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1.
Sexual dimorphism is a pronounced pattern of intraspecific variation in Lepidoptera. However, moths of the family Sphingidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea) are considered exceptions to this rule. We used geometric morphometric techniques to detect shape and size sexual dimorphism in the fore and hindwings of seven hawkmoth species. The shape variables produced were then subjected to a discriminant analysis. The allometric effects were measured with a simple regression between the canonical variables and the centroid size. We also used the normalized residuals to assess the nonallometric component of shape variation with a t-test. The deformations in wing shape between sexes per species were assessed with a regression between the nonreduced shape variables and the residuals. We found sexual dimorphism in both wings in all analyzed species, and that the allometric effects were responsible for much of the wing shape variation between the sexes. However, when we removed the size effects, we observed shape sexual dimorphism. It is very common for females to be larger than males in Lepidoptera, so it is expected that the shape of structures such as wings suffers deformations in order to preserve their function. However, sources of variation other than allometry could be a reflection of different reproductive flight behavior (long flights in search for sexual mates in males, and flight in search for host plants in females).  相似文献   

2.
The very species-rich tropical moth genus Eois Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a promising model group for studying host plant specialization and adaptive radiation. While most Eois species are assumed to be specialized herbivores on Piper L. species, records on other plant taxa such as Peperomia Ruiz & Pavón (Piperaceae) are still relatively scarce. Moreover, little is known about life history traits of most species, and only a few caterpillars have been described so far. We collected caterpillars associated with Peperomia (Piperaceae) host plants from June 2012 to January 2013 in three elevational bands of montane and elfin rainforests on the eastern slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador. Caterpillars were systematically searched and reared to the adult stage. We were able to delimitate ten species of Eois on Peperomia by comparison of larval and adult morphology and by using 658 bp fragments of the mitochondrial COI gene (barcode sequences). Three of these species, Eois albosignata (Dognin), Eois bolana (Dognin), and Eois chasca (Dognin), are validly described whereas the other seven taxa represent interim morphospecies, recognized unequivocally by their DNA barcodes, and their larval and adult morphology. We provide information about their host plants, degree of parasitism, and describe the larval stages in their last instar. Additionally, caterpillars and moths are illustrated in color plates. This is the first comparative study dealing with Eois moths whose caterpillars feed on Peperomia hosts.  相似文献   

3.
Nine species of parasitoids were collected from pupae of the grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians Barnes and McDunnough (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) in Caborca, Sonora in northwestern Mexico. The parasitoids detected and the percentage parasitization observed were: Ametadoria misella (Wulp), (Diptera: Tachinidae) 29.3%; Hockeria rubra (Ash.), and a species from the genus Euchalcidia (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), plus five suspected species, all from the family Eulophidae, and a species from the genus Arachnophaga (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), 21.6%. Mortality due to unknown causes was 13.7%. In all, 64.6% parasitization and mortality was observed. The most abundant parasitoids were the five unidentified suspected species of Eulophidae, which corresponded to 46% of the total collected; the species from the genus Euchalcidia made up 31% of the total; the tachinid fly, Ametadoria misella comprised 15%; Hockeria rubra comprised 8%, and the species from the genus Arachnophaga comprised < 1%.  相似文献   

4.
在2004年和2005年两年的田间实验中,研究分析了每丛植物上稻水象甲一代成虫的取食斑数量与长度间的线性回归关系。每丛稗草上的稻水象甲取食斑总量显著高于水稻、异型莎草和李氏禾上的;两种寄主植物的两种移栽期的组合、4种不同寄主植物各2次观察得到的共16组每丛植物上的稻水象甲取食斑数量和总长度间的直线回归方程均显著;植物种类对回归系数有显著影响,以稗草上的最大。这些回归方程对稗草和水稻的不同移栽期总体而言是稳健的,但对不同观察期则不稳健。本试验建立的取食斑数量与总长度的直线回归法可用于稻水象甲控制阈值的确定、稻水象甲入侵早期的取食量及成虫密度初步推断、抗稻水象甲的水稻种质资源评估以及应用一些象甲控制外来入侵植物时的寄主专一性测定。  相似文献   

