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1.
When six cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were inoculated with lymphocytes infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV), a depressed antibody response to BLV was observed by ELISA which was due to a decrease in IgG1 synthesis. The ELISA was more sensitive and more reliable than the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test in detecting BLV infection in cattle persistently infected with BVDV. Decreased antibody responses were manifested in the AGID test by negative, inconclusive or weakly positive reactions: only two of the six cattle developed antibodies that generated positive AGID reactions.  相似文献   

2.
In utero transmission of bovine leukemia virus   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
In an initial study, 18 calves born to cows persistently infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) were tested for infective virus and antibodies at birth, and no infected or seropositive animals were found. Four of these calves were maintained in quarters where infected animals were housed, and 3 of the 4 subsequently became infected. These were probably contact infections acquired during, or at some time after, birth. The remaining 14 calves were kept in isolation pens in a building housing no infected cattle. None of this group was found to be BLV infected during 1 year of observation. In further studies, 15 pregnant cows inoculated with BLV became infected. One abortion, considered to be unrelated to the BLV inoculation, occurred 38 days later. The remaining 14 cows gave birth to 1 dead and 14 live calves. The dead calf and its live twin were seropositive for BLV at birth, indicating that they had been infected in utero. The remaining 13 calves were negative for BLV antibodies at birth and remained so during 1 year of observation.  相似文献   

3.
The bovine lymphoblastoid BL 20 cell line derived from a case of sporadic bovine leukosis when inoculated into sheep did not induce an antibody response directed against bovine leukosis virus (BLV) structural proteins. Sheep were inoculated twice with the BL 20 cell line and then challenged with BLV infected lymphocytes. Three out of four sheep challenged four weeks after BL 20 inoculation did not develop BLV antibodies. Of the 12 sheep challenged later, three sheep did not develop BLV antibodies. BLV was isolated from all the seropositive animals and from none of the seronegative animals.  相似文献   

4.
Eight healthy cattle that were persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were inoculated with cell culture fluids that contained noncytopathic or cytopathic BVDV. A severe disease occurred after inoculation with cytopathic BVDV. The clinical signs, lesions, and immune response were consistent with those of clinical BVDV infections.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that lack virus detectable in serum by use of the immunoperoxidase microtiter assay (IPMA) can transmit the virus to susceptible herdmates and determine prevalence of these cattle. DESIGN: Clinical trial and serologic survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 2 cattle and 1,952 blood samples. PROCEDURE: A persistently infected cow in which virus could not be detected in serum was housed with a BVDV-seronegative steer. Blood and nasal swab specimens were tested via virus isolation and serum virus neutralization. Parallel WBC preparations and sera from blood samples of 1,952 adult cows were screened for BVDV by use of IPMA. RESULTS: The steer seroconverted to BVDV within 4 weeks of contact with the cow. Virus was detected in sera and WBC of 5 adult cows that were verified as persistently infected by retest 3 weeks later. Cattle persistently infected with BVDV in which virus could not be detected in both serum and WBC by use of IPMA were not found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cattle persistently infected with BVDV in which virus cannot be detected in serum by use of IPMA may serve as virus reservoirs for infecting susceptible cattle. Persistent infection was detected at a prevalence of 0.26%. Screening adult cattle by use of IPMA on serum samples appears to be a reliable means of detecting persistent infection with BVDV. Prevalence of cattle persistently infected with BVDV that have negative results of IPMA on serum is extremely low.  相似文献   

6.
Detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in one vaccinated beef cattle and three non-vaccinated dairy herds was investigated on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) with or without previous treatment followed by a capture ELISA (cELISA). Using the combination of PHA and polycation treatment, PBL from 229 seropositive cattle were studied and could be classified in four different states of BVDV infection. Lysed PBL from four animals were directly positive in cELISA (Category I), PBL of 17 animals were positive after PHA stimulation (Category II), 15 animals were positive only after PHA stimulation plus polycation treatment (Category III), while virus could not be detected in 193 seropositive cattle. Wild-type BVDV strains were isolated by co-culture on polycation-treated MDBK cells from 11 of these seropositive animals. BVDV antibodies of these same animals were able to neutralize their own virus, indicating that virus persists in PBL in spite of strain-specific antibodies. No apparent change of leukocyte subpopulations could be detected in any category of virus-positive animals. Thus, BVDV may be present in the PBL of some cattle, even in the presence of a specific active immune response.  相似文献   

