two media showed that: (1) both putrescine and spermidine concentrations were always higher in cultures grown on proliferation medium than in cultures grown on maturation medium; (2) in both species, spermidine concentrations declined with time in the tissues grown on maturation medium; and (3) spermine was present in only minute quantities and showed only a small change with time. The presence of difluoromethylornithine in the culture medium had little effect on polyamine concentration, whereas the presence of difluoromethylarginine caused a decrease in putrescine concentrations in both red spruce and Norway spruce tissues grown on proliferation medium or maturation medium. 相似文献
14.
低温胁迫对桉树光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以人工低温处理尾叶桉和邓恩桉幼苗,研究其对两种桉树光合和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:低温处理后两种桉树叶绿素含量下降,光合和叶绿素荧光参数光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点、羧化效率、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降,Fo值和CO2补偿点上升,而Ci则先上升后下降。进一步的分析表明,在持续低温胁迫的初始阶段,羧化酶活性的下降是导致两种桉树Pn降低的主要因素为非气孔因素,而随着低温处理持续时间延长至48h时,叶绿素含量出现显著下降,羧化酶效率继续下降,此时气孔限制因素也逐渐成为Pn的降低的主要因素之一。两种桉树叶绿素荧光参数的变化差异表明,非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术有望用来快速筛选不同抗寒能力的桉树品种。从各个参数的变化可以看出,低温胁迫处理对尾叶桉的影响明显要大于对邓恩桉的影响。 相似文献
15.
以加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)16个种源、湿地松(P.elliottii)4个种源2.5 a生营养袋苗木为材料,定期开展生长调查,于2016年7—8月、2017年2月开展叶绿素荧光参数的测定,分析加勒比松、湿地松针叶叶绿素荧光参数对树种、种源、不同测量时间的响应.结果表明,不同种源加勒比松/湿地松的株高、地径生长均存在显著差异(P<0.01);测量时间与树种对最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)有显著影响(P<0.01),二者互作效应不显著,与7、8月相比,测量值均在第2年2月显著提高;两个树种的实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)与表观量子传递速率(ETR)对测量时间的响应模式相反;加勒比松与湿地松叶绿素荧光参数受种源影响不显著;相关性分析表明,加勒比松与湿地松的株高和地径生长与2月Fv/Fm、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)测量值呈一定的负相关关系;高光强抑制了湿地松、加勒比松的叶绿素荧光参数,但抑制效果与生长无明显相关关系;低温造成的胁迫主要抑制了加勒比松的光化学反应,并与其生长表现有一定的负相关关系.可考虑将2月份测量的叶绿素荧光参数作为加勒比松耐寒个体的筛选指标. 相似文献
16.
17.
5种红山茶叶绿素荧光特性的比较研究 总被引：34，自引：3，他引：34
在大四条件下，通过对五种红山茶的叶绿素荧光特性研究，结果表明，不同亚组、同一亚组不同系之间的叶绿素荧光参数值存在差异．且亚组间大于亚组内。初始荧光(FO)、最大荧光(Fm)、RSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv／Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Yield／ΦPSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)的日变化与光强有关．其中，Fm、Fv／Fm、Yield随光强的变化呈相同的变化趋势，呈单谷曲线；而ETR则相反呈单峰曲线；FO呈双峰曲线。不同树种的荧光参数日变化幅度存在差异。 相似文献
18.
Hugues Power Valerie LeMay Daniel Kneeshaw Frank Berninger 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2016,31(1):8-18
The foliage biomass–sapwood relationship (the pipe model) is critical for tree growth and is used in tree growth models for understanding the implications of this structural relationship on the allocation of resources. In this research, we compared this relationship for two commercially important and sympatric species, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). At locations in eastern Canada, 57 black and 50 white spruce trees were destructively sampled to obtain foliage biomass, crown structure, and tree stem measures. Using a model-based approach, we compared foliage biomass–branch basal area and foliage biomass–sapwood relationships at the tree and disk (i.e. along the tree stem) levels (i.e. pipe-model ratios) between these two species. We found that (i) branch foliage biomass–branch basal area was greater for black spruce than white spruce and (ii) pipe-model ratios along the tree stem given tree size were greater for black spruce than for white spruce. We attributed these differences to: (i) greater shade tolerance and leaf longevity of black spruce; (ii) slower growth rates of black spruce; and (iii) differing hydraulic strategies and mechanical requirements. 相似文献
19.
水分胁迫对美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究水分胁迫对美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探究水分胁迫损伤光合作用的机理.结果表明:在离体快速干旱水分胁迫处理方式下,美国山核桃叶片F o、Fm、F v/Fm、F v/F o、qP在离体6 h时均下降,但降低幅度不大;Y ield和qN在离体6 h时分别显著下降和上升,此说明美国山核桃苗遭遇水分胁迫时,叶片的PS II反应中心电子传递活性受到了一定程度的影响,但影响不大;光合电子传递速率明显下降,PS II反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,其可作为品种耐旱能力的鉴定指标. 相似文献