5.
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of a white tussock moth, Laelia suffusa (Walker, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lymantriinae), was sequenced and annotated. The genome sequence was 15,502 bp in length and comprised 13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a single noncoding control region (CR). The nucleotide composition of the genome was highly A + T biased, accounting for 79.04% of the whole genome and with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.015). Comparing the gene order with the basal species of Lepidoptera, a typical trnM rearrangement was detected in the mitogenome of L. suffusa. Besides, the trnM rearrangement was found at the head of trnI and trnQ, rather than at the back. The 13 PCGs used ATN as their start codons, except for the cox1 which used CGA. Out of the 22 tRNAs, only 1 tRNA (trnS1) failed to fold in a typical cloverleaf secondary structure. The conserved motif ‘ATAGA + poly-T’ was detected at the start of the control region which was similar to other Lepidoptera species. In total, 10 overlapping regions and 19 intergenic spacers were identified, ranging from 1 to 41 and 2 to 73 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Lymantriinae was a monophyletic group with a high support value and L. suffusa was closely related to tribe Orgyiini (Erebidae, Lymantriinae). Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) species was reconstructed using two datasets (13 PCGs and 37 genes) and these supported the topology of (Notodontidae + (Erebidae + (Nolidae + (Euteliidae + Noctuidae)))).  相似文献   

6.
A 3-parameter Boltzman and a 4-parameter Logistic non-linear regression model were constructed to simulate the emergences and seasonal dynamics of the major moth pest complex of peach including Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Grapholitha (Cydia) molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Model development used 4 yr (2004–2007) climatic data and field observations in peach orchards located in two separate regions in northern Greece. Model performance was evaluated by using the Adjusted r2 and the Akaike and Bayes-Schwartz information criteria. Applied models had a very high prediction capability in most of the cases. The Akaike and Bayes–Schwartz information values of the 4-parameter Logistic model provided better estimates in most data sets. According to the Logistic equation, 50% of the cumulative number of male moths for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations of A. lineatella occurred at 151, 785 and 1513 degree-days respectively, for G. molesta at 654, 785 and 1251, and for A. orana at 406, 1260 and 2141 degree-days (Biofix: 1st March in all cases). In addition, a simplified theoretical degree-day model adjustment was attempted to generate simultaneously a multispecies moth phonological model for the above species, in order to outline perspectives in Integrated Pest management (IPM). The unique proposed model revealed differences in the phenology of the three species, and can simplify calculations and recommendations to pest control advisors, based on a common base temperature and biofix.  相似文献   

7.
海南蔗区甘蔗害虫发生情况及防治对策   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
通过一年对海南甘蔗产区9个县(市)30个乡镇进行害虫调查,发现海南甘蔗害虫共有7目36科58种,其中蜚蠊目1科1种,等翅目1科1种,直翅目5科12种,缨翅目1科1种,半翅目11科14种,鞘翅目8科14种,鳞翅目9科15种。木蠹蛾、条螟、蔗根锯天牛、蔗根象、红尾白螟和异岐蔗蝗对海南甘蔗生产具有潜在威胁的害虫种类。总结了甘蔗苗期、生长中期及后期对各类害虫的防治对策,对指导海南蔗区甘蔗生产具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
Bioactivation and mode of action of the oxadiazine indoxacarb in insects   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
DPX-MP062 (indoxacarb) is a novel oxadiazine insecticide which has good field activity against a number of pest Lepidoptera, as well as certain Homoptera and Coleoptera. Indoxacarb (discovered and developed by E.I. DuPont and Co.) is a 75%S : 25%R mixture of enantiomers at the chiral bicyclic carbon; DPX-JW062 is the corresponding racemic compound. Several species of lepidopteran larvae can rapidly metabolize 14C-JW062 to 14C-DCJW (for N-decarbomethoxyllated JW062) after ingestion, and more slowly after topical treatment; this conversion is correlated with the appearance of neurotoxic symptoms. Several sucking insects are also capable of absorbing and bioactivating indoxacarb after either dermal or oral administration, but do so much more slowly than the Lepidoptera. DCJW is a highly potent, voltage-dependent blocker of Na+-dependent compound action potentials when tested in a Manduca sexta larval abdominal motoneuron preparation; DPX-JW062 was much less potent in this regard. When larvae were poisoned in vivo, onset of paralysis and block of central nervous system action potentials was more rapid with DCJW than with DPX-JW062; onset of neurotoxic symptoms leads to a rapid and irreversible halt in feeding. The S-enantiomer of DCJW is active both in the motoneuron preparation in vitro and in lepidopteran larvae in vivo; however S-DPX-JW062 is active in vivo only, while the R-enantiomers of DCJW and DPX-MP062 are inactive in both. Thus, activation of the parent oxadiazines to the S-enantiomers of the N-decarbomethoxyllated metabolites, which are powerful sodium channel blockers, is the toxic mechanism of action in Lepidoptera and apparently for other pest insects as well; however, the rate of bioactivation is a critical factor in determining the speed and ultimate toxicity of this compound in different insect species. Indoxacarb's inherent activity against Lepidoptera is comparable to the most potent insecticides ever commercialized.  相似文献   