7.
Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus.   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
Inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into 58 to 125 day old fetuses of bovine virus diarrhea virus seropositive pregnant cows, or inoculation of bovine virus diarrhea virus into seronegative cows 42 to 114 days pregnant, may produce clinically normal calves which are persistently infected with the specific isolate of bovine virus diarrhea virus yet seronegative to the homologous and heterologous isolates. Reinoculation of these persistently infected cattle with their homologous isolate produced no neutralizing antibody response to bovine virus diarrhea virus. These persistently infected cattle were immunocompetent as they developed neutralizing serotiters to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3 viruses and agglutinating serotiters to Pasteurella hemolytica .  相似文献   

8.
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9.
Previous reports on the spread of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) from animals primarily infected with the agent are contradictory. In this study, the possibility of transmission of BVDV from calves simultaneously subjected to acute BVDV and bovine coronavirus (BCV) infection was investigated. Ten calves were inoculated intranasally with BVDV Type 1. Each of the 10 calves was then randomly allocated to one of two groups. In each group there were four additional calves, resulting in five infected and four susceptible calves per group. Virulent BCV was actively introduced in one of the groups by means of a transmitter calf. Two calves, susceptible to both BVDV and BCV, were kept in a separate group, as controls. All ten calves actively inoculated with BVDV became infected as shown by seroconversions, and six of them also shed the virus in nasal secretions. However, none of the other eight calves in the two groups (four in each) seroconverted to this agent. In contrast, it proved impossible to prevent the spread of BCV infection between the experimental groups and consequently all 20 study calves became infected with the virus. Following infection, BCV was detected in nasal secretions and in faeces of the calves and, after three weeks in the study, all had seroconverted to this virus. All calves, including the controls, showed at least one of the following clinical signs during days 3-15 after the trial started: fever (> or =40 degrees C), depressed general condition, diarrhoea, and cough. The study showed that BVDV primarily infected cattle, even when co-infected with an enteric and respiratory pathogen, are inefficient transmitters of BVDV. This finding supports the principle of the Scandinavian BVDV control programmes that elimination of BVDV infection from cattle populations can be achieved by identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) animals, i.e. that long-term circulation of the virus without the presence of PI animals is highly unlikely.  相似文献   

10.
Twelve heifers that did not have antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were inseminated with semen from a bull that was persistently infected with the virus and contained 10(4.0)-10(6.5) TCID50 0.1 ml-1. All 12 became infected, as indicated by seroconversion within 2 weeks of insemination. Four control heifers were inseminated with virus-free semen. The virus was not transmitted to these animals in spite of close contact with the heifers inseminated with the infected semen. All the heifers became pregnant and gave birth to clinically normal calves at term. However, one calf was born persistently infected with BVDV. After the birth of this persistently-infected calf the control heifers and their calves seroconverted. The study demonstrates that BVDV may be transmitted in cattle by artificial insemination (AI). Therefore entry of persistently-infected animals into AI centres should be prevented.  相似文献   

11.
Since bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), known as bovine lentivirus, has been detected in dairy and beef cattle in various countries around the world, a prevalence study of antibodies to BIV and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was conducted in draught animals in five provinces in Cambodia, where protozoan parasite infections were suspected in some animals. To clarify the status of draught animals including Haryana, Brahman, mixed-breed, local breed cattle and muscle water buffaloes, a total of 544 cattle and 42 buffaloes were tested, and 26.3 and 16.7%, respectively, were found positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies determined by Western blotting. There were 5.3% positive for anti-BLV antibodies detected by immunodiffusion test among the cattle, but no reactors among buffaloes and no dual infection for both BIV and BLV was determined in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BIV-seropositive cattle were found to have BIV-provirus DNA, as detected by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. This is the first evidence for the presence of BIV and BLV infections in draught animals in tropical countries such as Cambodia. This wide distribution of BIV suggests its association with problems in animal health as reported worldwide, and that a primary BIV infection can predispose death of affected animals by other aggressive pathogens or stresses.  相似文献   