9.
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is now considered to be one of the most damaging invasive pests of tomatoes in the world. Tomato is regarded as the main host of T. absoluta, but the pest can also feed, develop and reproduce on other cultivated Solanaceae, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L). In the present study, we examined the ability of T. absoluta to develop on four commonly cultivated varieties of potato, under laboratory conditions. The survival rate of T. absoluta did not differ between the five tested host plants (tomato: Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker; and potato: Solanum tuberosum cv. Spunta, Charlotte, Nicola, and Bintje), but its development time (egg to pupation) was significantly affected. Compared to tomato, development times were longer on Bintje and shorter on Nicola, Charlotte, and Spunta. These results show the high capacity of T. absoluta to develop on potato crops.  相似文献   

10.
Toxoneuron nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a koinobiont endoparasitoid of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), derives nutrition from the host hemolymph during the internal portion of its larval development but feeds destructively on host tissues externally after egression. To investigate the importance of this tissue-feeding phase, and to evaluate the behaviors associated with postegression feeding, T. nigriceps larvae were subjected to one of four treatments: 1) allowed to carry out normal tissue feeding, 2) deprived of tissue feeding, 3) presented with tissues scraped away from the host remains, and 4) fed tissues scraped from an unparasitized H. virescens larva. Additionally, total carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins were quantified from pre and posttissue feeding T. nigriceps larvae to examine the effect of postegression feeding on parasitoid nutritional physiology. Parasitoids that received no tissues after egression, or that received tissue from an unparasitized H. virescens larva, had significantly smaller body masses at all stages than those allowed to feed naturally or fed tissues scraped from a parasitized host. Parasitoids that underwent normal host feeding after egression also reached larger masses then those fed scraped host tissue. Parasitoids that received no tissue after egression survived to adulthood significantly less often than those that were presented with any H. virescens tissue. This suggests that postegression tissue feeding is a vital developmental step for T. nigriceps, and that T. nigriceps will not only feed when normal postegression behavior is disrupted, but will also feed on unparasitized tissue. The quantification of macronutrients in the tissues of pre and posttissue feeding T. nigriceps larvae showed significantly elevated proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the tissues of larvae that had completed feeding, with the greatest difference being in total lipids.  相似文献   

11.
为弄清近年来为害海南岛芒果树的新害虫种类,笔者自2003年11月以来,以海南儋州、白沙、昌江、东方、乐东、五指山、三亚等地的芒果园为重点,对海南岛芒果树害虫进行了系统的调查.经鉴定发现海南岛芒果树新害虫种类共90种,分属于蜚蠊目、等翅目、直翅目、同翅目、半翅目、缨翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目共9目,47科.  相似文献   

12.
There is a lack of knowledge of the arthropod communities in both wild hazelnut and cultivated hybrid hazelnut ecosystems in the Midwestern United States. Our goal was to characterize the composition of these arthropod communities in hazelnut plantings. We surveyed six experimental plantings of hazelnuts in Wisconsin and two in Minnesota during growing seasons, from May 2017 to August 2021. We used four methods to survey the arthropod community of these plantings: ad libitum survey of specimen observations and collection, dissection of hazelnut buds and nuts, cone traps placed on the ground, and beat sheet sampling of plants. We registered 116 different morphospecies of five classes and 83 families. Arthropods with known feeding habits were grouped into four guilds: 59 herbivores, 36 carnivores (predators, parasites, and parasitoids), 4 decomposers (detritivores and scavengers), and 4 omnivores. While we registered 12 herbivorous species that could potentially cause damage to hazelnuts, we directly observed nine of them feeding upon or damaging plant parts: Phytoptus avellanae s.l. Nalepa (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae), Curculio obtusus Blanchard and Strophosoma melanogrammum Förster (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae), Parthenolecanium sp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Euschistus servus euschistoides Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Acleris sp., and Choristoneura rosaceana Harris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We also registered eight species of parasites or parasitoids that could offer biocontrol services in the cropping system. These findings provide a foundation for future targeted studies on potential pests and beneficial arthropods, as well as ecological interactions within the hybrid hazelnut ecosystem in the Midwest.  相似文献   