12.
Twenty-seven cattle with lymphoma and 46 cows from a known bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected herd were tested for anti-BLV antibody by the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization were used to detect BLV provirus in the tumor DNA of the 27 cattle with lymphoma. The PCR was used to detect BLV provirus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of the 46 normal known-exposed cattle. Two presumed false negative AGID test results compared to ELISA were found. Of ten cattle three years of age or less with "sporadic" forms of lymphoma, four had BLV provirus in tumor DNA, detectable by PCR. In two of these four, BLV provirus was clonally integrated based on digestion of tumor DNA with restriction enzymes followed by Southern hybridization. The BLV provirus was not detected by PCR in 5 of 17 cattle with "enzootic" lymphoma and two of these five were seronegative. Among normal BLV-exposed cows, 6.5% (3 of 46) were serologically positive and PCR negative; serologically negative and PCR positive cows occurred with the same frequency. Serological and PCR test results, when considered in all cattle (n = 73), had a concordance rate of 83.6%. Discordant test results occurred with approximately equal frequency between serologically positive and PCR negative (7 of 73, 9.6%) and serologically negative and PCR positive (5 of 73, 6.8%) groups. These data suggest that the role of BLV in some "sporadic" bovine lymphomas, previously unassociated with BLV, should be reexamined. The BLV provirus was not demonstrable in the tumor DNA from five adult cattle with lymphoma, suggesting that BLV may not be the etiological agent in all adult bovine lymphomas. The findings of persistently seronegative PCR positive and seropositive PCR negative cattle indicate that further work is needed to more fully understand the host-virus interaction. Present serological screening methods may not have sufficient sensitivity for determining BLV status in some circumstances.  相似文献   

13.
Fourteen clinically healthy cattle that were persistently infected with non-cytopathic bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and three BVDV-free cattle were inoculated with one of three cytopathic BVDV strains. Mucosal disease developed in 12 of the viraemic cattle, resulting in a moribund condition 17 to 99 days after inoculation. Two of the viraemic cattle remained clinically healthy until the end of the experiment, 14 months after inoculation. The BVDV-free cattle did not develop clinical signs after inoculation. From each cow with mucosal disease a noncytopathic and a cytopathic BVDV strain were isolated from tissue specimens collected post mortem. All the cattle developed moderate to high levels of neutralising antibodies against the cytopathic BVDV strain with which they were inoculated. The antibodies from 10 of the 12 cattle with mucosal disease did not react with the cytopathic BVDV strains isolated post mortem, and antibodies from none of them reacted with the non-cytopathic BVDV isolates. Antibody responses to the inoculated BVDV strains developed earlier in the viraemic cattle than in the BVDV-free cattle.  相似文献   

14.
A bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cDNA library was constructed. One cloned complementary DNA sequence was used as a probe to detect BVDV RNA by hybridization in infected cell cultures and in mononuclear leukocytes from persistently infected cattle by dot blot and in situ hybridization. The cDNA probe hybridized with all cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV isolates tested. The hybridization results were consistent with results obtained using conventional subculturing and immunofluorescent staining methods and by inoculation of seronegative test cattle.  相似文献   

15.
The objectives of the present work were to estimate the level of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in cattle herds at the different Lithuanian districts and to determine factors influencing the course of BVDV infection. The studies were explored in 147 intensive dairy cattle breeding herds from 27 different Lithuanian regions in 1997-2001. BVDV infection was diagnosed in all investigated regions. The existing variations in the structure of cattle population determined different distribution patterns of BVDV infection. The number of seropositive animals ranged from 11.9 to 100%. It must be pointed out that 29.9% of the herds were not infected with BVDV and in 32.7% of the herds from 70 to 100% of cattle were seropositive to BVDV. A positive correlation between the number of seropositive cattle, and the size of herds and age of animals was determined. Sex of animal had no influence on the prevalence of BVDV. It was estimated that the annual incidence risk of infection with BVDV decreases with the animal age.  相似文献   