13.
红脉穗螟[Tirathaba rufivena (Walker)]是槟榔的重要害虫,为筛选有效防治红脉穗螟的优势赤眼蜂蜂种,研究比较了稻螟赤眼蜂、食胚赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟的寄生力。结果表明,在一定的寄主卵密度范围内,稻螟赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟卵的寄生数量随着红脉穗螟卵密度的增加而逐渐增加,其中,稻螟赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂在红脉穗螟的卵密度分别为35、30和25粒/管,寄生卵数量和寄生率均为最大,寄生卵数量分别为16.2、8.8和10.6粒,寄生率分别为46.3%、29.3%和42.4%。在赤眼蜂羽化后的12 h内,在0~72 h提供充足卵的情况下,食胚赤眼蜂、稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂主要在0~24 h寄生红脉穗螟的卵,分别占总寄生量84.8%、48.6%和60.7%,其子代蜂总数分别为48.5、50.8和53.8头,子代雌蜂比例分别为68.2%、74.4%和55.1%。结果表明稻螟赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟卵具有较强的寄生能力,松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂作为红脉穗螟卵补充优势赤眼蜂,这3种赤眼蜂可共同防治红脉穗螟。  相似文献   

14.
对海南岛空心莲子草的天敌昆虫种类进行调查。结果表明，海南岛空心莲子草的天敌昆虫有：稻棘緣椿象、中华稻蝗、短额负蝗、白条细蝗、条纹褐蝗、短角外斑腿蝗、褐背細斯、莲草直胸跳甲、虾钳菜披龟甲、甜菜螟、豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、豆蚜13种，隶属于半翅目、直翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、同翅目5个目中的缘蝽科、蝗科、螽斯科、叶甲科、铁甲科、螟蛾科、夜蛾科、蚜科8个科。其中莲草直胸跳甲、虾钳菜披龟甲、甜菜螟有很好的利用价值或利用的潜力。  相似文献   

15.
The genus Cercospora contains numerous important plant pathogenic fungi from a diverse range of hosts. Most species of Cercospora are known only from their morphological characters in vivo. Although the genus contains more than 5 000 names, very few cultures and associated DNA sequence data are available. In this study, 360 Cercospora isolates, obtained from 161 host species, 49 host families and 39 countries, were used to compile a molecular phylogeny. Partial sequences were derived from the internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA, actin, calmodulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes. The resulting phylogenetic clades were evaluated for application of existing species names and five novel species are introduced. Eleven species are epi-, lecto- or neotypified in this study. Although existing species names were available for several clades, it was not always possible to apply North American or European names to African or Asian strains and vice versa. Some species were found to be limited to a specific host genus, whereas others were isolated from a wide host range. No single locus was found to be the ideal DNA barcode gene for the genus, and species identification needs to be based on a combination of gene loci and morphological characters. Additional primers were developed to supplement those previously published for amplification of the loci used in this study.

Taxonomic novelties:

New species - Cercospora coniogrammes Crous & R.G. Shivas, Cercospora delaireae C. Nakash., Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin, Cercospora euphorbiae-sieboldianae C. Nakash., Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin, Cercospora pileicola C. Nakash., Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin, Cercospora vignigena C. Nakash., Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin. Typifications: epitypifications - Cercospora alchemillicola U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Cercospora althaeina Sacc., Cercospora armoraciae Sacc., Cercospora corchori Sawada, Cercospora mercurialis Pass., Cercospora olivascens Sacc., Cercospora violae Sacc.; neotypifications - Cercospora fagopyri N. Nakata & S. Takim., Cercospora sojina Hara.Key words: Cercospora apii complex, co-evolution, host jumping, host specificity, speciation  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of great economic importance which can feed on more than 300 plant species. As it is polyphagous, its host plants may have variable physical and chemical constitutions. This may influence larval development, as protein and carbohydrate levels are important factors for adequate biological development. The aim of this study was to evaluate insect developmental parameters as well as to compare the food consumption of S. frugiperda larvae reared using diets with different protein levels under laboratory conditions. Three artificial diet formulations were used: one typically used for routine laboratory rearing, based on bean, wheat germ and brewer’s yeast (D1); one containing half the original amount of protein (D2), and the other with twice the original amount of protein (D3). The relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) for S. frugiperda fourth instar larvae varied among diets. The protein present in the diet influenced the duration of larval and pupal periods and pupal weight, but did not affect larval survival, fecundity and longevity of adults. The different protein levels in the diets did not negatively influence population growth, so these three diet variations can be used for mass rearing in the laboratory. However, the influence of these diets on successive generations of the insect remains untested.  相似文献   

18.
Sterile insect release (SIR) for control of insect pests focuses on release of sterile individuals within the focal crop. Its success is related to the extent to which pest individuals are concentrated in the crop or spread out across the landscape mosaic. However, little is known of the success of SIR relative to spatial densities of target insect pest populations. This is especially so for the false codling moth (FCM) Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an indigenous moth to Africa and one of considerable phytosanitary significance. The aim here was to establish densities of the moth across a citrus production landscape in South Africa where the pest is particularly significant. Pheromone-baited delta traps were laid out in transects across a commercially important citrus-producing valley to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of wild males, prior to implementation of a commercial SIR programme. Transects included the focal citrus orchards, while also including a range of natural habitat types and elevation gradients. Male FCM were mostly confined to the citrus orchards, while those outside were close to citrus orchards or in alien alternative host plant patches, with only a few male individuals being caught up to 1.5 km from the nearest orchard. This suggests that the indigenous vegetation is supporting only a low FCM population, while, in contrast, citrus orchards are the main reservoir for FCM populations. These findings emphasize the importance of focussing SIR for FCM within the crop and on other, adjacent alien host plants, and not to dissipate releases into the surrounding and extensive natural vegetation.  相似文献   

19.
The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a widespread pest of many cultivated and wild plants in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. In 2013, this species was reported in Brazil, attacking various host crops in the midwestern and northeastern regions of the country and is now found countrywide. Aiming to understand the effects of different host plants on the life cycle of H. armigera, we selected seven species of host plants that mature in different seasons and are commonly grown in these regions: cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, “FM993”), corn (Zea mays, “2B587”), soybean (Glycine max, “99R01”), rattlepods (Crotalaria spectabilis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum, “ADR300”), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, “AGROMEN70G35”), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, “SEMPRE VERDE”). The development time of immatures, body weight, survivorship, and fecundity of H. armigera were evaluated on each host plant under laboratory conditions. The bollworms did not survive on corn, millet, or sorghum and showed very low survival rates on rattlepods. Survival rates were highest on soybean, followed by cotton and cowpea. The values for relative fitness found on soybean, cotton, cowpea, and rattlepods were 1, 0.5, 0.43, and 0.03, respectively. Survivorship, faster development time, and fecundity on soybean, cotton, and cowpea were positively correlated. Larger pupae and greater fecundity were found on soybean and cotton. The results indicated that soybean, cotton, and cowpea are the most suitable plants to support the reproduction of H. armigera in the field.  相似文献   

20.
The diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. The pest is present wherever its host plants exist and is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the Lepidoptera. We investigated the effect of various host plants on the fitness of P. xylostella and tested the hypothesis by studying development time, growth, fecundity and survival on cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus), turnip (Brassica rapa), mustard (Brassica compestris) and canola (Brassica napus var. canola). The developmental time from eggs to adult eclosion was the shortest (10 days) on canola and the longest (13 days) on turnip. Fecundity was greatest on canola (350) followed by cauliflower (268 eggs) by females eclosed from the pupae reared on canola and cauliflower, respectively, while the minimum numbers of eggs (184) were observed on cabbage. The number of eggs hatched was the highest (80%) when larvae fed on cauliflower. Survival to the adult stage was the highest (94%) on mustard followed by cauliflower and lowest (64%) on turnip. The net replacement rate was lowest for populations reared on cabbage (32.3), which was also reflected by the lowest intrinsic rate of population increase (0.20). The correlation between the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) and the mean relative growth rate was significant (t = 20.02 d.f. = 4, P < 0.05). Canola and mustard proved to be the most suitable hosts for P. xylostella because of shorter developmental period, higher percentage of survival and higher number of eggs. The data point to the role of host plants in increasing local P. xylostella populations.  相似文献   

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