16.
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection system was established to identify the presence of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) DNA in bovine semen. Seventy-nine bulls were included in the study. Serum, peripheral blood leukocytes, and semen were collected from each of the 79 bulls. The BLV-specific antibody was detected in serum by agar gel immunodiffusion and viral DNA in blood and semen by PCR. Serologically, 29 of the 79 bulls were BLV positive. Twenty-seven of the 29 seropositive bulls and 1 of the seronegative bulls had BLV DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes. All 79 bulls tested PCR negative for the presence of BLV in semen. This data is strong evidence that properly collected semen from BLV seropositive bulls will not contribute to dissemination of this viral infection.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available killed bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine to protect against fetal infection in pregnant cattle continually exposed to cattle persistently infected with the BVDV. ANIMALS: 60 crossbred beef heifers and 4 cows persistently infected with BVDV. PROCEDURES: Beef heifers were allocated to 2 groups. One group was vaccinated twice (21-day interval between the initial and booster vaccinations) with a commercially available vaccine against BVDV, and the other group served as nonvaccinated control cattle. Estrus was induced, and the heifers were bred. Pregnancy was confirmed by transrectal palpation. Four cows persistently infected with BVDV were housed with 30 pregnant heifers (15 each from the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups) from day 52 to 150 of gestation. Fetuses were then harvested by cesarean section and tested for evidence of BVDV infection. RESULTS: 1 control heifer aborted after introduction of the persistently infected cows. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from 14 of 14 fetuses obtained via cesarean section from control heifers but from only 4 of 15 fetuses obtained via cesarean section from vaccinated heifers; these proportions differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A commercially available multivalent vaccine containing an inactivated BVDV fraction significantly reduced the risk of fetal infection with BVDV in heifers continually exposed to cattle persistently infected with BVDV. However, not all vaccinated cattle were protected, which emphasizes the need for biosecurity measures and elimination of cattle persistently infected with BVDV in addition to vaccination within a herd.  相似文献   

18.
We report on an accurate, rapid and inexpensive test for the identification of animals infected with the Bovine C-type virus (BLV). The test involves the detection of serum antibodies to BLV using the immunofluorescent (IF) technique on acetone-fixed, infected cells. The specificity of the test was demonstrated by the fact that virus was found by electron microscopy in 90% of cattle showing positive reactions. In contrast, virus was not found despite extensive examination in antibody negative animals. Thus, the presence of IF antibody is an accurate indicator of current rather than past BLV infection. In order for the IF test to be specific it is of critical importance that the target cells used are infected only with BLV. BLV antibodies can also be detected by the immunoprecipitation (Ouchterlony) technique. However, a significant proportion of BLV infected animals showing positive reactions in the IF test failed to show precipitin antibodies to the virus. Likewise, BLV infection was demonstrated by both the IF test and electron microscopy in many animals with persistently normal levels of blood lymphocytes. Thus, neither the precipitin test nor the blood lymphocyte count (Bendixen's key) can be used to rule out BLV infection.  相似文献   

19.
The ability of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to mount a proliferative response to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in vitro was examined. After culturing PBMC in the presence of a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV for 6 days, the magnitude of PBMC proliferation was measured as incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine, present during the last 18 h. Live, but not heat-inactivated, BVDV evoked a proliferative response of PBMC obtained from cattle seropositive to the virus. However, PBMC from seronegative or persistently BVDV-infected animals were not stimulated by BVDV. The presence of live BVDV did not alter the proliferative response of PBMC to stimulation with concanavalin A.  相似文献   

20.
Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was investigated in five dairy cattle herds in Hokkaido, where 36.1 and 17.0% of cattle were BLV and BIV seropositive, respectively, and 9.9% of dams were co-infected with both BIV and BLV. Twenty six cases of offspring born from dams infected with only BLV (17 cases) or with both BIV and BLV (9 cases) were examined for the presence of BLV and BIV before and after colostrum feeding by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and syncytium assay. After birth, all calves were separated immediately from their dams. The offspring born from BLV-positive dams were BLV-negative before colostrum feeding, suggesting that no transplacental transmission had occurred. Thereafter, these offspring were fed colostrum or milk from their dams, but still remained BLV-negative. The other offspring born from BLV-positive dams were fed with BLV-negative colostrum, or with pasteurized BLV-positive colostrum. All these calves remained negative for BLV infection, suggesting that in utero transmission of BLV is negligible. In the case of offspring born from dams co-infected with BLV and BIV, calves were BIV-positive before colostrum feeding at 1 day after the birth, indicating in utero transmission of BIV. After colostrum feeding from their dams, newborn calves became BLV-positive. In addition, one calf was BLV-positive even before colostrum feeding. These results suggest that BIV can be transmitted to offspring in utero, and that BLV can be transmitted through colostrum or milk if dams are infected with both BIV and BLV.  相似文献   

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